Appellate Case: 21-1232 Document: 010110737142 Date Filed: 09/12/2022 Page: 1
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT September 12, 2022
_________________________________
Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
JUN LI; QI QIN; YI LIU; JIE YANG;
YUQUAN NI; ZHONGZAO SHI; FANG
SHENG; SHUNLI SHAO; KAIYUAN
WU; ZHIJIAN WU; ZHONGWEI LI;
YUWEI DONG; LIN QIAO; JINGE HU;
RUJUN LIU; FAN ZHANG; LU LI; SA
WU; YING XU; CAO XIAOLONG;
HSIN-YI WU,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
and
DIANWEN CUI; LEI GU; SUFEN LENG;
XUE MEI; ZHOU MEI; YAN SONG; LU
WANG; YUE WU; ZHOU YANG;
JINGWEN ZHANG; LEI ZHANG; LING
ZHANG; XIAOHONG ZHANG; QIN
ZHOU; XUN ZHU; CHUNYI ZOU,
Plaintiffs,
v. No. 21-1232
(D.C. No. 1:19-CV-02443-RM-STV)
COLORADO REGIONAL CENTER I, (D. Colo.)
LLC; SOLARIS PROPERTY OWNER I
LLC; PETER KNOBEL; COLORADO
REGIONAL CENTER PROJECT
SOLARIS LLLP, and all principals and
ultimate owners of business entities
pursuant to piercing of the limited liability
veil,
Defendants - Appellees.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
DIANWEN CUI; LEI GU; SUFEN LENG;
Appellate Case: 21-1232 Document: 010110737142 Date Filed: 09/12/2022 Page: 2
XUE MEI; ZHOU MEI; YAN SONG; LU
WANG; YUE WU; ZHOU YANG;
JINGWEN ZHANG; LEI ZHANG; LING
ZHANG; XIAOHONG ZHANG; QIN
ZHOU; XUN ZHU; CHUNYI ZOU,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
and
JUN LI; QI QIN; YI LIU; JIE YANG;
YUQUAN NI; ZHONGZAO SHI; FANG
SHENG; SHUNLI SHAO; KAIYUAN
WU; ZHIJIAN WU; ZHONGWEI LI; LIN
QIAO; JINGE HU; RUJUN LIU; FAN
ZHANG; LU LI; SA WU; YING XU;
CAO XIAOLONG; WU HSIN-YI;
YUWEI DONG,
Plaintiffs,
v. No. 21-1253
(D.C. No. 1:19-CV-02443-RM-STV)
COLORADO REGIONAL CENTER LLC; (D. Colo.)
COLORADO REGIONAL CENTER I,
LLC; SOLARIS PROPERTY OWNER
LLC; SOLARIS PROPERTY OWNER I
LLC; COLORADO REGIONAL CENTER
PROJECT SOLARIS LLLP;
WAVELAND VENTURES, LLC,
Defendants - Appellees,
and
PETER KNOBEL,
Defendant.
________________________________
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ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
_________________________________
Before MATHESON, KELLY, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Appellants are two groups of Chinese investors, the Li Appellants and the Cui
Appellants. Each investor purchased a limited partnership interest in Colorado
Regional Center Project Solaris LLLP (“CRCPS”). Through its general partner,
CRCPS loaned the proceeds from the investments to a real estate development
project. After the project produced low returns and defaulted on the loans, each
group of Appellants separately sued CRCPS, its general partner, and other parties
involved in the real-estate project.
The district court dismissed both complaints, denied several motions filed by
Appellants, and ordered them to pay attorney fees under Colorado and federal law.
Each group of Appellants appealed. We consolidated their appeals. Exercising
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we
(A) affirm the district court’s dismissal of Appellants’ claims under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) except for the Li Appellants’ claim for
breach of fiduciary duty, which we affirm in part and reverse in part;
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This Order and Judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
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(B) affirm dismissal of the Cui Appellants’ remaining state law claims for
lack of jurisdiction;
(C) reverse the district court’s dismissal of the Cui Appellants’ motion to
amend their complaint;
(D) affirm the district court’s denial of the Li Appellants’ motion for default
judgment; and
(E) vacate the awards of attorney fees.
We remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this Order and
Judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background 1
The Parties
CRCPS is a limited liability limited partnership created by Colorado Regional
Center, LLC (“CRC”) and Waveland Ventures, LLC. It serves as an EB–5 Regional
Center, an entity approved by the federal government to promote economic growth
by encouraging investments by foreign persons in exchange for permanent resident
cards (green cards). As described in Liu v. SEC, 140 S. Ct. 1936, 1941 (2020), “[t]he
EB–5 Program, administered by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,
permits noncitizens to apply for permanent residence in the United States by
1
The Li Appellants and Cui Appellants each amended their complaints three
times. Their third amended complaints are the operative complaints, from which we
draw the factual background presented above. “In reviewing a district court’s
dismissal under . . . 12(b)(6), we accept as true all well-pleaded factual allegations in
the complaint and view them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff[s].” Garling
v. United States Env’t Prot. Agency, 849 F.3d 1289, 1292 (10th Cir. 2017)
(quotations and alterations omitted).
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investing in approved commercial enterprises that are based on proposals for
promoting economic growth.” (quotations omitted). Colorado Regional Center I LLC
(“CRC I”), 2 a subsidiary of CRC, manages CRCPS as its general partner.
Appellants, two groups of Chinese investors, purchased limited partnership
interests in CRCPS. In total, 165 investors each paid approximately $500,000 for
their limited partnership interests, totaling $82.5 million. CRCPS loaned the
proceeds from these investments to Solaris Property Owner, LLC (“SPO”) to fund the
completion of a condominium complex in Vail, Colorado.
Governing Documents
Three documents set forth the terms of the parties’ arrangements.
First, CRCPS’s “Partnership Agreement” (undated) set the terms of CRCPS’s
internal management. It provided that CRC I had the exclusive right to manage,
operate, and control CRCPS. Neither CRCPS nor the limited partners could hold
CRC I liable for any acts or omissions unless CRC I acted in bad faith, gross
negligence, or willful misconduct. The Partnership Agreement allowed limited
partners to exercise a put option 3 to sell their interest to the partnership.
Second, the “Loan Agreement,” dated November 5, 2010, provided for CRCPS
to loan funds to SPO to complete development of SPO’s condominium project.
Although the Li Appellants refer to this entity as “CRC 1,” the Cui
2
Appellants refer to it as “CRC I,” which we adopt throughout this order.
3
A put option is “[a]n option to sell something (esp. securities) at a fixed price
even if the market declines.” Option, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).
3
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Third, the “Confidential Information Memorandum,” dated March 31, 2011,
set the terms of each investor’s purchase of the limited partnership stake. It stated
that each investor would pay approximately $500,000 for a limited partnership
interest in CRCPS, totaling around $82.5 million in raised funds. CRCPS would loan
the proceeds to SPO, which would use these funds to pay project development costs
for the condominium complex. The Memorandum also stated that certain
condominium units in the building would be used as collateral for the loan. A related
document designated 19 condominium units as collateral.
The Confidential Information Memorandum provided that CRCPS would fund
the loan through multiple advances, and each advance would carry a 5% interest rate.
The principal balance and accrued interest on each advance was due within five years
of each advance. SPO could not prepay any of the balance for three years, but after
the three-year-period, it could repay with cash or a collateral condominium unit.
CRCPS could refuse repayment through cash and compel SPO to convey the
collateral condominium unit.
Investments and Loans
Based on the documents, CRCPS began soliciting investments. Investors
purchased limited partnership interests in CRCPS between 2012 and 2015. Before
receiving any advances, SPO assigned its rights and obligations under the
arrangement to its wholly owned subsidiary, Solaris Property Owner I (“SPO I”).
Between April 2012 and January 2015, CRCPS made 19 loan advances to SPO
I. About three years after the first advance, CRCPS and SPO I entered into an
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agreement regarding the collateral condominium units (the “Agreement Regarding
Collateral Units” or “ARCU”). Under the ARCU, SPO I gave CRCPS notice that it
would pay back the loan advances by conveying the collateral condominium units.
The ARCU stated that SPO I would not immediately transfer the deed to the
condominium units but CRCPS would be responsible for all fees and costs associated
with the units and would pause the accrual of interest on the advances. Thus, under
the ARCU, SPO I was deemed to have repaid the loan advances.
In 2016, CRC I and CRCPS began sending notices to the limited partners that
identified the collateral condominium units as partnership property but acknowledged
that SPO I still held title. The notices stated that CRCPS was coordinating with SPO
I to transfer title.
B. The District Court Proceedings 4
In 2019, the two groups of limited partners—the Li and the Cui Appellants—
filed lawsuits alleging state and federal claims against various defendants. In
general, they alleged that SPO and SPO I misrepresented the value of the collateral
condominium units and that CRC I violated its duties as the general partner of
CRCPS. According to Appellants, Defendants-Appellees 5 misrepresented that the
loan was fully secured when it was not. They alleged that these misrepresentations
4
We summarize the district court proceedings here and elaborate on them as
needed later in our analysis.
We refer to Defendants-Appellees as Appellees for the remainder of this
5
Order and Judgment.
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led to losses of over $40 million and that SPO and SPO I have now defaulted on their
loans.
In their operative complaint, the Li Appellants brought several direct and
derivative 6 claims against CRC, CRC I, SPO, SPO I, Peter Knobel (SPO’s owner),
and Waveland Ventures, LLC. 7 Separately, the Cui Appellants sued Waveland
Ventures LLC, CRCPS, CRC I, SPO, SPO I, and Mr. Knobel alleging both direct and
derivative claims. 8 In both complaints, the derivative claims were brought on behalf
of CRCPS.
“A derivative action is a vehicle that enables the prosecution of claims on
6
behalf of a corporation or other entity.” S’holder Derivative Actions L. & Prac. § 1:1
(2022). A derivative suit enables limited partners and other shareholders to assert
claims on behalf of the entity, here CRCPS. A plaintiff in a derivative suit may
assert claims against parties that owe fiduciary duties to the entity.
7
The Li Appellants brought:
(1) a derivative breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim against CRC I;
(2) a derivative civil-theft claim against CRC, SPO, SPO I, and Mr.
Knobel;
(3) a derivative breach-of-loan-agreement claim against SPO I;
(4) a derivative breach-of-transfer-of-title claim against SPO I;
(5) a derivative federal securities-fraud claim against CRC I;
(6) a derivative Colorado securities fraud claim against CRC and Mr.
Knobel;
(7) a derivative claim to remove CRC I as CRCPS’s general partner; and
(8) a direct fraud claim against CRC, CRC I, Waveland Ventures LLC,
and Mr. Knobel.
8
The Cui Appellants brought:
(1) a direct fraud claim against all Appellees;
(2) a direct and derivative breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim against CRC
and CRC I;
(3) a direct Colorado securities fraud claim against all Appellees;
(4) a direct federal securities-fraud claim against CRCPS and CRC I;
(5) a direct federal securities-fraud claim against all Appellees;
6
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Motions to Dismiss and Other Motions
Appellees moved to dismiss both operative complaints for failure to state a
claim. CRC I also filed a counterclaim against the Li Appellants after the Li
Appellants alerted the district court that CRC I had been removed as general partner
of CRCPS for cause. CRC I argued its removal as general partner was improper.
The Li Appellants moved to dismiss the counterclaim, and the Cui Appellants moved
for a receiver to be appointed to manage CRCPS.
Before the district court ruled on the motions to dismiss, Appellants
voluntarily dismissed some of their claims. The Li Appellants’ remaining claims
were:
(1) a derivative breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim against CRC I;
(2) a derivative civil-theft claim against CRC, SPO, SPO 1, Mr. Knobel,
and the “LLC Principals”; 9
(3) a derivative breach-of-contract claim against SPO I; 10
(6) a direct and derivative breach-of-contract claim against SPO I;
(7) a direct and derivative declaratory relief claim against CRC I, SPO,
and SPO I; and
(8) a direct claim to pierce the corporate veil to hold CRC I’s and SPO
I’s owners and members liable.
9
The district court dismissed this claim, and the Li Appellants mention it only
in a footnote in their opening brief. They have thus waived any arguments as to this
claim. San Juan Citizens All. v. Stiles, 654 F.3d 1038, 1055-56 (10th Cir. 2011)
(argument raised in a footnote and inadequately developed is waived).
10
The district court also dismissed the Li Appellants’ surviving derivative
breach-of-contract claim against SPO and SPO I for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction. The Li Appellants do not challenge this dismissal on appeal.
7
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(4) a derivative federal securities-fraud claim against CRC I; and
(5) a derivative state securities-fraud claim against CRC, its principals,
and Mr. Knobel.
The Cui Appellants’ remaining claims were:
(1) a direct fraud claim against all Appellees;
(2) a direct and derivative breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim against CRC
and CRC I;
(3) a direct federal-securities-fraud claim against all Appellees;
(4) a derivative breach-of-contract claim against SPO I; and
(5) a direct and derivative claim for declaratory relief against CRCPS,
SPO, and SPO I. 11
The district court granted the Appellees’ motions to dismiss in part and denied
them in part. It (1) granted the motions as to Appellants’ federal securities-law
claims; (2) denied the motions as to Appellants’ breach-of-contract claims and the
Cui Appellants’ declaratory-relief claim against SPO and SPO I; and (3) dismissed
the remaining state law claims.
Because only state law claims against SPO and SPO I remained, the court
ordered the parties to address whether diversity jurisdiction existed, and if not,
11
The Cui Appellants pled this as a separate claim for relief under Colo. Rev.
Stat. § 13-51-106, which allows a plaintiff to “have determined any question of
construction or validity arising under the instrument, statute, ordinance, contract, or
franchise and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations
thereunder.” See Villa Sierra Condo. Ass’n v. Field Corp., 878 P.2d 161, 164 (Colo.
App. 1994) (Section 13-51-106 is “intended to provide a method to relieve parties
from uncertainty and insecurity with respect to their rights, status, and other legal
relations” (quotations omitted)).
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whether it should exercise supplemental jurisdiction over those claims. After
briefing, the court determined that it lacked diversity subject-matter jurisdiction over
Appellants’ remaining state law claims against SPO and SPO I, declined to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction over those claims, and dismissed them.
The district court next denied the Cui Appellants’ motion to appoint a receiver.
It also denied the Li Appellants’ motion to dismiss CRC I’s counterclaim. CRC I
later withdrew its counterclaim.
The Li Appellants moved for reconsideration of the district court’s dismissal
of their claims. They also moved for default judgment on their abandoned claim to
remove CRC I as general partner. The Cui Appellants also renewed their motion for
appointment of a receiver. The district court denied these motions.
Finally, the Cui Appellants moved to file a fourth amended complaint, which
the district court denied.
Attorney Fees
Appellees then moved for attorney fees under Colorado law. The district court
granted their motions in part. It ordered the Li Appellants to pay about $390,000 to
Waveland Ventures LLC, CRC, and CRC I (collectively “CRC Defendants”) and
$244,000 to SPO, SPO I, and Mr. Knobel (collectively “SPO Defendants”). It
ordered the Cui Appellants to pay about $140,000 to the CRC Defendants and
$77,000 to the SPO Defendants.
The court separately awarded attorney fees under the Private Securities
Litigation Award Act (“PSLRA”) against the Appellants’ attorneys. It ordered the Li
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Appellants’ counsel to pay about $390,000 to the CRC Defendants and $244,000 to
the SPO Defendants. It ordered the Cui Appellants’ counsel to pay approximately
$140,000 to the CRC Defendants and $5,000 to the SPO Defendants. The court
clarified “that the awards [under Colorado law and the PSLRA] were not cumulative,
and the Defendants are entitled to collect only once on their attorney fees.” App.,
Vol. XIV at 3911.
Appellants timely appealed. 12
II. DISCUSSION
On appeal:
(A) The Appellants challenge the district court’s Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal of
their claims for (1) breach of fiduciary duty, (2) federal securities fraud,
(3) Colorado securities fraud (Li Appellants only), and (4) Colorado
common law fraud (Cui Appellants only).
(B) The Cui Appellants argue the district court erred in dismissing their
remaining state law claims for lack of jurisdiction.
(C) The Cui Appellants contend the district court abused its discretion in
denying their motion to file a fourth amended complaint.
12
We summarize here our understanding of the district court’s subject-matter
jurisdiction underlying its orders. Both sets of Appellants filed claims for federal
securities fraud. The remainder of their claims were based on state law. The district
court had federal question jurisdiction over the federal securities claims under
28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 15 U.S.C. §§ 77v and 78aa. It dismissed them under Rule
12(b)(6). It also dismissed the state law claims against the CRC Defendants and Mr.
Knobel under Rule 12(b)(6), apparently exercising supplemental jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1367. It denied the Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss the derivative state
breach-of-contract and declaratory-judgment claims against SPO and SPO I. But,
after asking for supplemental briefing on subject-matter jurisdiction regarding those
claims, the court determined it lacked diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332
and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367.
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(D) The Li Appellants assert the district court improperly denied their motion
for default judgment on their original claim seeking removal of CRC I as
general partner.
(E) The Appellants challenge the district court’s awards of attorney fees.
We address each issue in turn. 13
A. Rule 12(b)(6) Dismissals
On appeal, both sets of Appellants challenge the dismissal of (1) their breach-
of-fiduciary-duty claims against CRC I and (2) their federal securities-fraud claims.
The Li Appellants contest dismissal of (3) their state securities-fraud claim, and the
Cui Appellants argue against dismissal of (4) their fraud claim. Although many of
the arguments overlap, we address them based on each separate complaint.
We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6).
Mayfield v. Bethards, 826 F.3d 1252, 1255 (10th Cir. 2016). “We accept all well-
pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true, and we view them in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Sinclair Wyo. Refin. Co. v. A&B Builders,
Ltd., 989 F.3d 747, 765 (10th Cir. 2021) (quotations and alterations omitted). To
survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a complaint must contain “enough facts to state a
claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual
content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is
13
The Li Appellants listed eight issues in their brief. Li Aplt. Br. at 5-6. The
Cui Appellants listed seven issues in their brief. Cui Aplt. Br. at 5-6. We have
consolidated the issues into five categories and have identified those which both sets
of Appellants raise and those which each of them raise on their own.
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liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id.
We typically consider “only the contents of the complaint when ruling on a
12(b)(6) motion.” Berneike v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 708 F.3d 1141, 1146 (10th Cir.
2013). But we will consider “documents incorporated by reference in the complaint
[and] documents referred to in and central to the complaint, when no party disputes
[their] authenticity.” Id.; see Broker’s Choice of Am., Inc. v. NBC Universal, Inc.,
861 F.3d 1081, 1103 (10th Cir. 2017).
“[W]e may affirm the judgment on any ground supported by the record” as
long as the plaintiff “had a fair opportunity to address that ground.” Nakkhumpun v.
Taylor, 782 F.3d 1142, 1157 (10th Cir. 2015).
“Federal courts exercising diversity jurisdiction apply the substantive law of
the forum state . . . .” Sinclair Wyo. Refin. Co., 989 F.3d at 765-66; see Erie R.R. v.
Tomkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938). We therefore apply Colorado law to Appellants’
state law claims.
Breach-of-Fiduciary-Duty Claims
a. Legal background
i. Economic loss rule
To state a breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim, a plaintiff must allege (1) “the
defendant was acting as a fiduciary of the plaintiff,” (2) “[the defendant] breached a
fiduciary duty to the plaintiff,” (3) “the plaintiff incurred damages,” and (4) “the
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defendant’s breach of fiduciary duty was a cause of the plaintiff’s damages.” Taylor
v. Taylor, 381 P.3d 428, 431 (Colo. App. 2016) (quotations and emphases omitted).
This claim may be based on breach of a contractual duty or breach of a tort duty.
Compare Casey v. Colo. Higher Educ. Ins. Benefits All. Tr., 310 P.3d 196, 204 (Colo.
App. 2012) (breach of fiduciary duty could support a breach-of-contract claim), with
Castro v. Lintz, 338 P.3d 1063, 1069 (Colo. App. 2014) (construing breach-of-
fiduciary-duty claim as a tort claim).
The Appellants’ challenge to dismissal of their fiduciary-duty claims
implicates the “economic loss rule,” which bars a party to a contract from using a tort
claim to recover contract damages unless the party can show it is owed an
independent duty in tort creating a separate entitlement to those damages.
Under the economic loss rule, if a plaintiff alleges “only economic loss from
the breach of an express or implied contractual duty,” he or she “may not assert a tort
claim for such a breach absent an independent duty of care under tort law.” Town of
Alma v. AZCO Const., Inc., 10 P.3d 1256, 1264 (Colo. 2000). “Economic loss is
defined generally as damages other than physical harm to persons or property.” Id.
To be independent of a contractual duty, the duty must (1) “arise from a source other
than the relevant contract,” and (2) “not be a duty also imposed by the contract.”
Haynes Trane Serv. Agency, Inc. v. Am. Standard, Inc., 573 F.3d 947, 962 (10th Cir.
2009) (applying Colorado law). “Fiduciary relationships may be the kind of special
relationship that will trigger an independent common law duty of care,” but “not
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every fiduciary relationship implicates a risk of damages for which contract law
cannot provide a remedy.” Casey, 310 P.3d at 202-03 (quotations omitted).
ii. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23.1 and the contemporaneous
ownership rule
The fiduciary-duty claims also implicate Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
23.1(b), known as the contemporaneous ownership rule. Bangor Punta Operations,
Inc. v. Bangor & A. R. Co., 417 U.S. 703, 708 n.4 (1974). It provides that a plaintiff
bringing a derivative action must allege that he or she “was a shareholder or member
at the time of the transaction complained of.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23.1(b) 14 Rule 23.1 is
a procedural rule, but we apply the state’s substantive law in determining whether the
transaction at issue occurred while the plaintiff was a shareholder or member. Cadle
v. Hicks, 272 F. App’x 676, 678-79 (10th Cir. 2008) (unpublished) (cited as
instructive under Fed. R. App. P. 32.1; 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A)).
b. Analysis
In their complaint, the Li Appellants brought derivative-breach-of-fiduciary-
duty claims against CRC I. They alleged that CRC I, acting as general partner of
CRCPS, failed to adequately ensure that the loan agreement with the SPO Defendants
was sufficiently collateralized. They also alleged that CRC I breached its fiduciary
duty in failing to demand complete repayment of the loan and by providing
misleading information about it.
14
Under Colorado’s limited partnership statute, “‘Member’ means a general
partner or a limited partner.” Colo Rev. Stat. § 7-61-102(2).
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The Cui Appellants separately brought both direct and derivative breach-of-
fiduciary-duty claims against the CRC Defendants. They alleged that the CRC
Defendants provided them with misleading marketing materials and took advantage
of the Cui Appellants’ lack of English proficiency to convince them to invest in the
limited partnership.
The district court dismissed the breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims on two
grounds. First, the court read both complaints as asserting the claims under tort law.
It concluded the economic loss rule barred the claims because the CRC Defendants’
duties arose from contract. Second, the court held that many of the allegations
supporting the Li Appellants’ claim and all of the allegations supporting the Cui
Appellants’ derivative claim stemmed from the CRC Defendants’ conduct that
preceded the plaintiffs’ investments in the limited partnership. Thus, under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 23.1, the court held that Appellants could not recover based
on those allegations.
Appellants argue the district court erred in construing their allegations as
arising under tort and not under contract. They contend their complaints make clear
that their breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims arose from contract and are therefore
properly construed as breach-of-contract claims. And because their claims are
contractual, Appellants argue the economic loss rule does not bar their claims.
Appellants also contend the district court improperly applied Rule 23.1.
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i. Li Appellants
The Li Appellants brought this claim derivatively against CRC I, arguing it
breached its fiduciary duty to CRCPS and therefore violated its contractual
obligations.
We employ a three-step analysis to determine whether the district court
properly dismissed the Li Appellants’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim. First, we
determine this is a contract claim, not, as the district court concluded, a tort claim
subject to the economic loss rule. So the district court should not have dismissed it
on that ground. Second, because part of this claim was based on alleged misconduct
that occurred before the Li Appellants invested in CRCPS, the district court correctly
determined that Rule 23.1 and the “contemporaneous ownership rule” barred that part
of the claim. Third, we conclude that the remaining post-investment allegations
stated a claim for breach of contract. We thus affirm the district court’s dismissal of
the pre-investment allegations supporting the claim and reverse the dismissal of the
post-dismissal allegations.
1) The contractual nature of the Li Appellants’ claim
Construing the complaint in the light most favorable to the Li Appellants, see
Sinclair Wyo. Refin. Co., 989 F.3d at 765, we conclude that it pled a breach-of-
contract claim rather than a tort claim. The Li Appellants’ complaint labeled its
claim as a “Breach of Fiduciary Duty arising by Contract and Statute.” App., Vol. II
at 299 (emphasis added). In describing this count, the complaint identified the
contractual language creating the fiduciary relationship. Id. at 300 ¶ 114 (“The
16
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CRCPS [Partnership Agreement] at Section 8.04 states that ‘In carrying out their
duties and exercising their powers hereunder, the General Partner [CRC I] shall
exercise reasonable skill, care, and business judgment.”). It then described CRC’s
breaches as “contractual and fiduciary.” Id. at 301 ¶ 126. Finally, the complaint
sought damages equaling the “shortfall between what it would have received i[f] the
Loan had been paid in cash versus the value of what it actually received (hereafter,
the ‘Damages’).” Id. at 302 ¶ 129. These allegations show that the legal predicate
for the Li Appellants’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim was contract, not tort.
Casey v. Colorado Higher Education Institute is instructive. 310 P.3d 196
(Colo. App. 2012). There, the plaintiffs brought a breach-of-contract claim alleging
the defendants breached their fiduciary duties. Id. at 201. The defendants responded
that, by alleging breach of fiduciary duties, the claim was based on tort and thus was
barred. Id. The Colorado Court of Appeals rejected this argument, concluding that
the “[t]he complaint does not allege a tort claim for breach of fiduciary duty against
the trustees. Rather it alleges that the trustees breached the contract . . . by ‘failing to
perform their contractual obligations, including contractually imposed fiduciary
duties.’” Id. at 203 (alterations omitted). Because the complaint referred to the
specific contractual duties creating the fiduciary duty, the court concluded it was a
contractual claim. Id. The Li complaint similarly alleged a breach of fiduciary duty
that breached the parties’ contract.
Appellees’ assertion that the Li Appellants alleged a tort-based breach of
fiduciary duty is not persuasive.
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First, they point to the Li Appellants’ colloquy with the district court at the
motion-to-dismiss hearing where counsel confirmed to the district court that the
claim was a breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim. Appellees argue that the Li Appellants
should have clarified then that its claim arose from contract or statute. But the Li
Appellants were not asked whether the claim arose from tort or contract. They were
asked only whether it was a breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim, and they confirmed it
was. App., Vol. X at 2723. Their response did not contradict the plain language of
their complaint, which governs in any event.
Second, Appellees argue that the Li Appellants’ assertion of breach-of-contract
claims against SPO I shows that they knew how to assert breach-of-contract claims.
But Appellees fail to explain how the Li Appellants’ assertion of a breach-of-contract
claim elsewhere in their complaint affects the substance of this claim.
We conclude that the complaint alleged a contractual breach-of-fiduciary-duty
claim and is thus not subject to the economic loss rule. The district court erred in
dismissing the claim on this ground.
2) Rule 23.1
The Li complaint alleged pre-investment misconduct as the basis for CRC I’s
breach of its fiduciary duties. Rule 23.1 barred its derivative claim based on these
allegations. The complaint alleged that CRC I willfully and negligently structured
the Loan Agreement with SPO. App., Vol. II at 300 ¶ 118. Because this alleged
misconduct predated the Li Appellants’ investment, the district court dismissed these
allegations. The Li Appellants contend the transaction supporting their derivative
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claim did not occur until they purchased the ownership stake in CRCPS. We
disagree.
The Loan Agreement was executed on November 5, 2010. Id. at 276 ¶ 31. Per
the Li complaint, no investors, including the Li Appellants, received marketing
materials regarding the limited partnership stakes until after the Loan Agreement’s
execution. Id. at 285 ¶ 61. Thus, the Li Appellants did not own any interest in
CRCPS when the transaction complained of—the Loan Agreement—was executed.
The Li Appellants cite Elk River Assocs. v. Huskin, 691 P.2d 1148 (Colo. App.
1984), to argue that CRC I’s fiduciary obligation to the investors predated their
actual investment. Li Aplt. Br. at 32. Huskin said “a fiduciary relationship between
the parties to a limited partnership can attach during the negotiations which precede
formal execution of the certificate of limited partnership.” 691 P.2d at 1152. This
argument fails for two reasons.
First, the Li Appellants sued derivatively on behalf of CRCPS, so the relevant
fiduciary duty is not between the limited partners and the general partner but between
the general partner and the CRCPS partnership. See Burks v. Lasker, 441 U.S. 471,
477 (1979) (“A derivative suit is brought by shareholders to enforce a claim on
behalf of the corporation.”); Colo. Rev. Stat. § 7-62-1001(1) (Colorado law
permitting limited partners to bring derivative suits on behalf of the limited
partnership). Because the Li Appellants were not limited partners of CRCPS when
the Loan Agreement was executed, they could not sue CRC I on behalf of CRCPS.
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Second, even assuming the fiduciary relationship between the Li Appellants
and CRC I began during negotiations to sell the limited partnership interests in
CRCPS and that the Li Appellants were suing directly, the negotiations did not begin
until after execution of the Loan Agreement. Thus, Rule 23.1(b) barred the Li
Appellants’ pre-investment derivative claims.
3) Remaining post-investment allegations
Turning to the Li Appellants’ remaining, post-investment allegations, we
conclude they plausibly stated a claim for breach of contract.
To plausibly state a breach of contract, a plaintiff must allege “(1) the
existence of a contract; (2) performance by the plaintiff or some justification for
nonperformance; (3) failure to perform the contract by the defendant; and
(4) resulting damages to the plaintiff.” Marquardt v. Perry, 200 P.3d 1126, 1129
(Colo. App. 2008).
The Li complaint alleged that (1) the Partnership Agreement was the contract
governing the relationship between CRCPS and CRC I, App., Vol. II at 300 ¶ 114;
(2) CRCPS paid management fees to CRC I, id. at 298 ¶ 104; (3) in failing to honor
its fiduciary duties, CRC I failed to perform the contract, id. at 300-01 ¶¶ 114-18,
126; and (4) CRCPS incurred damages resulting from the breach. Id. at 302 ¶ 129.
The Li complaint thus plausibly alleged a breach of contract.
* * * *
In sum, the breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim was validly pled as a contract
claim, but Rule 23.1(b) barred the pre-investment part of the claim. We therefore
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reverse the district court’s dismissal of the Li Appellants’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty
claims for allegations relating to post-investment conduct.
ii. Cui Appellants
In contrast, the Cui Appellants’ complaint failed to allege a contractual breach-
of-fiduciary-duty claim and was thus subject to the economic loss rule. The Cui
complaint described this count generally as a breach of fiduciary duty by CRC and
CRC I. App., Vol. VI at 1585. It did not mention any contractual creation of the
fiduciary duty. Indeed, the Cui complaint stated that CRC owed the Cui Appellants a
duty “[a]s the regional center entrusted by the Plaintiffs to oversee their investment.”
Id. at 1586 ¶ 107. Thus, the complaint on its face does not allege a fiduciary duty
arising out of contract.
Because the Cui Appellants’ claim arises out of tort, we must apply the
economic loss rule. As described above, the rule bars recovery for economic losses
under tort if the breach stemmed from a breach of a contractual duty. Town of Alma,
10 P.3d at 1264. Here, the breach stemmed from a breach of contract, and the Cui
complaint alleged only economic losses. Thus, the economic loss rule barred the Cui
Appellants’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim. We therefore affirm the district court’s
dismissal of the Cui Appellants’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim.
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Federal Securities-Fraud Claims
The Li Appellants appeal the dismissal of their derivative federal securities-
fraud claim against CRC I. The Cui Appellants appeal dismissal of their direct
federal securities-fraud claim against all Appellees. 15 We affirm the district court.
a. Li Appellants
The Li Appellants brought a derivative federal securities-fraud claim only
against CRC I. They allege that CRC I made material misrepresentations to the
limited partners to induce them to exercise their put options at a loss. The district
court dismissed their claim because it (1) was barred under the statute of repose and
(2) was not a proper derivative claim. We affirm on the second ground and do not
address the first.
A derivative action “permits an individual shareholder to bring ‘suit to enforce
a corporate cause of action against officers, directors, and third parties.’” Kamen v.
Kemper Fin. Servs., Inc., 500 U.S. 90, 95 (1991) (quoting Ross v. Bernhard, 396 U.S.
531, 534 (1970)). The derivative action allows an individual shareholder “to protect
the interests of the corporation from the misfeasance and malfeasance of faithless
directors and managers.” Id. (emphasis added) (quotations omitted). 16
The Cui complaint also included a direct federal securities-fraud claim under
15
15 U.S.C. § 80a against CRCPS and CRC I in its capacity as the general partner. The
Cui Appellants do not raise this claim on appeal.
16
We treat limited partnerships and corporations the same for purposes of a
derivative suit. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23.1(a) (treating unincorporated associations and
corporations similarly for derivative suits); Colo. Rev. Stat. § 7-60-106(1) (defining a
22
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Here, the Li Appellants’ securities-fraud claim did not allege violations by
CRC I against CRCPS. Instead, they alleged harms that CRC I and CRCPS caused
the investors directly. For instance, the Li complaint alleged that “CRCPS - acting
through CRC1 - issued an offering of securities when it granted a put right to each
limited partner to ‘put’ his unit back to CRCPS.” App., Vol. II at 310 ¶ 187. In
making this “offering of the put option to investors,” the Li complaint alleged, “CRC
failed to explain the history and method by which it was over-valuing the collateral.”
Id. at 310-11 ¶ 189 (emphasis added), see also id. at 311 ¶ 190 (“CRC never
explained clearly to investors the implications of allowing SPO to recharacterize the
loan (a debt) as ‘investors equity.’ . . . This is a material omission of fact to induce
the limited partners to invest and stay in the transaction which has caused them
continuing detriment.” (emphasis added)). These allegations described a direct and
not a derivative claim. They do not allege any harm caused to CRCPS. It was thus
an improper derivative claim, and the district court properly dismissed it.
b. Cui Appellants
The Cui Appellants brought direct federal securities-fraud claims against all
Appellees. They allege that Appellees made material misrepresentations to convince
them to purchase their limited partnership interests in CRCPS. 17 The district court
limited liability partnership as an association). The parties do not dispute this
approach.
17
The Cui Appellants’ complaint also alleged that Appellees violated section
78o of the Federal Securities Act by selling securities without being registered. They
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dismissed their claim after concluding it was barred under the statute of repose. We
agree.
“A statute of repose . . . puts an outer limit on the right to bring a civil action.”
CTS Corp. v. Waldburger, 573 U.S. 1, 8 (2014). Unlike a statute of limitations,
whose limit begins after a claim accrues, a statute of repose’s limit is measured “from
the date of the last culpable act or omission of the defendant.” Id. Thus, it bars “any
suit that is brought after a specified time since the defendant acted . . . , even if this
period ends before the plaintiff has suffered a resulting injury.” Id. (quotations
omitted).
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1658(b)(2), a plaintiff alleging a federal securities violation
may not bring a private cause of action later than “5 years after such violation.”
Before the district court, the Cui Appellants did not dispute Appellees’ assertion that
they purchased their limited partnerships in 2012. App., Vol. XI at 2955 n.43. They
thus needed to bring their claims no later than 2017, but they failed to file their
complaint until 2019. The Cui Appellants’ federal securities-fraud claim was
therefore time-barred. 18
do not present any argument regarding these allegations on appeal, so they have
abandoned this claim.
The Cui Appellants incorporate the Li Appellants’ arguments regarding the
18
statute of repose. They suggest that Appellees’ 2016-2019 notices offering to allow
limited partners to exercise their put options each constituted a new security. But the
Cui complaint alleged only that the security at issue was the 2012 sale of the limited
partnership interest.
24
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Li Appellants’ Colorado Securities-Fraud Claim
The Li Appellants brought a derivative securities-fraud claim under the
Colorado Securities Act against CRC, its principals, and Mr. Knobel. Their
allegations were identical to their federal securities-fraud claims: CRC, along with
Mr. Knobel, “sent misleading and fraudulent valuations to investors in connection
with an attempt to get them to exercise a put option offered to them, which would
cause a loss to each investor.” App., Vol. II at 312 ¶ 200.
As with their federal securities-fraud claims, Appellants failed to allege a
derivative action. They alleged that they, as investors, suffered harms, not CRCPS.
We thus affirm the dismissal of their Colorado Securities Act derivative fraud claims.
Cui Appellants’ Fraud Claims
The Cui Appellants appeal dismissal of their Colorado fraud claim against all
Appellees. To state a fraud claim under Colorado law, a plaintiff must allege (1) “the
defendant misrepresented a material fact,” (2) “the defendant knew the representation
was false,” (3) the plaintiff “did not know the representation was false,” (4) “the
defendant made the misrepresentation intending that the [plaintiff] act on it,” and
(5) “damages resulted from the [plaintiff’s] reliance.” Loveland Essential Grp., LLC
v. Grommon Farms, Inc., 251 P.3d 1109, 1116 (Colo. App. 2010).
A plaintiff asserting a fraud claim must satisfy the heightened pleading
requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). Under Rule 9(b), the plaintiff
“must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 9(b). We have interpreted this Rule to require a plaintiff to “set forth the
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time, place, and contents of the false representation, the identity of the party making
the false statements and the consequences thereof.” Toone v. Wells Fargo Bank,
N.A., 716. F.3d 516, 522 (10th Cir. 2013) (quotations omitted); United States ex rel.
Polukoff v. St. Mark’s Hosp., 895 F.3d 730, 745 (10th Cir. 2018) (allegations of fraud
must “provide factual allegations regarding the who, what, when, where and how of
the alleged claims” (quotations and alterations omitted)).
The district court dismissed the Cui Appellants’ fraud claim after determining
the Cui complaint failed to meet Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard. The Cui
Appellants contend the complaint adequately alerted Appellees to the nature of their
claim, and any deficiency in the pleadings resulted from asymmetric information.
We agree with the district court.
As the district court determined, the Cui Appellants’ allegations lacked the
specificity needed to allege fraud. For instance, the complaint alleged that Waveland
LLC “colluded with SPO to defraud the EB–5 investors by misrepresenting to them
that the Loan was 100% collateralized and safe.” App., Vol. VI at 1564-65 ¶ 9. But
this allegation contained no specifics regarding which statements were fraudulent,
nor did it identify when or where the false representation was made. Elsewhere in
the complaint, the Cui Appellants identified numerous purported misrepresentations
in a marketing presentation to potential investors by Appellees’ agents, id. at 1573-75
¶¶ 65-66, but the complaint again failed to identify where, when, and to whom the
misrepresentations were made. Indeed, as the district court noted, the complaint
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failed to allege that any of the Cui Appellants attended this presentation. These
allegations lack the requisite specificity to allege a fraud claim.
The Cui Appellants argue we should relax Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading
standard because Appellees were better placed to have details regarding their
fraudulent scheme. We have held that “courts may consider whether any pleading
deficiencies resulted from the plaintiff’s inability to obtain information in the
defendant’s exclusive control.” Polukoff, 895 F.3d at 745 (quotations omitted). But
the Cui Appellants’ complaint was deficient, not because they lacked information in
Appellees’ exclusive control, but because they failed to identify necessary
information that was squarely within their knowledge, such as the dates, locations,
and identities of relevant actors. We thus affirm the district court’s dismissal of the
Cui Appellants’ fraud claim.
B. Dismissal of State Claims for Lack of Jurisdiction
After the district court denied the motion to dismiss the Li Appellants’
derivative breach-of-contract claim and the Cui Appellants’ derivative breach-of-
contract and declaratory-judgment claims against SPO and SPO I, it ordered the
parties to address whether it had diversity jurisdiction over these claims, and if not,
whether it should exercise supplemental jurisdiction.
After briefing, the district court concluded that because the Appellants’
remaining claims were derivative in nature, it had to determine whether to align
CRCPS as a plaintiff or a defendant. It concluded CRCPS’s interests were adverse to
the Appellants’ interests, so the court aligned it as a defendant. And because
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CRCPS, as a limited partnership, takes on the citizenship of its limited partners, see
Carden v. Arkoma Assocs., 494 U.S. 185, 195-96 (1990), the court concluded it had
the same citizenship as the Appellants. It therefore determined it lacked subject-
matter jurisdiction. It then declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3). 19
On appeal, the Li Appellants do not challenge the dismissal of their derivative
breach-of-contract claim against SPO and SPO I for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction. We thus limit our analysis to the Cui Appellants’ challenge to the
dismissal of their derivative breach-of-contract and declaratory-judgment claims
against SPO and SPO I for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. 20 The Cui Appellants
do not address the district court’s determination of CRCPS’s alignment or its
citizenship. Instead, they focus on the diversity of citizenship between themselves
and the SPO Defendants. Because the district court determined CRCPS and the Cui
Appellants shared the same citizenship and therefore there was no complete diversity,
the citizenship of SPO is not material to its holding that there was no diversity
jurisdiction. See Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 267 (1806). Because the
Cui Appellants fail to dispute the alignment and citizenship of CRCPS, they have
19
On appeal, the Appellants do not challenge this declination of supplemental
jurisdiction.
20
In their reply brief, the Cui Appellants argue they alleged both direct and
derivative claims that survived the motion to dismiss. This is incorrect. The district
court dismissed the direct claims under Rule 12(b)(6) and left only the derivative
claims.
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waived their challenge to the district court’s dismissal for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction. Krastev v. INS, 292 F.3d 1268, 1280 (10th Cir. 2002) (“Issues not raised
on appeal are deemed to be waived.”). Any such challenge would fail in any event.
C. Leave to Amend the Complaint
The Cui Appellants argue the district court should have granted their motion
for leave to file a fourth amended complaint. “A district court should refuse leave to
amend only upon a showing of undue delay, undue prejudice to the opposing party,
bad faith or dilatory motive, failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously
allowed, or futility of amendment.” Wilkerson v. Shinseki, 606 F.3d 1256, 1267
(10th Cir. 2010) (quotations and alterations omitted). “We ordinarily apply the
abuse-of-discretion standard when reviewing a denial of leave to amend.” Moya v.
Garcia, 895 F.3d 1229, 1239 (10th Cir. 2018).
In a June 14, 2021 order, 21 the district court denied the Cui Appellants’ motion
for leave to amend. It reasoned that amendment would be futile based on (1) its
dismissal of the Cui Appellants’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty and fraud claims with
prejudice, (2) its refusal to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the surviving state
law claims, and (3) the Cui Appellants’ previous three amendments of their
complaint. See Anderson v. Suiters, 499 F.3d 1228, 1238 (10th Cir.2007) (a district
court may deny a motion to amend a complaint if the amendment would be futile, and
21
Issued the same day the court entered final judgment.
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“[a] proposed amendment is futile if the complaint, as amended, would be subject to
dismissal” (quotations omitted)). We view the request to amend differently.
The Cui Appellants proposed to amend their complaint to state a breach-of-
contract claim based on CRC I’s breach of its contractual fiduciary duty. As we
explained above in our discussion of the Li Appellants’ fiduciary-duty claim, such a
claim is not subject to the economic loss rule. In short, the proposed amended
complaint does not appear to be futile, and “[i]f a proposed amendment is not clearly
futile, then denial of leave to amend is improper.” Seale v. Peacock, 32 F.4th 1011,
1029 (10th Cir. 2022) (quoting Wright & Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure
§ 1487). We reverse the district court’s denial of the Cui Appellants’ request for
leave to amend and remand for further consideration.
D. Motion for Default Judgment
The Li Appellants challenge the district court’s refusal to enter default
judgment in their favor on their abandoned claim to remove CRC I as general partner
of CRCPS. They initially included a count in their operative complaint seeking
removal of CRC I as general partner. But they voluntarily dismissed this count.
App., Vol. VIII at 2090. After CRC I filed a counterclaim seeking a declaratory
judgment that its purported removal was improper, the Li Appellants moved to
dismiss the counterclaim and “for [an] order declaring general partner removed
instanter.” Id. at 2079.
The district court denied the Li Appellants’ motion to dismiss the counterclaim
and their request for a declaration stating that CRC I was properly removed as
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general partner. After this ruling, CRC I voluntarily dismissed its counterclaim. The
Li Appellants then moved for entry of default judgment ordering the removal of CRC
I as general partner. The court denied their motion during a hearing. See App., Vol.
XIII at 3420-69.
The Li Appellants argue this denial was erroneous. They appear to suggest
that CRC I’s voluntary dismissal amounted to a concession that its removal was
proper. But as Appellees point out, the Li Appellants had already dismissed their
claim seeking removal of CRC I as general partner. The district court thus had no
claims involving removal of CRC I before it, let alone a claim adjudicated in the Li
Appellants’ favor. In short, when the Li Appellants moved for default judgment,
there was no pending claim on which judgment could be entered. We therefore
affirm.
E. Attorney Fees
The district court awarded attorney fees under Colorado law and the PSLRA.
We vacate the attorney fees and remand to the district court for further proceedings. 22
“[A]lthough this appeal involves the review of an award of attorneys’ fees
under state law, the standard of review under which we review an award of fees is a
procedural matter controlled by federal precedent.” Xlear, Inc. v. Focus Nutrition,
LLC, 893 F.3d 1227, 1233 (10th Cir. 2018). “We review the decision to award
22
Nothing in our Order and Judgment should prevent the district court from
revisiting whether it should award attorney fees under Colorado law or the PSLRA at
the conclusion of proceedings on remand.
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attorney fees, and the amount awarded, for abuse of discretion.” United Phosphorus,
Ltd. v. Midland Fumigant, Inc., 205 F.3d 1219, 1232 (10th Cir. 2000). “A district
court abuses its discretion if it commits legal error, relies on clearly erroneous factual
findings, or issues a ruling without any rational evidentiary basis.” Xlear, Inc., 893
F.3d at 1233. “Whether a litigant is a ‘prevailing party’ is a legal question we review
de novo.” Id.
Colorado Law
Under Colorado law, if a court grants a motion to dismiss a tort action, the
“defendant shall have judgment for his reasonable attorney fees in defending the
action.” Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-17-201(1).
If a plaintiff has pled tort and non-tort claims, the court must determine
“whether the essence of that party’s action was one in tort.” Gagne v. Gagne, 338
P.3d 1152, 1167 (Colo. App. 2014). The court first assesses “whether the ‘essence of
the action’ is tortious in nature (whether quantitatively by simple number of claims or
based on a more qualitative view of the relative importance of the claims).” Id. at
1168 (quotations omitted). If this assessment fails to give a definitive answer, the
court must then determine “whether tort claims were asserted to unlock additional
remedies.” Id. (quotations omitted).
If the court determines the essence of the action was tortious, then attorney
fees are mandatory. See Luskin Daughters 1996 Tr. v. Young, 448 P.3d 982, 987
(Colo. 2019). A court must also award attorney fees to a defendant even if claims
remain live against a co-defendant. See Stauffer v. Stegemann, 165 P.3d 713, 718
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(Colo. App. 2006). But “the statute does not authorize recovery if a defendant
obtains dismissal of some, but not all, of a plaintiff’s tort claims.” Colorado Special
Districts Prop. & Liab. Pool v. Lyons, 277 P.3d 874, 885 (Colo. 2012).
a. Li Appellants
Because we reverse dismissal of the Li Appellants’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty
claim because the district court misconstrued it as a tort claim rather than as a
contract claim, we vacate the attorney fee award. As discussed, Colorado law does
not permit an award of attorney fees if some of the plaintiff’s claims remain live.
Falcon Broadband, Inc. v. Banning Lewis Ranch Metro. Dist. No. 1, 474 P.3d 1231,
1244-45 (Colo. App. 2018) (statute does not apply “if the court doesn’t dismiss all
the tort claims against a certain defendant or if an action contains both tort and non-
tort claims and the defendant obtains C.R.C.P 12(b) dismissal of only the tort claims”
(quotations omitted)). Our reversal revives the breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim. We
therefore vacate the award of attorney fees under Colorado law.
b. Cui Appellants
Similarly, because we reverse and remand on the Cui Appellants’ motion for
leave to amend their complaint, we vacate the award of attorney fees under Colorado
law.
As discussed, Colorado law awards attorney fees for a tort action when the
“action is dismissed on motion of the defendant.” Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-17-201(1).
But because we reverse the district court’s denial of the Cui Appellants’ proposed
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amendment, which includes a breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim arising under contract,
the statutory basis for the attorney fee award no longer applies.
Federal Law
The PSLRA requires a court, “upon final adjudication of the action,” to make
“specific findings regarding compliance by each party and each attorney representing
any party with each requirement of Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure as to any complaint, responsive pleading, or dispositive motion.”
15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(c)(1). If the court finds that a party violated Rule 11(b), it “shall
impose sanctions on such party or attorney.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(c)(2). Unlike other
sanctions provisions, the PSLRA imposes a presumption in favor of sanctions. Id.
§ 78u-4(c)(3).
After making its dismissal rulings and concluding that no claims were pending,
the district court ordered the parties to address whether it should award attorney fees
under the PSLRA. The court concluded that four of the Li Appellants’ five claims—
including their federal securities claim—were frivolous and thus warranted a
sanctions award.
As to the Cui Appellants, the court concluded that two of the five claims it
adjudicated—including the federal securities claim—were frivolous. The court
determined that the Cui Appellants’ claims against the CRC Defendants contained
substantial defects and that the Cui Appellants failed to rebut the presumption in
favor of sanctions. But it concluded the Cui Appellants’ claims against the SPO
Defendants were not as defective, so it awarded lower sanctions.
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The court then ordered (1) the Li Appellants’ counsel to pay about $390,000 to
CRC Defendants and $244,000 to SPO Defendants; and (2) the Cui Appellants’
counsel to pay about $140,000 to CRC Defendants and $5,000 to SPO Defendants.
a. Li Appellants
Because we reverse the district court’s dismissal of one of the Li Appellants’
claims, we vacate the PSLRA fee award. The PSLRA provides that, “[i]n any private
action arising under” the securities statutes, the district court must award attorney
fees “upon final adjudication of the action.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(c)(1). The parties
have not briefed, and the district court did not address whether “final adjudication of
the action” refers solely to federal securities-law claims or whether it refers to the
entire action. If it refers to the latter, our reversal of the district court’s dismissal of
the Li Appellants’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims means that adjudication of the
action is not final. 23 On remand, the district court must determine whether it must
first resolve the Li Appellants’ surviving breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim before
assessing attorney fees under the PSLRA. 24
23
We note the case law understanding of 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(c)(1) is unsettled.
The Fourth Circuit has said, but only in dicta, that the PSLRA “applies to any action
with a claim arising under Chapter 2B of Title 15 of the U.S. Code, 15 U.S.C. § 78a
et seq.” Morris v. Wachovia Sec., Inc., 448 F.3d 268, 276 (4th Cir. 2006). Relatedly,
district courts have attempted to address the meaning of “final adjudication.” See
Blaser v. Bessemer Tr. Co., 2002 WL 31359015, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (noting
“there is little case law on its meaning”); Manchester Mgmt. Co., LLC v. Echo
Therapeutics, Inc., 297 F. Supp. 3d 451, 465 (S.D.N.Y. 2018); Great Dynasty Int’l
Fin. Holdings Ltd. v. Haiting Li, 2014 WL 3381416, at *5 (N.D. Cal. 2014).
24
The district court concluded that the breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim was
frivolous, which is not correct in light of our reversal. We affirm the dismissal of the
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b. Cui Appellants
Because we reverse the district court’s order denying the Cui Appellants leave
to amend their complaint, we vacate the district court’s PSLRA fee award. As with
the award against the Li Appellants, the district court must determine whether “final
adjudication of the action” refers solely to the Cui Appellants’ federal securities-law
claim or whether it covers the entire complaint.
III. CONCLUSION
In sum, we
(A) affirm the district court’s dismissal of Appellants’ claims under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) except for the Li Appellants’ claim for
breach of fiduciary duty, which we affirm in part and reverse in part;
(B) affirm dismissal of the Cui Appellants’ remaining state law claims for
lack of jurisdiction;
(C) reverse the district court’s dismissal of the Cui Appellants’ motion to
amend their complaint;
derivative federal securities-law claim because it did not allege harm to CRCPS, the
limited partnership. But the district court may have awarded fees on a faulty basis
because it seems to have broadly concluded that a derivative federal-securities law
claim against a general partner would be a suit against the limited partnership itself
and could not be maintained even if it alleged damage to CRCPS. App., Vol. XIV at
3823 (“It was not objectively reasonable for Li Plaintiffs to sue CRC I derivatively
on behalf of CRCPS for alleged securities violations.”).
The case law indicates that investors may pursue derivative federal-securities
law claims against a corporate manager (here, the general partner, CRC I) for alleged
harm to the corporation (here, the limited partnership, CRCPS). See Frankel v.
Slotkin, 984 F.2d 1328, 1332-33 (2nd Cir. 1993) (plaintiff could maintain derivative
federal-securities law claim against majority shareholder by showing damage to the
corporation); Hill v. Vanderbilt Cap. Advisors, LLC, 834 F. Supp. 2d 1228, 1268-69
(D.N.M. 2011) (other circuits have established that federal securities-law claims may
be pursued derivatively).
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(D) affirm the district court’s denial of the Li Appellants’ motion for default
judgment; and
(E) vacate the awards of attorney fees. 25
The following chart lists the issues presented on appeal and our dispositions:
Appeal Issue Li Appellants Cui Appellants
(A) Rule 12(b)(6) Dismissal of:
(1) Breach of fiduciary duty Affirmed in part Affirmed
Reversed in part
(2) Federal securities fraud Affirmed Affirmed
(3) Colorado securities fraud Affirmed N/A
(4) Colorado common law fraud N/A Affirmed
(B) Dismissal for Lack of N/A Affirmed
Subject-Matter Jurisdiction
(C) Denial of Motion to Amend N/A Reversed
(D) Denial of Motion for Default Affirmed N/A
Judgment
(E) Attorney Fees
(1) Colorado Vacated Vacated
(2) PSLRA Vacated Vacated
25
We thus deny as moot the following motions addressing the district court’s
orders regarding the attorney fee awards: (1) CRC I’s motion for leave to allow the
district court to correct the amended final judgment, Doc. 10870007; (2) the Li
Appellants’ motion for affirmative relief striking the amended final judgment, Doc.
10878163; and (3) the Li Appellants’ motion to strike the second amended final
judgment, Doc. 10874725.
We also deny the Li Appellants’ motion for appointment of a neutral appellate
counsel for CRCPS, Doc. 10847355. The Li Appellants provide no legal basis for
this request.
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We remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this
Order and Judgment.
Entered for the Court
Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge
38
Li v. Colorado Regional Center I
Combined Opinion