Plaintiff, a fraternal beneficiary association, on September 12, 1886, issued to M'ichael McFadden, a member of Meta Lodge No-. 19, of said association, a benefit certificate for the sum of $2,000, payable at the death of said Michael McFadden to his wife Bridget. About thirteen years prior to his death, which occurred April 7, 1903, Michael drove*his wife and children from his home and thereafter lived separate from his wife, making his home most of the time with a married daughter until about the month of April, 1901: After this time he was taken care of by John O’Malley, father of appellant, Mary O’Malley. Early in the year 1901, McFadden sent the certificate by one of his daughters to his wife with a message to her to the effect that he was having some trouble with some gentlemen who owed him money and that if anything should happen to him, she would have the certificate to protect herself and take care of her. The evidence shows that Bridget, out of her oavu funds, paid all the assessments levied against McFadden by the society until about January 1, 1901, and that she offered to pay assessments after January, 1901, but the lodge officers refused to accept her tenders. The amount paid by her in assessments was 'shown to be about $450.
In March, or early in April, 1901, the evidence is *195that Michael McFadden approached John O’Malley and represented to him that he had separated from his family and had no one to take care of him; that he was too old to work and that if something was not done, he would soon have to go to the poorliouse, and proposed to Mr; O’Malley to adopt Mary O’Malley, the minor daughter of John, as his daughter and heir and designate her as the beneficiary in his certificate of insurance if John O’Malley would take care of him the balance of his days. O’Malley assented to the proposition and thereafter, to-wit, April 5, 1901, with the intent of designating Mary O’Malley as his beneficiary, McFadden made the following affidavit:
“The undersigned, Michael McFadden, being duly sworn, does depose and say that he is a Workman degree member in good standing in Meta Lodge No. 19, located in St. Louis, State of Missouri, that the number of his beneficiary certificate is 25609, that said beneficiary certificate is payable to his wife, Bridget McFadden, and was issued at St. Louis, Missouri, by the Grand Lodge of the Ancient Order of United Workmen of Missouri, on the 12th day of September, 1886.
“The undersigned further deposes and says that the said beneficiary certificate is not in his possession or under his control but is Avithheld from him.
“In consequence of the said detention and of Avithliolding beneficiary certificate, the undersigned does hereby make application for a duplicate certificate, which he asks may be issued to him in the place of the original beneficiary certificate, above described, and as a condition necessary to the issuance of said duplicate, the undersigned Michael McFadden does hereby cancel and annul said original benefit certificate and relinquish all rights, benefits and claims that may at any time arise, either to him or his beneficiaries under the said original beneficiary certificate described at the outset and directs that a neAV benefit certificate be issued to him in which payment shall be made to Mary O’Malley, bearing re*196lation to me of adopted daughter — said new certificate to he then issued in lieu of the original which therefore shall become and be void.” '
And on the same date, executed and acknowledged the following deed of adoption:
“Know all men by these presents: That I, Michael McFadden, of the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, for good and valuable consideration to me moving, do hereby under the provision of chapter 90, Revised Statutes of Missouri of 1899, adopt Mary O’Malley, daughter of John and Mary O’Malley, of the said city of St. Louis, as my own child, hereby granting unto her, the said Mary O’Malley, all the rights and privileges which she might or could enjoy were she my own child, and all the rights conferred upon adopted children by the laws of the State of Missouri.”
On September 16, 1901, Mary O’Malley executed the following promise and agreement:
“I promise and agree with my father, Michael McFadden, that I will from this time forward pay the assessments and dues, etc., which shall be payable by him as a member of Meta Lodge of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, when and Avhenever such assessments, dues, etc., become payable according to the Mavs and rules of said United Workmen. I further agree to pay to said McFadden during his life four dollars every week such payments to be made on every Saturday. In consideration of my promise as above said McFadden shall cause the name of the beneficiary named in his certificate of membership in said United Workmen to be changed so that I shall be named as the beneficiary therein. And if I fail to pay said assessments, dues, etc., as aforesaid, and if I fail to pay said McFadden said sum of four dollars every week as aforesaid, then I shall lose all my title as said beneficiary and said McFadden shall be at liberty to change the name of the beneficiary in said certificate and cause the name of someone else than me to be named as such beneficiary in said certificate.”
*197On the same date, Michael McFadden made his will, by which he disinherited his wife and children and willed the proceeds of his .certificate of insurance (his-only asset) to Mary O’Malley, his adopted daughter, and designated her as his sole beneficiary and directed that the insurance be paid to her at his death. On the presentation of McFadden’s affidavit of April 5,1901, and the exhibition of the deed of adoption to the officers of the Superior Lodge of the association, a new certificate of insurance of the same number as the original (No. 25609) was on August 21, 1901, signed by Wm. H. Miller, grand master workman and Henry W. Meyer, grand recorder, and was countersigned by the master workman and recorder of Meta Lodge, sealed with the seal of the lodge, and in this condition was delivered to Mr. McFadden. In the new certificate, Mary O’Malley was described as the adopted daughter of Michael McFadden and was named as his beneficiary. The evidence is that O’Malley paid all the assessments after January, 1901, as well as all dues claimed by the association from McFadden. He testified that these assessments and dues and hospital and medical expenses paid out by him for Mr. McFadden, together with clothing and money furnished him, aggregated about $950. The evidence is that Mary O’Malley, after her adoption, continued to reside with her mother and was supported and maintained by her parents and that McFadden contributed nothing toward her support.
The laws of the order provide that members’ children by legal adoption may be designated as beneficiaries. Law No. 185 of the order concerning the issuance of duplicate certificates, is as follows:
“Duplicate certificate. — When a beneficiary certificate shall be lost or destroyed, or it shall not be under the control of the member to whom it was issued, he may have a duplicate certificate issued, if he desires, upon making affidavit of the fact, upon a form furnished by the grand recorder and executing a release to the grand *198lodge of all rights and benefits under the original certificate. The same rule shall apply to the payment of beneficiaries who may not be able to produce the certificate, and as a further security the grand master workman and grand recorder may require such other assurances, releases or indemnity as may seem to the grand master workman, grand recorder and finance committee necessary for the protection of the grand lodge.”
Concerning the change of name of the beneficiary, law No. 194 of the order reads as follows:
“Change of beneficiary. — Any member holding a beneficiary certificate, desiring at any time to make a new direction as to its payment, may do so by authorizing such change in writing on the back of his certificate in the form prescribed, attested by the recorder, with, the seal of the lodge attached, and by payment to the grand lodge of the sum of fifty cents, but no change of direction shall be valid or have any binding force or effect until such change shall have been reported to the grand recorder, the old certificate, if practicable, filed with him, and a new beneficiary certificate issued thereon; and said new certificate shall be numbered the same as the old certificate; provided, however, should it be impracticable for the recorder to witness the change desired by the member, attestation may be made by a notary public or clerk of a court of record, seal to be attached in attest.”
It was alleged by Mrs. McFadden that Michael McFadden, at the time he executed the deed of adoption and made the affidavit above set forth, was insane. This allegation was put at issue by the plea of Mary O’Malley and there was evidence pro and con touching the sanity of Mr. McFadden at the time he executed said documents. The learned trial judge specially found that McFadden was sane and as his finding is supported by the greater weight of the evidence, we deem it unnecessary to further notice this issue.
When McFadden died, both his widow as holder of *199the original certificate, and Mary O’Malley, as holder of the new certificate, demanded payment of the association. The association filed its bill of interpleader in the St. Louis Circuit Court, deposited the $2,000, less $103 allowed it as costs and attorney’s fees, and procured an order requiring the rival claimants to interplead for the fund, and was discharged. In compliance with the order to interplead, the rival claimants of the fund appeared in court and filed their respective pleas, and the issues made up thereby were submitted to the court, who, after hearing the evidence, found for Bridget McFadden and awarded her the whole of the fund. To this award Mary O’Malley appealed in the usual way.
The evidence shows that Mr. McFadden, without cause, turned his wife out-of-doors about thirteen years prior to his death and thereafter wholly abandoned her; that in April, 1901, for no cause, he turned against both his wife and children and being old and unable to work and having no means, he became apprehensive that he might become a public charge. To avoid the humiliation of becoming an inmate of' the poorhouse, he approached John O’Malley and proposed to him that he would adopt his daughter Mary as his daughter and heir, and designate her as beneficiary in his certificate of insurance if O’Malley would pay his assessments and maintain him during the remainder of his life. O’Malley accepted the offer and carried out the agreement. A deed of adoption was executed and a new certificate designating Mary O’Malley as beneficiary was issued by the association.
Section 1417, Revised Statutes 1899 (Acts of 1897, p. 132), provides that no contract between a member of a fraternal beneficiary association and his beneficiary, that the beneficiary or any person for him, shall pay such member’s assessments and dues, shall give the beneficiary a vested right in such certificate, or in the benefit derived therefrom, or deprive the member of the right to change the name of the beneficiary, or revoke the certificate on written notice to the association in the man*200ner and form provided for by its by-laws. Under the provisions of this section, Mary O’Malley acquired no vested interest in the certificate of insurance by virtue of the contract entered into and performed by her father, John O’Malley, to pay McFadden’s dues and assessments and to maintain him during the rest of his natural life. The original contract between Mr. McPadden and the association was entered into prior to the passage of the law of 1897 and as that law can have no retrospective operation (sec. 15, Bill of Rights) the interest of Mrs. McPadden, if she acquire any, either in law or in equity, was not affected by the Act of 1897 but is governed by the law as it stood prior to the enactment of section 1417, supra. The original certificate of insurance was issued September 12, 1886. The law then in force (art. 10, R. S. 1879) neither expressly prohibited nor permitted a member of a fraternal beneficiary society to change the name of his beneficiary. Section 972 of the article, the only section defining the powers and rights of these associations, authorizes them, when incorporated under the provisions of the article, to provide for the relief and aid of the families, wives, orphans and other dependents of their deceased members, or for assisting members of such societies or associations. In the revision of 1889, this section as amended, appears as section 2823 and provides that any beneficiary, under a certificate issued by any fraternal beneficiary association, may pay the dues and assessments charged against such member on account of his' membership. This section also expressly authorizes the issuance of beneficiary certificates for the benefit of the classes it names, but it neither expressly authorizes nor prohibits a change of name of the beneficiary. Section 2831, Revised Statutes 1889 requires that every corporation under the act, including fraternal benefit societies, shall make by-laws for its government and support, followed by a proviso that such by-laws shall be conformable to its charter and shall not import nor limit any provisions thereof or en*201large its focus. It is the universal law that a beneficiary named in a fraternal benefit certificate has no vested interest therein. [Masonic Mutual Ben. Assn. v. Bunch, 126 Mo. 637; Hoffman v. Grand Lodge B. L. F., 73 Mo. App. 47; Grand Lodge A. O. U. W. v. Reneau, 75 Mo. App. 402; Sup. Council L. of H. v. Neidlet, 81 Mo. App. 598; Morton v. Royal Tribe of Joseph, 93 Mo. App. 78; Carpenter v. Knapp, 105 la. 712; s. c., 38 L. R. A. 128; Shipman v. Protective Assn., 174 N. Y. 398.] The designation of the beneficiary in a certificate issued by a fraternal- beneficiary association is but a present expression of the member’s will, revocable at any time, and unless there is to be found, either in the laws of the State where the association was incorporated or in its charter or by-laws or in the terms of the certificate itself, some provision prohibiting or restraining the right of the member to change the name of the beneficiary, he may do so with the same freedom as he may change the name of a legatee in his will by the making of a new will before the first one takes effect; provided, that where the rules and regulations of the association provide a specific method of changing the name of the beneficiary, such rules and regulations must be substantially complied with in order to effect a new designation. The laws of the association read in evidence expressly provide for the making of a new designation.
The question then arises: first, whether or not Mrs. McFadden acquired such an equity in the original certificate as to estop her husband from making a new designation; and, second, if she did not acquire such equity, was the new certificate the result of a valid exercise of the right of Mr. McFadden to change the name of his beneficiary? In Smith v. Nat. Ben. Society, 123 N. Y. 85; s. c., 9 L. R. A. 616, it was held that the rule that a member of a beneficiary association might change the name of his beneficiary without the consent of the beneficiary, does not prevent the making of a contract between the parties by which a vested interest would *202pass to the designated beneficiary, -which will compel the society to recognize him as the one entitled to the funds. In Maynard v. Vanderworker, 30 Abbott N. C., it was held:
“Although ordinarily the designation of a beneficiary in the certificate of a member of a fraternal beneficiary society is in the nature of an inchoate or unexecuted gift, revocable at any time by the donor, such member may by contract with the beneficiary by the terms of which the latter is to pay the assessments and receive the benefits, vest an interest in the beneficiary and deprive himself of the power of making a change in the designation of the beneficiary; and where such contract has been performed on the part of the beneficiary by paying the assessments levied, such beneficiary is entitled to a death benefit as against a third person whom the member has attempted to substitute as beneficiary.”
On the authority of this case, Bacon says: “If, under an agreement with a member, the beneficiary pays the assessments, the latter may acquire such a vested right which will prevent a change.” [1 Bacon on Ben. Soc. & Life Ins. (3 Ed.), sec. 295.] And in Leaf v. Leaf, 92 Ky. 167, it was held that where the wife to whom the original certificate was issued, kept it alive by paying the assessments out of her own funds, and surrendered property to the husband upon the faith that she was to have the fund, she acquired a superior equity to all others which could not be defeated by the husband by making a new designation according to the by-laws of the order. In Jory v. Sup. Council, 26 L. R. A. 733, it was ruled that the mere payment of dues and assessments by the beneficiary, did not give him a vested interest in the certificate. There is no evidence of any agreement between McFaddefi and his wife that she would pay his assessments or that she surrender to him anything of value in consideration that he would have her designated as his beneficiary. All that appears is *203that she paid the assessments and that early in the year 1901 he sent her the certificate. Granting that from these facts a tacit agreement might he inferred that she should pay the assessments in consideration of the fact that he would name her as his beneficiary, under the ruling in Ben. Assn. v. Bunch, 109 Mo. 560, 19 S. W. 25, wherein it was held that the mere payment of the assessments by the beneficiary under an agreement with the member that he should do so, gaye the beneficiary no such equity under the certificate as to estop the member from making a change in the name of his beneficiary, we hold that Mrs. McFadden, by paying the assessments, did not acquire such an equity in the certificate as to estop her husband from exercising his right to make a new designation and that the designation of Mary O’Malley as beneficiary entitled her to the fund, provided the change was effected in substantial compliance with the regulations of the association.
The laws of the order provide that when a beneficial certificate is lost or destroyed, or is not under the control of the member or his beneficiary after his death, he may have a duplicate certificate issued upon making affidavit to the facts and by executing a release of all his rights and benefits under the original certificate. The affidavit made by McFadden was in compliance with this law of the order and entitled him to a duplicate certificate. A new certificate was issued to him, but it was not a duplicate of the original one for the reason that Mary O’Malley was designated as beneficiary in the new certificate, whereas Bridget McFadden was the beneficiary named in the original certificate. A duplicate has been judicially defined to be an original instrument reproduced, not a new agreement, but merely written evidence of the lost instrument to take its place. It must be the same in all other respects as some other instrument from which it is indistinguishable. [State ex rel. Graef v. Forest Co., 74 Wis. 613; Bank v. Farnsworth, 38 L. R. A. 843; Mo. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Heidenheimer, 82 *204Tex. 195; Nelson v. Blakely, 54 Ind. 29; McCuaig v. City Sav. Bk., 111 Mich. 856.]
Law No. 194 of the association provides that a member desiring at any time to make a new designation as to its payment may do so by authorizing such change in writing on the back of the certificate in the form prescribed and attested by the recorder with the seal of the lodge attached, to be approved by the grand recorder, the old certificate, if possible, to be filed with him and the new certificate issued thereon. The old certificate was not in the possession of McFadden and hence he could not comply with the strict requirements of this law. But it is contended by appellant-that the spirit and intent of the law was fully complied with; that it Avould have been a useless ceremony to have first issued a duplicate certificate to McFadden and then for him to have authorized the change of his beneficiary on the back of the duplicate certificate and to have a new certificate issued; that substantially all this was accomplished by McFadden’s affidavit and cancellation and relinquishment of all benefits and claims on the original certificate. These laws of the order were made primarily for the benefit of the association, to prevent imposition upon it and a conflict of claimants, and as the beneficiary has no vested rights in the certificate, it is competent for the order to waive a strict compliance of such regulations as are solely for its own protection. [Bacon on Ben. Soc. (2 Ed.), 430; Grand Lodge A. O. U. W. v. Reneau, 75 Mo. App. 409; Manning v. A. O. U. W., 86 Ky. 136.]
The main question is, did the member succeed in expressing his intention to_ change his beneficiary to the satisfaction of the society and in substantial compliance with the laws of the order? He did not have the original certificate, and could not therefore authorize a change in writing on the back of it nor could he surrender it to the grand recorder, but he did authorize a change of the name of the beneficiary in writing and he effectually relinquished all claims to the original benefit *205certificate. His relinquishment was as effectual as if he had surrendered the certificate with the proper indorsement thereon to the grand recorder. He did all that was in his power to do under the circumstances to make a new designation and to relinquish all benefits of the original certificate. He did what he had a lawful right to do and what the respondent could not prevent him from doing, and which when done, deprived Mrs. McFadden of no vested right or interest. What he did was,, under the circumstances, in strict compliance with the laws of the order. The variation from the forms prescribed by the laws of the order was made by the grand officers of the association, not by the insured. Under these circumstances, it would be a hard ruling to hold that having done all he could do in the first instance to designate a new beneficiary, all the laws of the order required him to do, his will should be defeated for the reason the supreme officers of the order on whom he had a right to rely in the issuance of a new certificate, waived a strict compliance with one of the rules of the order.
In Lahey v. Lahey, 61 L. R. A. 795, following the case of Supreme Conclave, etc., v. Cappella, 41 Fed. 1, it was held that:
“The general rule that the insured is bound to make such change of beneficiary in the manner pointed out by the policy and by-laws of the association is subject to three exceptions: (1) If the society has waived a strict compliance with its OAvn rules, and in pursuance of a request of the insured, to change its beneficiary, has issued a new certificate, the original beneficiary will not be heard to complain that the course indicated by the regulations was not pursued. (2) If it be beyond the power of the insured to comply literally with the regulations, a court of equity will treat the change as having been legally made. (3) If the insured has pursued the course pointed out by the laws of the association and has done all in his poAver to change the benefi*206ciary, but, before tbe new certificate is actually issued, he dies, a court of equity will treat tbe certificate as having been actually issued.”
In Isgrigg v. Schooley, 125 Ind. 95, tbe bolder of tbe certificate in a benefit society, tbe by-laws of which require that when a member desired to change bis beneficiary, be should surrender tbe original certificate, it appeared that tbe beneficiary originally named bad been tbe member’s wife who bad abandoned him and refused to give up tbe certificate. Tbe insured complied with all tbe requirements of tbe laws of tbe order in respect to tbe change of the name of tbe beneficiary except tbe surrender of tbe original certificate and assigned its loss as an excuse when a new certificate was issued. After the death of the member, tbe court held that tbe acts of tbe deceased constituted an equitable change in beneficiary. Nalley v. Nalley, 74 Ga. 669; Marsh v. Sup. Council, 149 Mass. 412 are parallel cases and this doctrine was recognized and followed by us in St. Louis Relief Assn. v. Strode, 103 Mo. App. 694, 77 S. W. 1091, and National Amer. Assn. v. Kirgin, 28 Mo. App. 80. In Titsworth v. Titsworth, 40 Has. 571, it was held that: “Where tbe association issues a certificate or changes tbe beneficiary on tbe application of a member, all questions as to whether it was done or not in accordance with tbe rules and regulations are concluded.” While this case seems to be opposed to current authority, it serves to mark tbe distinction in respect to tbe observation of tbe regulations tbe courts have drawn between cases where a new certificate designating a new beneficiary has been issued and tbe cases where tbe member has made application for a change in tbe name of bis beneficiary but tbe society either failed to act upon tbe application or refused to make tbe change. In tbe former class, tbe courts generally bold that a non-observance of such of .the regulations as are for tbe sole protection of tbe society may be waived by it, and that if tbe essentials of tbe regulation have been substantially com*207plied with the certificate will be held valid. In the latter cases, the general rule seems to be that the member must have complied with the regulations and done all that was in his power to do to effect the change, to authorize a court of equity, after his decease, to treat the change as having been made.
But the Kansas City Court of Appeals, in Grand Lodge A. O. U. W. v. Ross, 89 Mo. App. 621, on a state of facts not distinguishable from the facts in the case at bar, held that the substitution of the new beneficiary was ineffectual and awarded the fund to the beneficiary named in the original certificate. In support of this ruling, the court cited Coleman v. Knights of Honor, 18 Mo. App. 189, and Head v. Sup. Council, etc., 64 Mo. App. 212. In the Coleman case, the member gave the society a written notice of his desire to change the name of his beneficiary. The society took no action on this notice and issued no certificate. On the death of the member, the society paid the fund to the beneficiary named in the original certificate. Suit was brought by Coleman, claiming to be entitled to the fund as assignee of the original certificate. The society had adopted specific rules and regulations in respect to the designation of a new beneficiary, none of which were complied with, and the court very properly held the attempted assignment of the benefit certificate was of no effect.
In the Head case, the by-laws of the order provided: *208to the branch for its consent to the change, which application shall be in writing, and read at a regular meeting of the branch, and deferred for branch action to the next regular meeting, when, if three-fourths of those present approve of the change as requested, the. change shall be made by the supreme secretary upon the receipt of the benefit certificate and a fee of fifty cents, accompanied by a certified copy of the branch action on said application; provided that, by the unanimous consent of the meeting at which the application for the change is first read, action may be had at said meeting.”
*207“Sec. 162. Every member, at his initiation into the order, shall have a benefit certificate issued to him. Each member may enter upon his application the name or names of the members of his family, or those to whom he desires the benefit paid, and they shall be entered in the benefit certificate according to said direction. A member may' at any time, when in good standing, change his beneficiary upon complying with the requirements hereinafter provided, and upon surrender of his benefit certificate and payment of a fee of fifty cents. Brothers desiring a change of beneficiary shall make application
*208The application of Ryan, the member, on which the new certificate was issued was as follows:
“St. Louis, February 8, 1894.
“To the Supreme Secretary, Catholic Knights of America:
“Dear Sir: I hereby request that my benefit certificate in your order be changed from my wife, Mary Ryan, who is dead, to John J. Head, pastor of the Annunciation church, St. Louis, Missouri. I am a member in good standing of branch 92, Catholic Knights of America.
his
“William X Ryan.
mark
“Witnesses: James J. Beady; Wm. Lawson.”
On this state of facts, the court said :
“It is obvious that the method adopted by plaintiff and Ryan to effect a change of beneficiaries Avas in no respect a compliance Avith section 162, supra, of the bylaws. No application was made to the branch lodge, and no notice was given to it or to defendant of the desired change. Counsel for plaintiff concedes this.”
Neither of these cases are authority for the ruling in the Ross case, and it seems to us that the Ross case is out of line with the best considered cases of this and other jurisdictions. [Authorities supra.]
*209We think that Mr. McFadden substantially complied with the regulations of the association providing for a change in the name of his beneficiary and that the officers of the association, in issuing the new certificate, violated no rule or law of the association, and we think the new certificate, when issued, became an effective and binding contract and that Mr. McFadden and the association, being the only persons who had any vested interest therein, had the right to waive a mere formality.
But we do not think that Bridget McFadden should be turned out of court without any relief. With her own means she kept the insurance alive for twelve or thirteen years by paying the assessments thereon, and it would be a gross injustice not to reimburse her out of the fund for the money thus expended. On principles of equity she is entitled to so much of the fund as will make her whole. [Leaf v. Leaf, 12 Ky. L. Rep. 47.]
Our conclusion is that the judgment of the circuit court should be reversed and the cause remanded with directions that out of the fund paid into the court, the court award Bridget McFadden a sum sufficient to reimburse her for all assessments and dues paid by her to the association, together with six per cent interest thereon from the date the fund was paid into court and that the court award to Mary O’M'alley the balance of said fund; each party to pay one-half of the costs that has or may accrue in the circuit court.
For the reason this opinion is in conflict with the case of Grand Lodge A. O. U. W. v. Eoss, the case is certified to the Supreme Court for final adjudication.
Goode and Nortoni, JJ., concur.