NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 13a0199n.06
No. 12-3150 FILED
Feb 22, 2013
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
CHRISTOPHER B. JUSTICE, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v. ) COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
) DISTRICT OF OHIO
COMMISSIONER SOCIAL SECURITY )
ADMINISTRATION, )
)
Defendant-Appellee. )
BEFORE: BATCHELDER, Chief Circuit Judge; DAUGHTREY and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
ROGERS, Circuit Judge. Christopher Brian Justice appeals the district court’s order
reviewing the final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security, which denied Justice’s
application for disability benefits. Justice argues that his impairments meet the requirements of
listing 12.05C of 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520 and that the Commissioner erred by not considering evidence
of his mental impairments in determining that he would be able to perform substantial gainful
activity. Because the Commissioner’s conclusions—that Justice failed to meet the requirements of
listing 12.05C and was capable of performing alternative substantial gainful activity—were
supported by substantial evidence, the district court properly upheld the denial of Justice’s
application for disability benefits.
No. 12-3150
Justice v. Commissioner
Mr. Justice seeks disability benefits because of his physical and mental impairments. To
receive disability benefits, an applicant must be unable “to engage in any substantial gainful activity
by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to
result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than
12 months.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). Justice claims that he is mentally retarded. Mental
retardation can qualify as a mental impairment if it meets the requirements of one of the listings in
20 C.F.R. § 404, Subpart P, App. 1. After filing for disability benefits in January 2007, Justice’s
application was denied by the Commissioner, initially and on reconsideration. His case then came
before an administrative law judge (ALJ), who also denied his application for benefits.
At Justice’s hearing, the ALJ considered the contradictory reports of several medical experts.
First, psychologist Dr. Sudhir Dubey diagnosed Justice with mild mental retardation and a
generalized anxiety disorder. Dr. Dubey found that Justice exhibited appropriate reasoning,
judgment, and insight, and was able to adequately manage normal activities of daily living. On the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III test, Justice scored a Verbal IQ score of 70, a Performance IQ
score of 74, and a Full Scale IQ score of 69. In addition, the Wide-Range Achievement Test–4th
Edition indicated that Justice’s reading, writing, comprehension, and math skills placed him between
the first and third percentile.
State psychologist Dr. Caroline Lewin rejected Dubey’s diagnosis of mild mental retardation,
however, and felt that the more appropriate diagnosis was borderline intellectual functioning, a less
severe condition. Based on Justice’s work history and ability to adequately perform activities of
-2-
No. 12-3150
Justice v. Commissioner
daily living, Dr. Lewin concluded that Justice had moderate restrictions in work-related functioning,
but no marked limitations. Furthermore, Dr. Lewin concluded that Justice would be capable of work
that involved simple instructions and light labor in a low-stress setting.
State psychologist Dr. Donald McIntire also examined Justice and diagnosed him with major
depression, panic disorder with agoraphobia, social phobia, and borderline intellectual functioning.
Dr. McIntire noted that Justice has good attention skills and fairly good immediate recall memory,
but poor working skills and concentration, as well as anxiety. Dr. McIntire concluded that Justice’s
ability to work around others was severely limited, his ability to maintain concentration to perform
repetitive tasks was moderately impaired, his ability to complete complex tasks was severely
impaired, but his ability to follow simple instructions and complete basic tasks was unimpaired.
Finally, Dr. Craig Thompson, a general internal physician, evaluated Justice and concluded
that he had moderate limitations in his ability to concentrate and marked difficulty maintaining
attention for more than a brief period of time. He found Justice’s mental capabilities were not very
advanced, but that “his main disability really is that he does not understand complex issues.” R. 501.
In addition to the medical evidence, the ALJ considered Justice’s daily activities, educational
history, and work experience. Justice claims that he dropped out of school in the ninth or tenth
grade, and at least some of his schooling was in special education classes. He is able to read, though
not very well, and his mathematical skills are limited to addition and subtraction. He has worked
as a light welder, material handler, factory laborer, heavy equipment operator, construction laborer,
factory assembler, and painter. He claims that he eventually could not keep jobs involving hard
-3-
No. 12-3150
Justice v. Commissioner
labor because they induced bouts of dizziness, breathing problems, and lightheadedness. Justice
testified that he had trouble reading and asked for help with letters and paperwork. Although he
assisted, he was not primarily responsible for any household chores, and could cook only basic things
like hot dogs. He had a driver’s license and had actually driven himself to his administrative
hearing. He took his son to the movies, visited friends, and occasionally dated.
The ALJ also considered the testimony of vocational expert John R. Finch, who testified that
a hypothetical person with Justice’s vocational factors, as well as his physical and mental
limitations,1 would not be able to perform Justice’s past work, but would be able to perform a
number of available unskilled jobs at the light exertional level, including assembler, hand packer,
and bench inspector. In a second hypothetical, the ALJ asked Finch to consider an individual with
another set of limitations approximating Justice’s.2 Finch responded that this individual would not
be able to perform Justice’s past work but would be able to perform a number of available unskilled,
sedentary jobs. Finch also testified that if he assumed Justice had testified truthfully, Justice would
1
This first hypothetical individual could occasionally lift and carry up to fifty pounds and frequently
lift and carry up to twenty-five pounds; could sit, stand and walk for about six hours each in an eight-hour
workday; was limited from reaching in all directions with his left arm to frequently, as opposed to
continuously, with no other exertional limitations; could cope with simple instructions in a low-stress setting;
could relate to others; could concentrate on a short-term basis; and might occasionally need extra supervision
on new tasks, particularly if the instructions were written rather than oral.
2
This second hypothetical individual could stand for a total of four hours; could walk for a total of
four hours (walking would be an hour at a time); could sit for eight hours total (sitting would be two hours
at a time); could occasionally lift and carry up to twenty pounds; could use both of his hands for simple
grasping, pushing and pulling, and fine manipulation; could not use his feet for repetitive movements such
as operation of foot controls; could occasionally bend and climb steps, but never squat, crawl or climb
ladders; could reach above shoulder level; and would be likely to deteriorate in a stressful situation
associated with a job to the extent that he does not do well in any social/work situations due to social anxiety.
-4-
No. 12-3150
Justice v. Commissioner
not be able to work, and Finch admitted, during cross-examination, that someone who was unable
to maintain attention and concentration between twenty-five and fifty percent of the day would not
be able to work.
In January 2010, the ALJ issued a decision denying benefits after conducting the five-step
sequential analysis required under 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520 and concluding that Justice was not
disabled. With respect to step three of that analysis, where the ALJ must consider the medical
severity of the claimed impairment, the ALJ concluded that Justice did not have an impairment or
combination of impairments that met or medically equaled one of the listed impairments in Subpart
P, Appendix 1 of 20 C.F.R. Part 404. The ALJ determined that Justice’s “actual level of intellectual
functioning is inconsistent with the requirements of § 12.05C” because of his work history and
ability to “adequately manage most activities of daily living.” R. 62. The ALJ credited the diagnosis
of “borderline intellectual functioning” and rejected the more severe diagnosis of “mild mental
retardation.” Id.
As part of the step-five analysis, the ALJ was required to assess Justice’s mental and physical
residual functional capacity (RFC) to determine whether Justice could make an adjustment to other
work. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520. The ALJ found that Justice had the physical RFC to perform light
work, subject to limitations in reaching, and the mental RFC to work in a low-stress environment
requiring only short-term concentration and allowing for extra supervision on new tasks. The ALJ
conceded that Justice would be unable to perform his past relevant work, but found that there were
-5-
No. 12-3150
Justice v. Commissioner
jobs that exist in significant numbers in the national economy that Justice could perform, based on
the testimony of the vocational expert and the RFC determination.
Justice sought review by the Appeals Council but was denied, leaving the ALJ’s decision as
the final agency action on the matter. Justice then filed this action in federal district court, seeking
review of the ALJ decision. Justice argued that he was disabled because he met the listing
requirements for mental retardation under Listing 12.05C, and that the ALJ’s finding that Justice
would be able to perform alternative jobs that exist in significant numbers in the national economy
was unsupported by substantial evidence. The case was referred to a magistrate judge, who
recommended affirming the ALJ’s decision.
On the Listing 12.05C issue, the magistrate judge concluded that substantial evidence
supported the ALJ’s determination that Justice did not meet the requirements for mental retardation.
The magistrate judge noted that although Justice met the IQ range and “impairment imposing an
additional and significant work-related limitation of function” requirements in Subpart C, he did not
establish “deficits in adaptive functioning” as required in the opening paragraph of Listing 12.05.
Because Justice did not meet both the diagnostic description in the introductory paragraph and one
of the four sets of criteria in Subparts A through D, the magistrate judge concluded that Justice did
not make the required showing.
With respect to the ALJ’s finding that Justice could perform available alternative jobs, the
magistrate judge concluded that substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s finding that Justice could
perform a significant number of other jobs available in the national economy. The magistrate judge
-6-
No. 12-3150
Justice v. Commissioner
rejected Justice’s contention that the ALJ erred by not incorporating the mental RFC limitations
when examining the vocational expert, because the ALJ was only required to incorporate those
limitations he accepted as credible. The ALJ did not credit the methodology behind, and the ultimate
conclusions of, the mental RFC assessment, and the magistrate judge found that substantial evidence
supported the ALJ’s decision not to credit or incorporate those limitations into his questioning. The
magistrate judge concluded that substantial evidence therefore supported the ALJ’s conclusion that
Justice was capable of performing other jobs.
The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation. Although
the district court agreed that Justice did not meet the Listing 12.05C requirements, it differed in its
view of which requirement Justice failed to meet; the court found that Justice met the requirements
of “significant subaverage general intellectual function” and “deficits in adaptive functioning,” as
well as “a full scale IQ of 60 through 70,” but did not establish “a physical or other mental
impairment imposing additional and significant work-related limitation of function.” The district
court affirmed the ALJ’s decision, and Justice filed this appeal.
The ALJ’s finding that Justice’s “actual level of intellectual functioning is inconsistent with
the requirements of § 12.05C” was supported by substantial evidence because Justice failed to meet
the “adaptive functioning” requirement. Listing 12.05C has four elements, derived from the
introductory paragraph describing mental retardation and the additional elements listed under part
C: (1) significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning; (2) deficits in adaptive functioning
initially manifested during the developmental period, i.e. before age 22; (3) a valid verbal,
-7-
No. 12-3150
Justice v. Commissioner
performance, or full scale IQ of 60 through 70; (4) a physical or other mental impairment imposing
an additional and significant work-related limitation of function. 20 C.F.R. § 404, Subpart P, App.
1, § 12.00, Listing 12.05C.
There is no controversy over elements (1) and (3) because both sides agree that Justice meets
these requirements. Moreover, on this appeal, the Commissioner—consistent with the agency’s
briefing to the district court—concedes that “Justice satisfied the requirements of paragraph C,”
(elements (3) and (4)), but argues that “substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s finding that he did
not have the requisite deficits in adaptive functioning” under element (2). Commissioner’s Br. at
26.
The agency determination was proper for the reason expressed in the magistrate judge’s
Report and Recommendation, notwithstanding the district court’s seemingly different analysis. Our
review of the district court is de novo, although that review is limited to determining whether the
Commissioner’s decision “is supported by substantial evidence and was made pursuant to proper
legal standards.” Ealy v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 594 F.3d 504, 512 (6th Cir. 2010). The ALJ’s
findings provide substantial evidence for the conclusion that Justice did not display a deficit in
adaptive functioning initially manifested during the developmental period, based on the record
evidence of Justice’s work history and education, along with the medical reports. Justice has a
lengthy work history, including a variety of semiskilled and unskilled positions. He also received
unemployment benefits as late as 2007, which are conditioned on the unemployed beneficiary’s
being able and willing to work. Although Justice was enrolled in special education classes and
-8-
No. 12-3150
Justice v. Commissioner
dropped out after the ninth or tenth grade, he acknowledges basic reading and mathematical
proficiency. In addition, the medical reports credited by the ALJ support the less severe diagnosis
of borderline intellectual functioning, rather than mental retardation, and indicate that Justice is able
to adequately manage normal activities of daily living. This substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s
finding that Justice did not exhibit a deficit in adaptive functioning that was initially manifested
during the developmental period.
Justice also argues that the ALJ decision failed to adequately address his disability claim
under listing 12.05C. This argument rests on a misreading of the decision. The ALJ specifically
discussed 12.05C and evaluated the evidence supporting its conclusion that Justice failed to meet
the requirements of that listing. The mere fact that the ALJ also evaluated Justice’s eligibility for
disability benefits under other listings, such as 12.05D and 12.04, does not mean that it neglected
to conduct an evaluation under 12.05C.
Justice also contends that the ALJ gave too much weight to the medical reports that weighed
against him while giving too little weight to medical reports in his favor. The ALJ parsed the
medical reports and made necessary decisions about which medical findings to credit, and which to
reject. Contrary to Justice’s contention, the ALJ had the authority to make these determinations.
Administrative law judges “are not bound by any findings made by State agency medical or
psychological consultants, or other program physicians or psychologists.” 20 C.F.R. §
404.1527(e)(2)(i) (emphasis added). Instead, the ALJ is charged with evaluating these experts’
findings and reaching a reasoned determination as to the applicant’s disability status. Here, the ALJ
-9-
No. 12-3150
Justice v. Commissioner
considered the expert reports and provided a reasoned explanation for its finding that Justice did not
meet the listing 12.05C requirements. In a battle of the experts, the agency decides who wins. The
fact that Justice now disagrees with the ALJ’s decision does not mean that the decision is
unsupported by substantial evidence.
Finally, Justice has not established that the ALJ improperly failed to consider evidence of his
mental RFC and thereby determined, without substantial evidentiary support, that Justice was
capable of substantial gainful activity. The ALJ could properly decide not to incorporate evidence
of Justice’s mental impairments into his examination of the vocational expert because the ALJ is
only required to incorporate, as part of that examination, evidence that is deemed credible. Parks
v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 413 F. App’x 856, 865 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing Casey v. Sec. of Health & Human
Servs., 987 F.2d 1230, 1235 (6th Cir. 1993)). The ALJ excluded evidence of Justice’s mental
limitations because the ALJ found that evidence was not credible.
Between steps three and four of the five-step analysis, the ALJ is required to determine the
applicant’s residual functional capacity (RFC). With respect to mental RFC, the ALJ credited Dr.
Lewin’s finding that Justice had some limitations but could perform tasks involving simple
instructions that required only short-term concentration, in a low-stress setting, especially if provided
additional supervision on newer tasks. The ALJ rejected Dr. McIntire’s suggestion of severe mental
work-related limitations. The ALJ noted that Justice’s “subjective complaints are disproportionate
with and not supported by the objective and substantial evidence in the record.” R. 65. The ALJ
also rejected Dr. Thompson’s assessment of mental work-related limitations because “he is not a
- 10 -
No. 12-3150
Justice v. Commissioner
mental health professional and does not possess the specific knowledge to evaluate such
functioning.” Id. While Justice protests that this conclusion is somehow unfair or “legally
incorrect,” see Justice’s Br. at 34, the ALJ is authorized to weigh conflicting medical evidence,
taking into account, among other factors, an expert’s “medical specialty and expertise.” 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1527(e)(2)(ii).
The ALJ incorporated all credible limitations into its examination of the vocational expert,
who testified that Justice would be capable of performing unskilled, light exertional, sedentary jobs
that exist in significant numbers in the national economy. The ALJ therefore determined, based on
substantial evidence, that Justice was not disabled because he could perform a number of other
available jobs.
The district court’s judgment is affirmed.
- 11 -