State v. Garcia

[Cite as State v. Garcia, 2022-Ohio-3426.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO, :

Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 107027
v. :

JESUS GARCIA, :

Defendant-Appellant. :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 29, 2022

Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-17-622561-A

Appearances:

Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Holly M. Welsh and Tasha Forchione,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for appellee.

Britt Newman and Eric Norton, for appellant.

ANITA LASTER MAYS, P.J.:

Defendant-appellant Jesus Garcia (“Garcia”) appeals his jury trial

convictions for multiple counts arising from the sexual assault of his 13-year-old

daughter Jane Doe (“Doe”) on two occasions during the summer of 2017.
 We affirm.

I. Background and Facts

Garcia was indicted on October 27, 2017, on the following 10 counts:

Count 1: Rape, a first-degree felony, R.C. 2907.02(A)(2);

Count 2: Gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony,
R.C. 2907.05(A)(1);

Count 3: Kidnapping, a first-degree felony, R.C. 2905.01(A)(4);

Count 4: Illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material or
performance, a second-degree felony, R.C. 2907.323(A)(1);

Count 5: Endangering children, a second-degree felony,
R.C. 2919.22(B)(1);

Count 6: Rape, a first-degree felony, R.C. 2907.02(A)(2);

Count 7: Gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony,
R.C. 2907.05(A)(1);

Count 8: Kidnapping, a first-degree felony, R.C. 2905.01(A)(4);

Count 9: Illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material or
performance, a second-degree felony, R.C. 2907.323(A)(1);
and

Count 10: Endangering children, a second-degree felony,
R.C. 2919.22(B)(1).

The indictments included two sexual motivation specifications pursuant to

R.C. 2941.147(A) and six sexually violent predator specifications, pursuant to

R.C. 2941.148(A).

Doe was 14 years old at the time of the March 2018 trial. Doe testified

that her maternal grandparents are her legal custodians and that she received home-

school instruction from her grandmother. Doe’s mother (“Mother”) and her
biological father Garcia married shortly after Doe’s birth, and the couple bore three

additional siblings. Two siblings joined Doe at the grandparents’ home while

Mother and Garcia resided with the remaining sibling. Doe was pleased when in

2017, Doe, her siblings, and parents began to spend time together and do “regular

family things.” (Tr. 350.)

On July 7, 2017, at about 10:00 a.m., Garcia picked Doe up from her

grandparent’s house to take her to breakfast. After the meal, Garcia took Doe to his

residence with Mother who was at work at the time. The two were watching

television when Garcia pulled Doe’s shirt up and gave Doe a “mean look” when she

told him “no” and tried to pull her shirt back down. (Tr. 352.)

Doe said Garcia made her put on her mother’s lingerie and “that’s

when he started touching me.” (Tr. 353.) Doe stated Garcia touched Doe’s breasts

and “[he] stuck two fingers in me * * * [i]n my lower area.” (Tr. 353.) Garcia used a

silver camera to photograph Doe wearing the lingerie and warned her that he would

post the pictures on the internet if she told anyone about the incident and that her

mother and siblings would hate her. (Tr. 354.)

The next incident occurred the morning of July 17, 2017. Garcia

picked Doe up from her grandparents’ home and took Doe and her eight-year-old

brother C.G. to Garcia’s automobile repair garage located several doors from

Garcia’s residence. Doe testified that she and Garcia went inside the garage and that

Garcia locked the back and side doors to prevent C.G. from entering. Garcia
removed Doe’s shirt, pulled down her pants and underwear and touched her breasts.

He also took photographs and made Doe “touch him.” (Tr. 356.)

Afraid that Garcia would post the pictures, Doe did not tell anyone

what happened. Several weeks later, after attending a church sermon that advised

the truth “will set you free,” Doe told her grandparents about the incidents.

(Tr. 358.) They contacted the police and met with Detective Charles McNeely

(“Det. McNeely”) of the Cleveland Police Department (“CPD”).

Doe told Det. McNeely that Garcia placed the storage chip containing

the photographs on top of a tall chest. At that point during the testimony, Doe

became visibly distressed. After a brief recess, Doe identified photographs of

Garcia’s residence and the automotive garage. The defense had no questions.

Mother testified that she began dating Garcia at the age of 14 and gave

birth to Doe at 16. Doe has resided with her maternal grandparents most of her life

and the grandparents became Doe’s legal custodians when Doe was two years of age.

Mother subsequently married Garcia and they had three sons.

Mother confirmed that Garcia owned a car lot that contained a garage

and an office. Mother also confirmed having a telephone conversation about the

allegations in approximately October 2017 with the grandmother and then with Doe

who seemed to be upset. Mother did not discuss the telephone conversations with

Garcia and did not instruct her son C.G. not to speak with anyone about the case.

Mother was at work when the police visited Mother’s home a few days later. The

defense had no questions for the witness.
 The grandmother testified that she allowed Doe to go to breakfast

with Garcia after Garcia dropped Doe’s brother off at summer school. “She was gone

for several hours.” (Tr. 313.) According to the grandmother, Garcia and Doe went

to breakfast at about 10:00 a.m., then to Garcia’s house, took food to Mother’s job

for lunch, picked the brothers up from summer school, and returned to the

grandmother’s house a little after 1:00 p.m.

Several weeks later, Garcia and brother C.G. picked Doe up about

10:00 a.m. Doe was dropped off by Garcia, Mother, and C.G. at about 7:30 p.m.

Exterior residential security cameras documented the arrivals and departures for

both dates.

Garcia contacted grandmother and invited Doe to breakfast a third

time. Doe told her grandmother to tell Garcia that she had to stay home and do her

homework. The grandmother said that Doe was very upset when they returned from

a church service. It was then that Doe shared the abuse information with the

grandparents that lead to police notification on October 6, 2017.

Grandmother insisted that Doe had no reason to fabricate the

allegations. “She lost her mother. She doesn’t have a father. She is losing her

brothers.” (Tr. 342.) “She wanted [her family] in her life.” Id. “She was happy

because they were doing things as a family. Even the brothers are upset now because

they can never do anything as a family together.” Id. The grandmother was also

upset that Mother was not supportive of her daughter and claimed that Garcia would

“never cheat on me.” Id.
 Grandmother contacted Mother on October 6, 2017, or October 7,

2017, to advise her of the allegations. Garcia was at home when Mother received the

call. Garcia called the grandmother several days later because the grandmother

called Mother at work several times to ask Mother to check for evidence of the

photographs.

Det. McNeely with the CPD sex crimes and child abuse unit was

assigned Doe’s case on October 7, 2017. Det. McNeely and a rape crisis victim’s

advocate interviewed Doe and her grandmother at their home on October 8, 2017.

Search warrants were obtained for Garcia’s home and the automotive garage and

were executed on October 19, 2017. Multiple cameras including several silver

cameras were discovered as well as storage device cards and flash drives. Det.

McNeely confirmed during cross-examination that no corroborative evidence was

discovered.

Officer Robles of the CPD interviewed Doe and her grandmother.

Doe “was embarrassed and quiet.” Doe eventually did not want to discuss the matter

further and the interview ended. (Tr. 280.) The defense had no questions for the

witness.

After the state rested, Garcia moved for judgment of acquittal of all

charges pursuant to Crim.R 29. The trial court ruled that the motion was

“unopposed and granted with regard to [the] Count 6” rape charge for the second

incident and overruled for “Counts 1-5 and 7-10.” Journal entry No. 102818155

(Mar. 6, 2018). The counts were renumbered accordingly.
 The defense presented two witnesses. David LaFraniere

(“LaFraniere”) had known Garcia for about 20 years and had also known the family

roughly “16 or 17 years.” (Tr. 407.)

Counsel: And have you ever had the occasion to spend time with
[Doe] and the defendant?

Witness: Yes.

Counsel: And when would this have occurred?

Witness: June of last year. Approximately the first time that I met
the girl.

Counsel: Oh, you think that’s the first time you really met her?

Witness: Met her, yes.

(Tr. 408.)

LaFraniere said the case allegations were ridiculous and that in June

2017, LaFraniere, Garcia, and Doe travelled to Homerville, Ohio, where LaFraniere

was going to repair a friend’s vehicle. Doe and Garcia appeared to get along well.

After that trip, LaFraniere saw Doe, her siblings, and Garcia at the shop at least three

or four times but never observed anything inappropriate. During cross-

examination, LaFraniere admitted that he knew of Garcia’s 2002 conviction for

unlawful sexual conduct with a minor (Mother), 2015 conviction for carrying a

concealed weapon and, over objections, denied familiarity with a group called the

Latin Kings.

Garcia testified in his defense. Garcia denied molesting Doe and

admitted to the 2002 conviction that stemmed from his relationship with current
wife Mother. Garcia said the grandmother introduced then 27-year-old Garcia to

then 14-year-old Mother and denied knowing that Mother was a registered runaway

when they were introduced.

Garcia stated that the only time he was alone with Doe without the

other children was when Doe asked to accompany Garcia and LaFraniere to

Homerville and grandmother agreed. Garcia disputed the accuracy of the home

surveillance video evidence and testified he had time-stamped cell phone images

dated June 30, 2017, of the outing to Homerville that depicted Doe having a good

time. Garcia did not deny that Doe had been to his residence or to the garage during

2017. Garcia did admit to owning multiple cameras including silver Nikon and

Olympus cameras.

Garcia’s renewed Crim.R. 29 motion for the remaining counts was

overruled. The jury returned a verdict of not guilty to illegal use of a minor in nudity-

oriented material or performance, R.C. 2907.323(A)(1) as charged in Count 4 of the

indictment. Garcia was convicted of:

Rape, R.C. 2907.02 (A)(2), a first-degree felony with a sexually violent
predator specification as charged in Count 1 of the indictment;

Gross sexual imposition, R.C. 2907.05(A)(1), a fourth-degree felony
with a sexually violent predator specification as charged in Count(s) 2,
6 (formerly count 7) of the indictment;

Kidnapping, R.C. 2905.01(A)(4), a first-degree felony with a sexual
motivation specification, and a sexually violent predator specification
as charged in Counts 3, 7 (formerly Count 8) of the indictment;

Endangering children, R.C. 2919.22 (B)(1), a first-degree
misdemeanor as amended in Count(s) 5, 9 (formerly Count 10) of the
 indictment (minus the furthermore clause(s) dismissed by the state);
and

Illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material or performance,
R.C. 2907.323(A)(1), a second-degree felony as charged in Count(s) 8
(formerly Count 9) of the indictment.

Journal entry No. 102952867 (Mar. 8, 2018).

Garcia was sentenced to life with parole eligibility after twenty years

and adjudged to be a Tier I, II, and III registered sex offender. The instant appeal

followed.

II. Missing Evidence

Oral argument was conducted before this court on January 15, 2019.

In State v. Garcia, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107027, 2019-Ohio-4885, this court

reversed the convictions and remanded for a new trial based on missing evidence

that the state failed to provide in response to this court’s order. Upon

reconsideration in State v. Garcia, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107027, 2020-Ohio-

3026, we vacated our prior opinion, reversed the judgment, and remanded the case

to the trial court to determine whether Garcia or the state was responsible for the

inability to produce a complete record under App.R. 9 in light of the missing

exhibits. Id. at ¶ 40, citing State v. Tiedjen, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106794, 2019-

Ohio-2430, State v. Jones, 71 Ohio St.3d 293, 1994-Ohio-162, 643 N.E.2d 547, and

Knapp v. Edwards Laboratories, 61 Ohio St.2d 197, 400 N.E.2d 384 (1980).

On remand, Garcia was represented by appointed counsel. After

several pretrials and ongoing discovery, on August 13, 2021, the state filed a notice

of joint stipulation to correction of the record. On August 19, 2021, the trial court
issued an entry to return the matter to the appellate court for disposition on the

merits following correction of the record. The case was ultimately returned to the

appellate docket.

III. Assignments of Error

Garcia assigns five errors for analysis:

I. The evidence was insufficient to support appellant’s convictions
for rape, kidnapping, gross sexual imposition and illegal use of a
minor in nudity-oriented material or performance, and the
verdicts are against the manifest weight of the evidence.

II. Appellant was denied effective assistance of counsel due to the
cumulative effect of defense counsel’s errors during the pretrial
phase, the trials on the underlying charges and sexually violent
predator specifications, and the sentencing hearing.

III. The trial court erred in sentencing appellant to consecutive
prison terms because the statutory requirements for imposing
consecutive sentences were not present in the record.

IV. The trial court erred in ordering appellant to pay the maximum
$20,000 fine without determining his ability to pay and
because the record demonstrates that appellant is indigent.

V. The trial court erred in ordering appellant to pay the costs of
prosecution in its sentencing order due to the court’s failure to
advise him that he is liable for court costs at the sentencing
hearing.

IV. Sufficiency and Manifest Weight

Garcia moved for a Crim.R. 29 dismissal at the close of the state’s case

that was unopposed and granted as to the Count 6 rape charge. A renewed motion

was made as to all counts prior to presentation to the jury. Garcia argues here that

the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions and that the convictions are

against the manifest weight of the evidence.
 A. Standards of Review

Pursuant to Crim.R. 29(A), a court

“shall order the entry of the judgment of acquittal of one or more
offenses * * * if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction of
such offense or offenses.” Because a Crim.R. 29 motion questions the
sufficiency of the evidence, “[w]e apply the same standard of review to
Crim.R. 29 motions as we use in reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence.”

Fairview Park v. Peah, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110128, 2021-Ohio-2685, ¶ 37,

quoting State v. Tenace, 109 Ohio St.3d 255, 2006-Ohio-2417, 847 N.E.2d 386, ¶ 37.

The question of whether the evidence is sufficient as a matter of law

to support a conviction involves a determination of whether the state has met its

burden of production at trial. State v. Hunter, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86048, 2006-

Ohio-20, ¶ 41, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 390, 678 N.E.2d 541

(1997). We do not weigh the evidence but determine “‘whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

State v. Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 77, quoting

State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the

syllabus.

“When evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence to prove the

elements, it must be remembered that circumstantial evidence has the same

probative value as direct evidence.” State v. Palmer, 7th Dist. Mahoning

No. 19 MA 0108, 2021-Ohio-4639, ¶ 45, citing Jenks at 272-273.
 “A manifest weight challenge attacks the credibility of the evidence

presented and questions whether the state met its burden of persuasion at trial.”

State v. Whitsett, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101182, 2014-Ohio-4933, ¶ 26, citing

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541; State v. Bowden, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 13.

We sit “as a ‘thirteenth juror.’” Thompkins at 387, quoting Tibbs v.

Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652 (1982).

In conducting this review, we must examine the entire record, weigh
the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of
the witnesses, and determine whether the jury “‘clearly lost its way and
created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must
be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio
St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting State v. Martin, 20
Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1983).

Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, at ¶ 81.

Although we review credibility when considering the manifest weight

of the evidence, we are cognizant that determinations regarding the credibility of

witnesses and the weight of the testimony are primarily for the trier of fact. An

appellate court may not substitute its view for that of the jury unless it finds that the

jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d

382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 25; Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678

N.E.2d 541 (1997); State v. Walker, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109328, 2021-Ohio-

2037. The trier of fact is best able “‘to view the witnesses and observe their

demeanor, gestures, and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing
the credibility of the proffered testimony.’” State v. Scott, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

Nos. 106451 and 106474, 2018-Ohio-3791, ¶ 20, quoting Wilson at ¶ 24.

B. Discussion

Specifically, Garcia challenges the convictions for rape, kidnapping,

gross sexual imposition, and use of a minor in a nude performance. The analysis is

based on the versions of the relevant statutes in effect at the time.

1. Rape R.C. 2907.02(A)(2)

The indictment charged that Garcia “did engage in sexual conduct, to

wit: Digital penetration, with Jane Doe, dob 2/21/2004 by purposely compelling her

to submit by force or threat of force.” The subject body part was not specified in the

indictment. R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) provided that “[n]o person shall engage in sexual

conduct with another when the offender purposely compels the other person to

submit by force or threat of force.”

R.C. 2907.01(A) defined sexual conduct to include in pertinent part:

the insertion, however slight, of any part of the body or any instrument,
apparatus, or other object into the vaginal or anal opening of another.
Penetration, however slight, is sufficient to complete vaginal or anal
intercourse.

The trial court charged the jury that to find Garcia guilty, it must find

that “the defendant did engage in sexual conduct, to wit: digital penetration” with

the victim “by purposely compelling her to submit by force or threat of force.”

(Tr. 474.) The trial court also instructed the jury on the definition of sexual conduct.

Vaginal or anal penetration, however slight, must be established to

support a rape conviction. In re J.S., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102800, 2015-Ohio-
4990, ¶ 19, citing Fulkerson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83566, 2004-Ohio-3114, ¶ 21;

State v. Falkenstein, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83316, 2004-Ohio-2561, ¶ 16; State v.

Blankenship, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 77900, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 5520, 12

(Dec. 13, 2001).

Garcia argues that the testimony was insufficient to establish the

elements of the charge.

Counsel: Did anything happen after [Garcia] pulled your shirt up?

Doe: He was messing with my breasts, and he had stuck two
fingers in me. * * *

Counsel: Then you said he put his fingers in you. What part of your
body did he put his fingers in?

Doe: My lower area.

Counsel: Okay. Were your pants on or off when that happened?

Doe: Off.

Counsel: And was your underwear on or off when that happened.

Doe: Off.

(Tr. 353.) Garcia “made me put on” Mother’s “lingerie and that is when he started

touching me.” Id.

The state counters that the testimony is sufficient and cites several

cases in support of its position that convictions have been obtained where minors

have testified using terminology such as private parts. See State v. Parsons, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 20476, 2005-Ohio-2017, In re Fisher, 10th Dist. Franklin
Nos. 97APF10-1356 and 97APF11-1552, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 2846 (June 25,

1998), and State v. Denkins, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-030518, 2004-Ohio-1696.

Garcia asserts the evidence is insufficient based on this court’s finding

in In re D.C., 2018-Ohio-163, 104 N.E.3d 121 (8th Dist.). We find that In re D.C. is

distinguishable. There we held, “‘If the evidence shows that the defendant made

contact only with the victim’s buttocks, there is not sufficient evidence to prove the

defendant guilty of the crime of anal rape.’” Id. at ¶ 6, quoting State v. Wells, 91

Ohio St.3d 32, 2001-Ohio-3, 740 N.E.2d 1097.

The victim in In re D.C. was eight years old at the time of the incident

and twelve at the time of trial. The defendant was also a minor. The victim testified

that the defendant “drove” the victim’s hand “to my rear.” After the court twice

inquired “into your rear?” the victim repeated “into my bottom.” Id. at ¶ 5. This

court held that the evidence was insufficient to demonstrate that penetration of the

anal opening occurred. Id. at ¶ 9.

In contrast, Doe testified that Garcia “stuck two fingers in me” “in my

lower area.” (Tr. 353.) The trial court instructed the jury on the definition of sexual

conduct. She stated her underwear was off at the time. Id. “In” is defined as “within”

and “inside of.” Webster’s Dictionary (1999). There are two lower body cavities, the

anus and vagina. See, e.g., R.C. 2933.21(A)(1), “‘[b]ody cavity search’ means an

inspection of the anal or vaginal cavity of a person.”

The record reflects that Doe was distraught during her testimony and

the trial court took a short recess. It is also significant that Doe was testifying against
her father who sat directly before her. Although Doe was 14 years of age at the time

of her testimony, she was not too young to understand the common and ordinary

meaning of the words employed to describe penetration of her lower body cavity.

See State v. Hill, 2016-Ohio-353, 60 N.E.3d 434, ¶ 28 (5th Dist.) (“The victim was

a twenty-year-old female at the time of trial who clearly understands the meaning of

‘vaginal intercourse’ as involving penetration.”).

Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we

find that a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991),

paragraph two of the syllabus. In addition, after reviewing the entire record and all

reasonable inferences, we do not find that the jury clearly lost its way. Thompkins,

78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), citing Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172,

175, 485 N.E.2d 717.

Based upon the foregoing and the entire record in this matter, we find

Garcia’s conviction is not against the sufficiency or the manifest weight of the

evidence.

2. Kidnapping

Garcia also challenges the two kidnapping counts under

R.C. 2905.01(A)(4) because there is no evidence of physical restraint in this case.

Garcia ignores that restraint is not so narrowly defined.

The statute provides:

(A) No person, by force, threat, or deception, or, in the case of a victim
under the age of thirteen or mentally incompetent, by any means, shall
 remove another from the place where the other person is found or
restrain the liberty of the other person, for any of the following
purposes:

***

(4) To engage in sexual activity, as defined in section 2907.01 of the
Revised Code, with the victim against the victim’s will.

(Emphasis added.) Id.

The jury in this case was instructed that “to restrain one of her liberty

means to limit or restrain” Doe’s “freedom of movement, and that restraint need not

be for any specific duration of time, nor in any specific manner.” (Tr. 481.)

A person’s liberty is restrained when the offender limits the victim’s
freedom of movement in any fashion for any period of time. State v.
Totarella, 11th Dist. No. 2009-L-064, 2010-Ohio-1159, ¶118; see also
State v. Woodson, 8th Dist. No. 95852, 2011-Ohio-2796, ¶13.
Consequently, the element of restraint does not depend on “the manner
a victim is restrained. Rather, it depends on whether the * * * restraint
is such as to place the victim in the offender’s power and beyond
immediate help, even though temporarily. * * * [Thus], the restraint
involved need not be actual confinement, but may be merely
compelling the victim to stay where [she] is.” Committee Comments to
R.C. 2905.01. See also State v. Walker, 9th Dist. Medina No. 2750-M,
1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 4067, *5 (Sep. 2, 1998).

State v. Butcher, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2011-P-0012, 2012-Ohio-868, ¶ 71.

Doe testified that, during the incident at Garcia’s home, Garcia gave

her a “mean look” when she told him “no” and told her that she “had to.” (Tr. 352-

353.) During both incidents, Garcia told Doe that he would post the photographs on

the internet and her family would hate her if she told anyone what happened.

During the second incident, Garcia also locked the door to the garage.
 “Force is an essential element of rape pursuant to

R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), * * * gross sexual imposition pursuant to R.C. 2907.05(A)(1)”

and “[i]n certain instances” “kidnapping under R.C. 2905.01(A).” State v. Clark, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101863, 2015-Ohio-3027, ¶ 27. R.C. 2901.01(A) defines “force”

as “any violence, compulsion, or constraint physically exerted by any means upon or

against a person or thing.”

A minor may be restrained where there is “evidence of subtle and/or

psychological force” by an individual “who is an authority figure” “even in the

absence of any express thread of harm of significant physical restraint.” Id. at ¶ 30,

citing State v. Milam, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86268, 2006-Ohio-4742, ¶ 12

(involving a 13-year-old), and State v. Szorady, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95045, 2011-

Ohio-1800, ¶ 34 (also involving 13-year-old victims). In cases that involve the “‘filial

obligation of obedience to a parent,’ a lesser showing of force may be sufficient.”

State v. Garner, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89840, 2008-Ohio-1949, ¶ 18, quoting

State v. Eskridge, 38 Ohio St.3d 56, 58, 526 N.E.2d 304 (1988).

Doe said, “I was scared that he was going to post the pictures on the

internet and that my brothers and my mom would hate me.” (Tr. 357.) We find that

the evidence is sufficient to demonstrate the presence of constraint and the verdict

on this count is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

3. Gross sexual imposition

Here Garcia asserts that Doe’s statements that Garcia “messed with”

her breasts was insufficient to support the convictions for gross sexual imposition.
R.C. 2907.05(A)(1) prohibits “hav[ing] sexual contact with another * * * by

purposely compel[ling] the other person * * * to submit by force or threat of force.”

Our findings in Clark and Garner are also determinative here. Doe

testified that that she was afraid and felt compelled by Garcia’s threats to publish

the photographs and turn her family against her. We find that the evidence is

sufficient to demonstrate the presence of force and constraint and that the verdict

on this count is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

4. Illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material or
performance

Counts 4 and 9 of the indictment charged that Garcia “did recklessly

create, direct, produce, or transfer material or performance that shows a minor in a

state of nudity in violation of R.C 2907.323(A)(1).” The jury found Garcia not guilty

of Count 4 which leaves the incident at the garage.

The then current version of the statute provided:

(A) No person shall do any of the following:

(1) Photograph any minor who is not the person’s child or ward in a
state of nudity, or create, direct, produce, or transfer any material or
performance that shows the minor in a state of nudity, unless both of
the following apply:

(a) The material or performance is, or is to be, sold,
disseminated, displayed, possessed, controlled, brought or
caused to be brought into this state, or presented for a bona fide
artistic, medical, scientific, educational, religious,
governmental, judicial, or other proper purpose, by or to a
physician, psychologist, sociologist, scientist, teacher, person
pursuing bona fide studies or research, librarian, member of the
clergy, prosecutor, judge, or other person having a proper
interest in the material or performance;
 (b) The minor’s parents, guardian, or custodian consents in
writing to the photographing of the minor, to the use of the
minor in the material or performance, or to the transfer of the
material and to the specific manner in which the material or
performance is to be used.

(Emphasis added.) R.C. 2907.323(A)(1)(a)-(b).

Garcia argues that the statute applies only where the victim is not the

defendant’s child and cites R.C. 2901.04(A) for the premise that “sections of the

Revised Code defining offenses or penalties shall be strictly construed against the

state, and liberally construed in favor of the accused.” The state counters that the

policy is to prevent exploitation and not to allow a parent or guardian to circumvent

the law. We agree with the state.

R.C. 1.47 provides:

In enacting a statute, it is presumed that:

(A) Compliance with the constitutions of the state and of the United
States is intended;

(B) The entire statute is intended to be effective;

(C) A just and reasonable result is intended;

(D) A result feasible of execution is intended.

Pornography and obscenity that involved children are not entitled to

First Amendment protection. State v. Tooley, 114 Ohio St.3d 366, 2007-Ohio-3698,

872 N.E.2d 894, ¶ 8. The government has a “compelling and substantial interest in

safeguarding the physical and psychological well-being of its children and in
preventing their sexual exploitation.” Id. at ¶ 10, citing New York v. Ferber, 458

U.S. 747, 756-767, 102 S.Ct. 3348, 73 L.Ed.2d 1113 (1982).

The Ohio Supreme Court, while considering the definition of nudity

under R.C. 2907.323(A)(1), recited a nonexhaustive list of constitutionally

“legitimate state objectives that are served by decreasing or eradicating child

pornography.” State v. Martin, 149 Ohio St.3d 292, 2016-Ohio-7196, 75 N.E.3d 109,

¶ 13. Those objectives include:

protecting the “physiological, emotional and mental health” of
children, [New York v.]Ferber, 458 U.S. [747], 758, 102 S.Ct. 3348,
73 L.Ed.2d 1113 [1982]; preventing exploitation of children, because
the distribution of child pornography is “intrinsically related to the
sexual abuse of children,” Id. at 759; preventing a permanent record
of an abused or exploited child, Id.; and lessening the economic
incentives for those who would produce child pornography, [State
v.]Meadows, 28 Ohio St.3d [43], 49, 503 N.E.2d 697 [1986].

Id.

“All [of] the state interests that apply to eliminating child

pornography apply to eliminating child-nudity-oriented material.” Id. at ¶ 12.

“[C]hild-nudity-oriented material leaves a permanent record that can haunt a child

into adulthood and provides an economic incentive to its purveyors and possessors.”

Id.

R.C. 2907.01 that sets forth the definitions for sex offenses under

R.C. Chapter 2907 does not define the terms child, ward, parent, and guardian.

Garcia is the natural father, but the grandparents are Doe’s legal guardians of Doe.

R.C. Chapter 2111 governs guardians and conservatorships in the juvenile and
probate courts. R.C. 2111.01(A) defines a guardian as “a person” who is appointed

by the probate court and charged with the “care and management of the * * * minor.”

The guardian has “custody” of the minor and is to provide for “maintenance” and

“education” of the minor. R.C. 2111.06. The duties of a guardian include to “protect

and control the person of the ward.” R.C. 2111.13.

Garcia, Doe, Mother, and the grandmother testified that the

grandparents have been the legal guardians from the age of two. This court finds

that the parental consent exception is in recognition of the duty of a parent or legal

custodian to protect the child.

The grandparents were charged with Doe’s protection, and they did

not give consent pursuant to R.C. 2907.323(A)(1)(b). The video was not created “for

a proper purpose” pursuant to R.C. 2907.323(A)(1)(a) and the statute requires

compliance with both elements.

Garcia also argues that the conviction should be reversed because the

search warrant recovered multiple cameras and storage chips, but no chips were

located that contained photographs of Doe. Doe testified that Garcia took the

photographs with a silver camera. Garcia admitted that he owned and used the

silver Nikon camera discovered during the search. Garcia also said that he

ultimately met with the grandmother because her repeated calls to Mother

requesting that Mother try to find evidence of the photographs in the home were

causing stress to Mother.
 The jury was in the best position to observe the witnesses and

determine their credibility. Circumstantial evidence has the same probative value

as direct evidence when evaluating sufficiency. Palmer, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 19

MA 0108, 2021-Ohio-4639, ¶ 45, citing Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 272-273, 574

N.E.2d 492 (1991), Jenks at 272-273. “We cannot say that the jury clearly lost its

way or created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that appellant’s convictions

should be reversed.” Id.

Viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we find that the

evidence was sufficient as a matter of law and that the verdict is supported by the

manifest weight of the evidence.

The first assignment of error lacks merit.

V. Ineffective assistance of counsel

Garcia argues as his second assigned error that defense counsel was

ineffective due to singular errors as well as the cumulative effects of those errors.

We disagree.

Garcia cites the following conduct: (1) failure to cross-examine Doe;

(2) failure to object to inadmissible hearsay by an incompetent child witness; (3)

failure to object or seek exclusion of Garcia’s prior relationship with a 14-year-old;

(4) opening the door to the admission of otherwise inadmissible prior convictions;

(5) failure to advocate for Garcia on summation; (6) failure to ask for a lesser-

included instruction for the kidnapping charges; and (7) failure to adequately defend

Garcia during the sexually violent predator adjudication.
 To substantiate a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Garcia

must show that counsel’s performance was so deficient that he was prejudiced and

denied a fair trial. State v. Trimble, 122 Ohio St.3d 297, 2009-Ohio-2961, 911

N.E.2d 242, citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80

L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Garcia must also show that there is a reasonable probability

that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the trial would have been different.

State v. Dues, 2014-Ohio-5276, 24 N.E.3d 751, ¶ 55 (8th Dist.), citing Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

“Judicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly

deferential.” Strickland at 671. “A fair assessment of attorney performance requires

that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight” as well as

“to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate

the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Id. at 689.

In Ohio, there is a presumption that a properly licensed attorney is

competent. State v. Calhoun, 86 Ohio St.3d 279, 714 N.E.2d 905 (1999). Garcia

must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged

action “‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’” Strickland at 689, quoting

Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101, 76 S.Ct. 158, 100 L.Ed. 83 (1955). We also

consider whether the actions by counsel were “outside the wide range” of behaviors

demonstrating “professionally competent assistance.” Strickland at 690.

Garcia points to counsel’s failure to pose a hearsay objection during

direct examination of the grandmother:
 State: Did you ever have any conversations with any of the other
children * * * as a result of your conversation with Doe?

Grandmother: [Doe’s 8-year-old brother] C.G.

State: When did you have that conversation with C.G.?

Grandmother: It was October 3rd. I had picked him up from school,
and I asked him about an incident that Doe had told
me that I heard about, and he told me, yes, it happened.

Counsel: Objection.

Court: You cannot say what he said.

Witness: O.K.

(Tr. 320.)

Counsel again objected to the next exchange when grandmother

responded that C.G. “remembered it” when asked about C.G.’s demeanor at the

time. The objection was overruled. Counsel objected to the state’s question about

C.G.’s attitude at the time. The objection was overruled.

Doe and grandmother testified about the events surrounding the two

incidents. A defense counsel’s determinations regarding making objections to

testimony and cross-examining witnesses are tactical decisions that are within the

discretion of trial counsel. State v. Frierson, 2018-Ohio-391, 105 N.E.3d 583, ¶ 25

(8th Dist.), citing State v. Johnson, 112 Ohio St.3d 210, 2006-Ohio-6404, 858

N.E.2d 1144, ¶ 140. “‘[T]he failure to make objections is not alone enough to sustain

a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.’” Id., quoting State v. Conway, 109 Ohio

St. 3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, 848 N.E.2d 810, ¶ 103.
 We also do not find that counsel’s decision to forego cross-

examination of Doe constitutes ineffective assistance. Fourteen-year-old Doe was

understandably a reluctant and emotional witness. Coupled with the sensitive

dynamics of the familial relationship and Doe’s obvious distress as reflected in the

record, counsel may well have determined that it was in Garcia’s best interest to

refrain. “Generally, a trial counsel’s decision to cross-examine a witness and the

extent of that cross-examination are tactical matters.” State v. Martin, 9th Dist.

Lorain No. 15CA010888, 2017-Ohio-2794, ¶ 9, citing State v. Likosar, 9th Dist.

Medina No. 03CA0063-M, 2004-Ohio-114, ¶ 26, citing State v. Flors, 38 Ohio

App.3d 133, 139, 528 N.E.2d 950 (8th Dist.1987).

In addition, this court does not find that the allowance of character

evidence under Evid.R. 404 and impeachment by prior convictions under

Evid.R. 609 rendered counsel ineffective. Garcia argues that the evidence was

prejudicial because it revealed his prior conviction arising from his relationship with

Mother who was Doe’s age of 14 years at the time. Defense counsel confirmed that

he opened the door to character and that he had warned his client about the

possibility of disclosure.

Counsel objected to the admission of one of Garcia’s prior convictions

that was sustained by the trial court. Counsel also requested that the trial court bar

any references by the state to the Latin Kings that stemmed from police report notes

that written references to the alleged gang were observed during the search warrant

execution.
 Garcia, Mother, and the grandmother testified that Mother met

Garcia when she was 14 years of age, gave birth to Doe at the age of 16, married

Garcia, and had three additional children. Based on the record, Garcia has not

overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action

“‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’” Strickland 466 U.S. 668, 689, 104 S.Ct.

2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101, 76 S.Ct.

158, 100 L.Ed. 83 (1955).

Garcia’s claim that counsel was ineffective for failing to request a

lesser included offense instruction also fails.

“[A]n instruction is not warranted every time any evidence is presented
on a lesser included offense. There must be ‘sufficient evidence’ to
‘allow a jury to reasonably reject the greater offense and find the
defendant guilty on a lesser included (or inferior-degree) offense.’
(Emphasis sic.) State v. Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d [630,] 632-633, 590
N.E.2d 272.” State v. Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d 214, 2006-Ohio-791,
842 N.E.2d 996.

State v. Hines, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90125, 2008-Ohio-4236, ¶ 39.

We have already determined that the kidnapping convictions are

sufficient as a matter of law and are not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

“[C]ounsel is not required to file futile motions.” State v. Hudson, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 102767, 2015-Ohio-5424, ¶ 9, citing State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d

172, 174, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983); State v. Parra, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 95619, 2011-Ohio-3977, ¶ 78.
 Finally, Garcia offers that defense counsel’s failure to address the

R.C. 2971.01(H)(2) facts during the sexually violent predator specification portion

of the trial was also deficient.

“Under R.C. 2971.01(H), a ‘sexually violent predator’ means a person

who ‘commits a sexually violent offense and is likely to engage in the future in one

or more sexually violent offenses.’” State v. Sylvester, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 103841, 2016-Ohio-5710, ¶ 11. “The offenses of rape under R.C. 2907.02 and

gross sexual imposition under R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) are considered ‘violent sex

offenses.’ See R.C. 2971.01(L)(1).” Id. R.C. 2971.01(H)(2) contains a “non-exclusive

list of factors” that provide guidance to the trial court on whether an offender “may”

be “likely to engage in the future in one or more sexually violence offenses.” Id. at

¶ 12.

The state argued that Garcia’s prior conviction, the family dynamics,

and the fact that the assault involved his own daughter indicated that he would

inflict future assaults against other victims. See R.C. 2971.01(H)(2)(f). Defense

counsel responded:

I will only say this. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is still the standard
that we are under here. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is hard
enough when you’re trying to look in the past and see if it is established.

I am only suggesting that what you are being asked to do is completely
conjectural about what is going to happen in the future, and you’re
being asked to somehow find that beyond a reasonable doubt.

I am suggesting that you ought not.

(Tr. 544-545.)
 This court does not find that counsel’s actions were “outside the wide

range” of behaviors demonstrating “professionally competent assistance.”

Strickland at 690.

Garcia also argues that counsel failed to advocate during closing

arguments.

Counsel abandoned his role as Garcia’s advocate when he told the jury
that their verdicts on “[the counts in the indictment] could be all the
same. It could be half. It could be none, You will decide, and those
verdicts may not necessarily be consistent. One count may be strong.
The other count may not be.”

Appellant’s brief at p. 28-29, quoting tr. 509-510.

“Counsel’s decision on whether to give an opening statement or

closing argument and how to formulate and deliver them are tactical decisions.”

State v. Fouts, 4th Dist. Washington No. 15CA25, 2016-Ohio-1104, ¶ 69, citing

State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St. 3d 136, 144, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989) (rejecting

defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim that his counsel’s closing

argument was “too brief, passionless and themeless”).

The record reflects that counsel rendered an impassioned argument

in a difficult case. Counsel reminded the jury of the state’s burden of proof and the

lack of corroborative physical evidence. Counsel also championed Garcia’s

directness. “[Garcia] chose to talk to you” and to “have Mr. LaFraniere talk to you.”

(Tr. 511.) Garcia has not demonstrated prejudice or overcome the presumption of

counsel’s competence.
 Finally, Garcia claims prejudice under the doctrine of cumulative

error:

Under this doctrine, a conviction will be reversed when the cumulative
effect of errors in a trial deprives a defendant of a fair trial even though
each of the numerous instances of trial-court error does not
individually constitute cause for reversal. State v. DeMarco, 31 Ohio
St.3d 191, 196-197. See also State v Hunter, 131 Ohio St. 3d 67, 2011-
Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶ 132. Moreover, “errors cannot become
prejudicial by sheer weight of numbers.” State v. Hill, 75 Ohio St.3d at
212, 661 N.E.2d 1068.

State v. Singleton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98301, 2013-Ohio-1440. Id. at ¶ 64. The

argument fails in the face of our finding that no errors were committed. Id. at ¶ 66.

Garcia has not demonstrated that “there was a substantial violation

of any of defense counsel’s essential duties” and “that he was materially prejudiced

by counsel’s ineffectiveness.” Johnson, 112 Ohio St.3d 210, 2006-Ohio-6404, 858

N.E.2d 1144, ¶ 139, citing State v. Holloway, 38 Ohio St.3d 239, 244, 527 N.E.2d

831 (1988).

The second assigned error is overruled.

VI. Consecutive sentences

Under the third assignment of error, Garcia argues the elements

supporting the imposition of consecutive sentences are lacking in the record.

The trial court may impose consecutive sentences on the defendant if

the trial court determines that consecutive sentences (1) are necessary to protect the

public from future crime or to punish the offender; and (2) are not disproportionate

to the seriousness of the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses to
the public. R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). Finally, the court must find that at least one of the

following applies:

(a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses
while the offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a
sanction imposed pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or
2929.18 of the Revised Code, or was under post-release control
for a prior offense.

(b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of
one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or
more of the multiple offenses so committed was so great or
unusual that no single prison term for any of the offenses
committed as part of any of the courses of conduct adequately
reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct.

(c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that
consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from
future crime by the offender.

The trial court stated that the new Count 7 kidnapping conviction was

to be served consecutive to the Count 1 rape conviction “citing the authority of

R.C. 2971.04(E) as well as R.C. 2929.14(C), specifically that consecutive sentences

are necessary to protect the public from future crime.” (Tr. 566-567.) The trial court

explained:

You’ve done this before. You did it again. This is two generations of
people that have been abused. Consecutive sentences are not
disproportionate to the seriousness of your conduct, and consecutive
sentences are not disproportionate to the danger you pose to the public,
and the history of criminal conduct demonstrates consecutive
sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by you.

(Tr. 567.)

The sentencing entry provides:
 The court imposes prison terms consecutively finding that consecutive
service is necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish
defendant; that the consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to
the seriousness of defendant’s conduct and to the danger defendant
poses to the public; and that, at least two of the multiple offenses were
committed in this case as part of one or more courses of conduct, and
the harm caused by said multiple offenses was so great or unusual that
no single prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any
of the courses of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of
defendant’s conduct.

Journal entry No. 102952867, p. 2 (Mar. 15, 2018).

The third assigned error is overruled.

VII. Imposition of fine

In the fourth assigned error, Garcia charges that the trial court failed

to determine his ability to pay when it imposed the maximum fine of $20,000. The

fine was imposed for the Count 1 rape, a first-degree felony. A trial court may impose

a maximum fine for a first-degree felony pursuant to R.C. 2929.18(A)(3)(a). State v.

Franklin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99806, 2014-Ohio-1422, ¶ 28.

[I]n order to avoid an imposition of the mandatory fine, the defendant
must (1) submit an affidavit of indigency to the court prior to
sentencing, and (2) the court must find that “the offender is an indigent
person and is unable to pay the mandatory fine.” State v. Gipson, 80
Ohio St.3d 626, 634, 1998 Ohio 659, 687 N.E.2d 750 (1998).

Id. at ¶ 30.

The trial court found that Garcia was indigent for purposes of legal

representation at the inception of the case and for appointing appellate counsel and

subsequently observed that Garcia managed to post the $150,000 bond. However,

“‘a determination that a criminal defendant is indigent for the purpose of receiving

counsel does not prohibit the trial court from imposing a fine.’” Id. at ¶ 32, quoting
State v. Mock, 187 Ohio App.3d 599, 2010-Ohio-2747, 933 N.E.2d 270, ¶ 62 (7th

Dist.).

Secondly, Garcia did not file an affidavit with the trial court prior to

sentencing nor did he raise the issue at the hearing. “Without such filing, the trial

court did not err when it imposed the mandatory fine pursuant to

R.C. 2929.18(B)(1).” Id. at ¶ 31.

The fourth assigned error lacks merit.

VIII. Order to pay costs

Garcia’s fifth and final assigned error complains that the trial court

failed to mention court costs on the record though court costs are imposed in the

judgment entry. “A convicted criminal defendant is responsible for the costs of

prosecution. R.C. 2947.23(A)(1)(a).” State v. Beasley, 153 Ohio St.3d 497, 2018-

Ohio-493, 108 N.E.3d 1028, ¶ 263.

It is true that a journal entry is to reflect what occurred in court.

However, a remand to address this issue is not required. R.C. 2947.23(C) provides

that the trial court “‘retains jurisdiction to waive, suspend, or modify the payment

of the costs of prosecution * * * at the time of sentencing or at any time thereafter.’”

(Emphasis sic.) State v. Beasley, 153 Ohio St.3d 497, 2018-Ohio-493, 108 N.E.3d

1028, ¶ 265, quoting R.C. 2947.23(c). Therefore, Garcia “does not need this court”

to reverse the conviction or “remand this case in order for him to file a motion to

waive costs.” Id.

The fifth assigned error also lacks merit.
IX. Conclusion

The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

ANITA LASTER MAYS, PRESIDING JUDGE

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., and
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR