NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 13a0180n.06
No. 11-4224 FILED
Feb 19, 2013
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
LAURENCIO JUAREZ-CHAVEZ, )
) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF
Petitioner, ) AN ORDER OF THE BOARD OF
) IMMIGRATION APPEALS
v. )
)
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General, )
)
Respondent. )
)
BEFORE: KETHLEDGE and WHITE, Circuit Judges; LUDINGTON, District Judge.*
HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Laurencio Juarez-Chavez (Juarez-Chavez), a native
and citizen of Mexico, has filed a petition for review of the government’s reinstatement of his
December 2006 stipulated removal order pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5), following his illegal
reentry into the country. However, he challenges only the underlying December 2006 removal order,
from which his petition is untimely under § 1252(b)(1). We therefore DISMISS the petition for lack
of jurisdiction.
I.
In October 2006, an immigration officer served Juarez-Chavez with a notice to appear
(NTA), charging him as being removable as an alien present in the United States without being
*
The Honorable Thomas L. Ludington, United States District Judge for the Eastern District
of Michigan, sitting by designation.
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Juarez-Chavez v. Holder
admitted or paroled, or who arrived in the United States at any time or place other than as designated
by the attorney general, pursuant to section 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act
(INA), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Juarez-Chavez, pro se, signed a stipulated request for a removal
order and waiver of his right to a hearing before an immigration judge (IJ). He agreed, in pertinent
part, that: the factual allegations contained in the NTA were true; he should be removed based on
the NTA’s charge; and he was either ineligible for any form of relief from removal (such as asylum,
withholding of removal, or voluntary departure) or, if eligible, he was waiving his right to apply for
such relief (AR 106–09). The stipulation, written in English and Spanish, set forth his further
acknowledgments that he read the document and understood its consequences; and he made the
removal request voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently (AR 109). An immigration officer signed
the document, certifying that he had explained the contents and meaning to Juarez-Chavez in a
language he understood (AR 110).
In December 2006, an IJ ordered Juarez-Chavez removed from the United States to Mexico,
pursuant to the written stipulation (AR 104). Juarez-Chavez did not seek review of the IJ’s order.
That same month, he was removed from the United States (Suppl. AR 4–6, 11). He subsequently
reentered the country and, in October 2011, Ohio authorities arrested him on a soliciting charge (AR
98; Suppl. AR 11). In the wake of his arrest, immigration officials detained him. The Department
of Homeland Security (DHS) then served him with a notice of intent to reinstate the December 2006
removal order:
In accordance with Section 241(a)(5) of the [INA], you are removable as an alien
who has illegally reentered the United States after having been previously removed
or departed voluntarily while under an order of exclusion, deportation or removal and
are therefore subject to removal by reinstatement of the prior order. You may contest
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Juarez-Chavez v. Holder
this determination by making a written or oral statement to an immigration officer.
You do not have a right to a hearing before an [IJ].
Suppl. AR 2 (emphasis omitted).
This petition for review followed, in which Juarez-Chavez challenges the validity of the
underlying December 2006 removal order. He first argues that the IJ entered the stipulated order
without independently determining, or holding a hearing to determine, that his agreement to the
stipulation was voluntary, knowing, and intelligent, in violation of 8 C.F.R. § 1003.25(b). Juarez-
Chavez further argues that, to the extent the agency regulation permits an IJ to “rubber-stamp” a
removal stipulation signed by a pro se alien without holding a hearing or otherwise inquiring into
the voluntary nature of the stipulation, the agency procedure violates due process.
II.
A.
We have jurisdiction to review Juarez-Chavez’s challenge to the 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5)
reinstatement order, but only to the extent that we have jurisdiction to review final orders of removal.
See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1); Villegas de la Paz v. Holder, 640 F.3d 650, 653 (6th Cir. 2010). If DHS
“finds that an alien has reentered the United States illegally after having been removed or having
departed voluntarily, under an order of removal, the prior order of removal is reinstated from its
original date and is not subject to being reopened or reviewed . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5);1 cf.
1
Section 1231(a)(5)’s implementing regulation requires that, before an alien is removed under
a prior removal order, the immigration officer must (1) obtain the prior removal order related to the
alien, (2) confirm that the alien under consideration is the same alien who was previously removed
or voluntarily departed, and (3) confirm that the alien unlawfully reentered the United States.
8 C.F.R. § 241.8(a). Only if these requirements are met is the alien removable under the prior order.
Id. § 241.8(c). Further, the officer must provide the alien with written notice of the determination
and give the alien an opportunity to make a statement contesting the determination. Id. § 241.8(b).
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Elgharib v. Napolitano, 600 F.3d 597, 607 (6th Cir. 2010). Notwithstanding § 1231(a)(5)’s narrow
scope, we retain jurisdiction to review “constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a
petition for review.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). In Villegas, we joined several of our sister circuits
in “conclud[ing] that § 1252(a)(2)(D) re-vests the circuit courts with jurisdiction over constitutional
claims or questions of law raised in the context of reinstatement proceedings.” 640 F.3d at 656
(citing Garcia de Rincon v. DHS, 539 F.3d 1133, 1137 (9th Cir. 2008); Lorenzo v. Mukasey, 508
F.3d 1278, 1282 (10th Cir. 2007); Debeato v. Att’y Gen. of U.S., 505 F.3d 231, 235 (3d Cir. 2007);
Ramirez-Molina v. Ziglar, 436 F.3d 508, 513–14 (5th Cir. 2006)).
Section 1252(a)(2)(D) gives us jurisdiction to review “constitutional claims or questions of
law”—notwithstanding the jurisdiction-stripping provisions that eliminate judicial review of final
orders of removal against criminal aliens or involving the denial of discretionary relief, or “in any
other provision of this chapter,” which includes reinstatement orders under § 1231(a)(5). But aside
from the “stated exceptions, the savings clause in § 1252(a)(2)(D) permitting review of
[constitutional or legal] claims does not apply to jurisdictional limitations within that section.”
Cordova-Soto v. Holder, 659 F.3d 1029, 1031 (10th Cir. 2011) (citing Lorenzo, 508 F.3d at 1281),
cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 647 (2012); see Garcia de Rincon, 539 F.3d at 1138 (“Section 1252(a)(2)(D)
does not apply to the jurisdictional limitations codified elsewhere in § 1252.”).
Thus, notwithstanding § 1252(a)(2)(D), we lack jurisdiction over Juarez-Chavez’s collateral
challenge to his underlying removal order because his challenge to that order is untimely. See 8
However, “[t]he alien has no right to a hearing before an [IJ]” in a reinstatement proceeding. Id.
§ 241.8(a). Juarez-Chavez does not contest these reinstatement procedures or purport that the agency
failed to comply with them.
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U.S.C. § 1252(b)(1). The 30-day time limit set forth in § 1252(b)(1) “is both mandatory and
jurisdictional.” Prekaj v. INS, 384 F.3d 265, 267 (6th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). “[Section]
1252(a)(2)(D), which authorizes this court to decide constitutional claims and questions of law, is
explicitly constrained by the 30-day time limit in § 1252(b)(1).” Sharashidze v. Mukasey, 542 F.3d
1177, 1178–79 (7th Cir. 2008); see Gor v. Holder, 607 F.3d 180, 184–85 (6th Cir. 2010)
(emphasizing the jurisdictional nature of the 30-day time limit, notwithstanding an alien’s argument
that he sought to raise constitutional and legal claims). At least two of our sister circuits have ruled,
in addressing petitions seeking review of reinstatement orders, that untimely collateral challenges
to underlying removal orders cannot be reached given § 1252(b)(1)’s jurisdictional bar. See
Cordova-Soto, 659 F.3d at 1031–32; Avila v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 560 F.3d 1281, 1285 (11th Cir. 2009)
(per curiam).
When reinstating a prior removal order in illegal reentry cases, DHS does not reissue the
prior order (which would restart the 30-day period within which the alien may file a petition for
review) but reinstates the prior order “from its original date.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5). The
reinstatement procedure “establishes a process to remove [the alien] ‘under the prior order at any
time after the reentry.’” Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales, 548 U.S. 30, 44 (2006) (quoting 8 U.S.C.
§ 1231(a)(5)); see 8 C.F.R. § 241.8(a). Although Juarez-Chavez’s December 2006 removal order
forms the basis for the reinstatement procedure, he cannot collaterally attack the underlying order
if he failed to seek review of that order in accordance with § 1252(b)(1).
To the extent we have previously addressed the merits of an alien’s due process challenge
to an underlying removal order in the context of a petition for review of a reinstatement order, see
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Juarez-Chavez v. Holder
Villegas, 640 F.3d at 656–57, our discussion does not control the jurisdictional issue here because
we did not address the interplay between § 1252(a)(2)(D) and (b)(1) with respect to underlying
removal orders in the context of reinstatement proceedings. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better
Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 91 (1998); Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 352 n.2 (1996) (“[T]he existence of
unaddressed jurisdictional defects has no precedential effect.”).
B.
Juarez-Chavez does not allege, nor does the record indicate, that he was unable to challenge
the December 2006 stipulated removal order. His counsel opines that “stipulated removal orders are
apt to be carried out quickly with waiver of appeal,” but there is no allegation that he was actually
prevented from challenging the December 2006 order in the prior proceeding. A stipulated removal
order, like most other final removal orders, is subject to the petition-for-review procedure. Juarez-
Chavez’s claim that his stipulated request for a removal order and waiver of rights (including any
waiver of appeal) was not voluntary, knowing, and intelligent should have been raised in a timely
appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals, and then in a timely petition for review in this court
pursuant to § 1252(b)(1). The petition-for-review process is, at least facially, an adequate and
effective means for an alien to contest the legality of his removal order, thus satisfying the
Suspension Clause. See Muka v. Baker, 559 F.3d 480, 485 (6th Cir. 2009). Further, “[a]liens who
are removed may continue to pursue their petitions for review” filed in the court of appeals. Nken
v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 435 (2009).
Nonetheless, we do not preclude the possibility that an alien may raise an as-applied
Suspension Clause challenge to § 1252(b)(1) in the scenario where the provision forecloses judicial
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review of an underlying removal order in a reinstatement proceeding; and where, either due to
ineffective assistance of counsel or misconduct by government officials, the alien was prevented
from challenging that underlying order and now is barred from reopening his removal proceedings
(as a means to challenge that underlying order) because he is subject to reinstatement under
§ 1231(a)(5). See INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 300 (2001) (explaining that “[a] construction of [the
INA] that would entirely preclude review of a pure question of law by any court would give rise to
substantial constitutional questions” in light of the Suspension Clause, which requires some “judicial
intervention in deportation cases” (citation omitted)); Ramirez-Molina, 436 F.3d at 513; compare
8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5) (where DHS determines that an alien is subject to reinstatement, the prior
removal order cannot be reopened) with Luna v. Holder, 637 F.3d 85, 86–87 (2d Cir. 2011) (holding
that the 30-day time limit to file a petition for review does not violate the Suspension Clause where
aliens alleged that they were prevented from filing timely petitions due to ineffective assistance of
counsel or governmental interference because the statutory motion to reopen process is an adequate
and effective substitute for habeas review). However, we do not decide this issue because it is not
implicated here.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we DISMISS the petition for lack of jurisdiction.