NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT FEB 13 2013
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 11-30333
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 3:10-cr-05219-RBL-1
v.
MEMORANDUM*
BERNARD CURTIS DAVIS,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Washington
Ronald B. Leighton, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 4, 2013
Seattle, Washington
Before: FISHER, GOULD, and PAEZ, Circuit Judges.
Bernard Curtis Davis appeals his convictions and sentence for possession of
a firearm as a convicted felon, possession of ammunition as a convicted felon, and
possession of marijuana with intent to distribute. We have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
1. The Search
Davis challenges the search of his residence, contending that it violated his
Fourth Amendment rights. But the search of Davis’s residence was “conducted
pursuant to a valid [state] regulation governing probationers” that satisfied the
Fourth Amendment’s reasonableness standard. Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. 868,
880 (1987); see also United States v. Conway, 122 F.3d 841, 842 (9th Cir. 1997);
Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.631(1) (permitting the search of a probationer’s
residence “[i]f there is reasonable cause to believe that an offender has violated a
condition or requirement of [his] sentence”).1
Considering the “totality of the circumstances,” United States v. Arvizu, 534
U.S. 266, 274 (2002), the officers had reasonable suspicion that Davis was in
violation of his probation before they searched his residence. When the officers
arrived on the scene of the alleged strong-arm robbery, they saw the victim chasing
a green Dodge Neon. The victim described the vehicle and reported a license-plate
number that was registered to Davis. Within two hours, the officers arrived at
Davis’s home and found the car there. When the officers knocked on the door and
announced their presence, they saw an unknown male peek through the door and
1
Conway analyzed Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.195, which was recodified
without amendment as Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.631.
2
walk away several times. Another officer saw a man—matching Davis’s
description—attempt to flee out a second-story window. After police entered the
home, Davis did not respond, though others throughout the house were awakened
by and responded to the officers’ shouts. At this point, the officers had specific,
articulable facts to support a well-founded suspicion that Davis was in violation of
his probation. United States v. Montero-Camargo, 208 F.3d 1122, 1129 (9th Cir.
2000) (en banc).2 Therefore, the ensuing search did not violate his Fourth
Amendment rights.
2. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Davis next contends that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of
possession of a firearm as a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1),
possession of ammunition as a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1), and possession of marijuana with intent to distribute in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D). We hold that the evidence presented at trial,
viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, permitted a rational jury to
find the essential elements of the charged offenses beyond a reasonable doubt.
2
This permitted not only search of Davis’s room, but also a “protective
sweep” search of other areas in the house like the storage area where there could be
threat to officer safety. Davis does not challenge the scope of the search once
officers entered the house; he challenges only whether they had adequate grounds
to enter.
3
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); United States v. Nevils, 598 F.3d
1158, 1163–64 (9th Cir. 2010) (en banc).
First, there was sufficient evidence for a rational trier of fact to find that
Davis possessed the rifle found in the storage room adjacent to his bedroom. The
gun was found in plain view in a small, closet-like room, a mere 15 feet from
Davis’s bedroom. The home’s owner testified that after Davis moved into the
home, she stopped using the second floor of the house, where Davis’s bedroom and
the storage room were located. Davis was the only one who lived upstairs, and she
considered it his living space. The marijuana packages and baggies found in
Davis’s room were like the packages found near the weapon—similar bags and
weight. Also, a scale was found in the storage area, a common tool of a drug
dealer. Once the drugs in the storage area were linked to Davis, it was reasonable
to infer that the rifle next to those drugs was connected to him as well. Moreover,
Davis had told his landlord that it was easier to be a drug dealer than to work at
KFC, and that people “on the street” need guns to protect themselves. The
evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the government, was sufficient for
a rational jury to conclude that Davis had more than “[m]ere proximity” to the
firearm; he possessed it. United States v. Chambers, 918 F.2d 1455, 1459 (9th Cir.
1990); see also United States v. Thongsy, 577 F.3d 1036, 1041 (9th Cir. 2009).
4
Second, the government presented evidence sufficient for a rational jury to
find that Davis possessed the bullet found in his dresser, the evidence that
supported the conviction for possession of ammunition. The bullet was found
mixed in with his clothes, in a dresser that contained his clothes and Social
Security card, in Davis’s room. Despite that Davis disclaimed ownership of the
dresser in which he kept his clothes, a rational jury could conclude that Davis
possessed the bullet found in the dresser in his room amidst his clothing. See
Thongsy, 577 F.3d at 1041.
Third, Davis’s summary of argument challenges the sufficiency of evidence
for the charge of drug possession with intent to distribute, but Davis does not
adequately discuss the issue in his briefs. The issue is waived. Cf. Ghahremani v.
Gonzales, 498 F.3d 993, 997 (9th Cir. 2007). However, even if this issue were
considered, the box of baggies and the marijuana found in Davis’s room, the
similar marijuana baggies found in the storage area along with the scale and gun,
and Davis’s comment to his landlord that working at KFC was harder than dealing
drugs, together was sufficient evidence to show not only his possession of the
marijuana but intent to distribute it.
3. Government’s Opening Statement and Closing Argument
5
Davis contends that the government improperly labeled him as a “drug
dealer” during opening statements and closing argument and therefore violated his
due-process rights. We review for plain error and conclude there was no error in
the government’s statements. See United States v. Rude, 88 F.3d 1538, 1547–48
(9th Cir. 1996); United States v. Bracy, 67 F.3d 1421, 1431–32 (9th Cir. 1995).
The government was merely stating what it thought the evidence showed.
4. Sentencing
Davis challenges his sentence under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18
U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), because he contends that two of his predicate convictions
resulted from offenses that were not “committed on occasions different from one
another.” § 924(e)(1). We take judicial notice of the state-court documents
submitted by the government on appeal “because those documents have a direct
relationship to [Davis’s] appeal,” Smith v. Duncan, 297 F.3d 809, 815 (9th Cir.
2002), overruled on other grounds by Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 418
(2005), and are “not subject to reasonable dispute,” Castillo-Marin, 684 F.3d 914,
925 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)). In pleading guilty to the 2006
charges, Davis agreed that the statement of probable cause would form the factual
basis for his plea, and we consider this statement in assessing Davis’s prior
convictions for the purpose of § 924(e)(1). Cf. United States v. Almazan-Becerra,
6
537 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 2008). We conclude that Davis’s two offenses were
separate offenses under the Armed Career Criminal Act because they represented
separate criminal offenses that were “temporally distinct.” See United States v.
Phillips, 149 F.3d 1026, 1031 (9th Cir. 1998); United States v. Antoine, 953 F.2d
496, 498 (9th Cir. 1991).
AFFIRMED.3
3
We decline to entertain a series of motions filed by Davis before he was
represented by counsel, see Dkt. Nos. 8, 14, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 30, because the
court had not granted him permission to proceed pro se. See 9th Cir. R. 4-1(d), 42-
1; see also Martinez v. Court of Appeal, 528 U.S. 152, 163–64 (2000).
7