The opinion of the court was delivered by
Depue, J.This is a bill to quiet title, filed under the act of March 2d, 1870. Rev. p. 1189.
The lands in controversy are within the bounds of the map of Ocean Beach. The tract owiied by the Ocean Beach Association comprises a seaside village. In 1879 the defendant, then being a member of the Ocean Beach Association, made for the association a map of its property, which was lithographed, and is called the map of dedication. This map delineated the tract owned by the association as lying south and east of Shark river, and extending southerly to a line which would embrace the lands in controversy, and eastwardly to the Atlantic ocean. On this map the tract was laid out into lots, with the streets delineated upon it. Along the ocean front a strip of land, about two hundred feet wide, was left between the lots and the ocean, marked on the map, “ Ocean Bluff.” The streets were delineated on the map as extending eastwardly towards the ocean and leading into the ocean bluff, which is a space of ground- intended for the common use of the owners of lots and the public, for recreation and access to the ocean.
The lands in controversy consist of detached pieces in the streets marked on the dedicating map, and a strip on the bluff -extending along the entire ocean front.
*308The premises are set out in the complainant’s bill as consisting of four parcels.
The vice-chancellor described the lands claimed by the complainant as bounded on the north by Shark river, on the soutln by Three-Cornered pond, on the west by lands of other parties, and on the east by the Atlantic ocean. Nearly equidistant between Shark river and Three-Cornered pond is another body of water, called Silver lake or West pond. The land claimed by the defendant the vice-chancellor described as consisting of two different parcels, one lying north of West pond, adjoining the Atlantic ocean, containing thirty-one and eight hundred and fifty-seven thousandths acres; the other lying south of West pond and north of Three-Cornered pond, and. near to, although not bound by, the waters of the Atlantic ocean, containing eight and forty-eight hundredths acres. The last of these parcels purports to be a strip of land between what are called the Brinley survey, for one hundred and eighty-three and twenty-five hundredths acres, dated December 2d, 1861, and the Corlies survey, made August 30th, 1870, and returned and approved November 1st, 1872. These surveys will presently be referred to with particularity.
The vice-chancellor considers, first, the title to the parcel lying north of West pond, and between that pond and Shark river.
To this parcel the complainant, claims title by divers mesneconveyances, under a conveyance made by Joseph Waddell to-John Lippell White, bearing date September 1st, 1800, acknowledged December 31st, 1800, and recorded January 28th, 1801.. The premises conveyed by this deed consists of a tract of six hundred acres, lying between Shark river and the Three-Cornered' pond. John Lippell White died in June, 1831, devising this tract to his two sons, Peter and Richard. Richard released to-Peter that part of the tract which lies between West pond and Shark river, containing two hundred and thirty acres. Peter-conveyed this parcel, November 1st, 1872, to Joseph B. Yard, who is not the defendant. Joseph B. Yard also acquired of Richard White an adjoining lot of fourteen and thirty-three-hundredths acres next to West pond. By a deed dated May *30926th, 1873, Joseph B. Yard conveyed these two tracts to the Ocean Beach Association, which gave the association title to the parcel lying between West pond and Shark river. To this parcel the vice-chancellor adjudged title in the complainant by adverse possession.
The statute of limitations applies as well to the Board of Proprietors as to individuals, and an adverse possession of-lands for twenty years will bar a right of entry or recovery under title derived from that source. Cornelius v. Giberson, 1 Dutch. 1. Nor is there any difference between the character of the evidence or the degree of proof required to sustain title by adverse possession against the Board of Proprietors and that which is required to sustain such title against an individual owner. The board not being excepted from the operation of the statute, possession such as would bar the claim of the rightful owner, if he be an individual, will be equally efficacious against the proprietors.
The Waddell deed to White was made in September, 1800, and recorded January, 1801. The tract conveyed consisted of upland and sedge meadows and a sandy beach along the river and the sea. In the deed it is described as'situate, lying and being on the south side of Shark river, with'two sedge banks near the mouth of said river, being included within the following bounds: Bounded northerly by- Shark river, easterly by the sea, southerly by a pond called Three-Cornered pond, and westerly by the upland of- &c. The descriptive words contained in the deed comprised premises extending to and bounded upon the ocean. The survey made by the defendant, under which he claims title, was located on the eásterly side of a fence along the upland and extending from thence to the ocean.
At the time the Waddell deed was made there was a farmhouse on the tract, which was rebuilt in 1810. Prom the making of the conveyance to White, the tract was occupied and cultivated by those holding under the Waddell conveyance, and their possession and occupation was under color of title at least. The evidence clearly shows that White and those who succeeded to his title always claimed title to the ocean, and that their right *310as riparian owners was generally, if not universally, recognized in the neighborhood.
The general rule is that, in a controversy in which title by adverse possession is set up, possession of the principal tract is regarded as possession of adjoining waste and unenclosed pieces of land held under the same title and used in connection therewith. Sedgw. Trial of Titles § 774. In this case, it appears that the grantee of Waddell, and those succeeding him in title,, used the sedge meadows outside of the fence enclosing the upland-for pasturing cattle, and erected fences to the ocean to prevent cattle straying or trespassing, and carted off seaweed and drift wood and fragments of wrecks thrown upon the beach. In Lord Advocate v. Young, 12 App. Cas. 544, 553, Lord Watson, speaking of a claim of title to the foreshore by prescription as against the Crown, said: “ It is practically impossible to lay down any precise rule in regard to the character and amount of possession necessary to give a riparian proprietor a prescriptive right- to the foreshore. Each case must depend upon its own circumstances. * * * In estimating the character and extent of his possession, it must always be kept in view that possession of the foreshore, in its natural state, can never be, in the strict sense of' the term, exclusive. The proprietor cannot exclude the public from it at any time, and it is practically impossible to prevent occasional encroachments on his right, because the cost of preventive measures would be altogether disproportionable to the value of the subject.”
These remarks, though relating to title by prescription to the foreshore, which is Crown property, apply with equal force to waste land lying between the upland and the waters of the ocean} which is covered by sedge grass and at times overflowed by tides, making cultivation and enclosure by fences impracticable. In the present case, it appears clearly by the evidence that the owners of the Waddell title exercised acts of ownership and domim ion continuously over the sedge meadows and beach down to the water’s edge, of such a nature and character as the condition and situation of the premises permitted and so far as was practicable-. The evidence touching their possession was such as was held by *311this court in Foulke v. Bond, 12 Vr. 627, to be competent evidence of an adverse possession. The proof on this subject is plenary, and I agree with the vice-chancellor that the evidence is most conclusive of an actual, open, continued and hostile possession, under the Waddell title, of the strip of land in controversy for more than three-quarters of a century.
To the second of the parcels in controversy, that lying south of West pond, the defendant’s claim of title depends upon the location of two prior surveys — the one to Brinley, made December 2d, 1861, for one hundred and eighty-three and twenty-five hundredths acres; the other by Corlies for himself, made August 30th, 1870, for a tract of thirty-four and ninety hundredths acres. In both these surveys the lands are described as lying between the Three-Cornered pond and West pond. The defendant’s survey also describes the lands surveyed by him as a tract of unappropriated land lying between West pond and the Three-Cornered pond. The defendant’s title, in virtue of his survey,which was made October 30th, 1880, depends upon the fact of there being unappropriated lands between the two surveys above mentioned.
The running of lines, the fixing of boundaries and the whole location of proprietary rights, are done by the Board of Proprietors, by their own agents, the deputy surveyors and the surveyor-general, the appointees of the board. The board allows no one, who applies for a survey, to select his own surveyor or an indifferent person to make his survey. He must employ the agents of the board, and no surveys will be approved unless made by such agents. Lippincott v. Souder, 3 Halst. 161, 164; Scott v. Yard, 1 Dick. Ch. Rep. 79, 88. About 1786 an order was made by the board requiring its surveyors, in making surveys, to establish a beginning corner, and then confine themselves to strict courses and distances. Elmer’s note to Nix. Dig. (4th ed.) 936. This order adopted the most unreliable indicia of location and boundaries known to conveyancers, and the courts, in locating these surveys, will resort to every kind of evidence that is competent to establish a disputed boundary. Scott v. Yard, 1 Dick. Ch. Rep. 79, 83.
*312The Corlies survey for his tract of thirty-four and ninety hundredths acres describes the premises “ as adjoining the ocean between Three-Cornered pond and West pond,” and as
“beginning at the southwest corner of the tract of 183 25 acres returned to E. Brinley, Book S 23, p. 56 &c., it being also at the southwest corner of a tract of land, containing 91 acres and ninety-six hundredths, conveyed by Edward Brinley to John Brown and others, by deed dated December 12,1861, and recorded in the Monmouth County Clerk’s office &c., in Book 161 of Deeds, p. 225 ; ”
thence by courses and distances to the beginning, “ being bounded on all sides by prior locations and the ocean.”
The description in the Corlies survey of the tract surveyed, as adjoining the ocean, and the call for a boundary on the ocean, fixes his easterly line at the line of ordinary high water, which is also the limit of the title- of the Board of Proprietors. The word “ adjoining ” implies a closer relation than “ adjacent.” The latter word, uncontrolled by the context or subject-matter, is not inconsistent with the idea of something intervening. But the primary meaning of the-word “adjoining” is to lie next to, to be in contact with, excluding the idea of any intervening space. Johnson v. District of Columbia, 9 Cent. Rep. 653, 655; People v. Schemerhorn, 19 Barb. 540, 556; In re Ward, 52 N. Y. 395; Akers v. N. R. R. and C. Co., 14 Vr. 110. In State v. Brown, 3 Dutch. 13, the supreme court, in construing the words “ lauds adjoining the shore line ” of tidal waters, held that these words signified lands reaching to the edge of the water at ordinary high water. The description of the premises in the Corlies survey, with the superadded words, “bounded on the ocean,” and the map accompanying the recorded survey indicating a line on the ocean, conclusively establish the easterly line of the Corlies survey upon the line of ordinary high water in the ocean. Under such a description, title is conveyed to ordinary high-water mark, with all the incidents of riparian ownership.
Nor does the evidence admit of any doubt that the westerly line of the Corlies survey, with its projections at the northerly and southerly ends, join upon the Brinley survey.
*313Corlies was deputy surveyor for tlie Board of Proprietors, and in 1861 made the survey of the Brinley tract. Brinley’s survey was recorded in Book S 23 p. 56. Brinley, by a deed dated December 12th, 1861, conveyed to John Brown and six others a tract of ninety-one and ninety-six hundredths acres. That deed was recorded in the Monmouth county clerk’s office, in Book 161 of Deeds p. 656. The particularity with which Cor-lies, in his survey for the thirty-four and- ninety hundredths acres, recites these two instruments, of itself indicates that he ascertained that these two tracts had a common boundary at the beginning point of his survey. There is a plain mistake, probably a clerical error, in the statement in the Corlies survey that the corner of the Brinley survey, at which Corlies’s beginning corner was located, was the southwest corner of the former survey, the extreme southwest corner of that survey being a considerable distance further west, near the head of the Three-Cornered pond. But this erroneous statement becomes entirely immaterial, on a comparison of other calls in both surveys and in adjoining locations. The Brinley map has disappeared from the records of the Board of Proprietors, and a copy duly proved was put in evidence. By this map it-appears that the tract of 'ninety-one and ninety-six hundredths acres, conveyed by Brinley to Brown and others, is included in the Brinley survey for the one hundred and eighty-three and twenty-five hundredths :acres, and comprises the entire easterly part of that survey, the whole distance from Three-Co.rnered pond to "West pond, with "its northerly, easterly and southerly lines coincident with the corresponding lines of the survey for one hundred and eighty-three and twenty-five hundredths acres. Corlies testified that when he made his survey he fitted it to Brinley’s ninety-one acre tract, which then belonged to Brown and others, and again, in his cross-examination, he said he fitted his tract fast to the Brinley survey for the one hundred and eighty-three acres, and the map annexed to his survey has inscribed upon it along the westerly boundary of his tract, as follows : “183 25/ioo return to Edward Brinley, Dec. 2, 1861; recorded in Book S 23 f). 56.” And the call in his survey for a boundary on all sides, *314except on the ocean side, by prior locations, is false, unless referred to the Brinley survey. Whitaker, who made a survey of these locations in September, 1880, testified
“ that the northerly line of the 183 25-100 survey agreed exactly with the Ft Corlies 34.90 ten-chain line, near the northerly end of that survey; the easterly line agreed almost with the westerly line of the 34.90 F. Corlies survey; exactly in distance; the southerly ten-ehain line agreed identically with the-first line of the 34.90 acre tract, and these three lines also agreed exactly with) the corresponding lines of the 91.96 acre deed tract.”
The proof in the case by calls, description and boundaries, irr the several surveys, as well as by oral testimony, is, in my judgment, conclusive to the effect that the northerly, easterly and’ southerly lines of the tract of ninety-one and ninety-six hundredths acres are identical with the corresponding lines of the-survey for the tract of one hundred and eighty-three and twenty-five hundredths acres, and that those lines are, in fact, also the' northerly, westerly and southerly lines of the Corlies tract.
To overcome this testimony, and dissever the Brinley survey from the Corlies survey, and obtain a strip of unappropriated lands between those tracts, the defendant relies upon the survey of the Brinley tract by courses and distances. The beginning-corner of that survey is the sixth and northeast corner of a tract returned to Joseph Kinnen, in February, 1760. The location of that corner is a matter of considerable obscurity. The defendant testified that he ascertained its location by the recollection of living witnesses. From the beginning corner as thus ascertained, he made the survey and location of the Brinley tract by courses and distances. The unreliability of this method of locating surveys has already ^ been commented upon. By this process the southerly lines of the Brinley tract are taken away from the Three-Cornered pond, and the Brinley survey is dissevered from the Corlies tract; whereas, the map of the Brinley survey shows the southerly and southeasterly lines on the edge of and in part within the waters of the pond, and Corlies’s map shows his survey and the Brinley survey in actual contact, and his testimony is that such was the actual location on the ground. By the same method the location of the tract of ninety-one and ninety-six *315hundredths acres sold to Brown is placed, in part, outside of theBrinley survey; whereas, the Brinley map and the testimony show that the Brown tract was within the Brinley survey, witlv the northerly, easterly and southerly lines of the two tracts identical in location. It is unnecessary to pursue this subject further. It is sufficient to say that, by that class of evidence which, in law is regarded as of a superior order, it is established beyond a doubt that the Brinley and Corlies surveys adjoin, and that there are no unappropriated lands between them to which the. defendant’s survey of October 20th, 1880, can be applied, and. consequently the complainant’s title must prevail.
The jurisdiction of the court of chancery to entertain this suit, is disputed. Possession in fact, as distinguished from that constructive possession which arises simply in virtue of legal title,, is essential to proceedings under the statute under which this suit, was brought. Shepherd v. Nixon, 16 Stew. Eq. 627. The objection -was taken in the answer, and consequently the complainant was put to proof upon the subject. There is competent evidence in the case touching the peaceable possession of the-complainant, in the sense of the statute, to a portion of the premises in question. I refer to the testimony of William S. Yard,, on pages 203, 1418, 1419. This testimony is uncontradicted.. Independent of that evidence, I think the complainant was in actual possession of the strip of land on the bluff, in the statutory sense. The complainant was the owner of this strip as-part of the premises he held under the Brinley survey. This-strip was attached to and used in connection with the tract owned by the association, and was essential to the advantageous appropriation of the entire tract to use for a seaside resort. Actual possession is necessary to lay the foundation of title by adverse possession, and in such a controversy as has been shown, possession of the principal tract is regarded as possession of adjoining waste and unenclosed pieces of land held under the same title and used in connection therewith. If this were an action of ejectment, and title to the bluff was claimed by adverse possession, it is clear that actual possession by the complainant of the portion of the Brinley survey undisputed by the defendant *316would be regarded as possession of'the bluff sufficient to amount to an adverse possession. In Shepherd v. Nixon the controversy was over a tract of two hundred acres, and there was no proof whatever that the complainant was or ever- had been in possession of any portion of the land to which he claimed title. The ■subject just now discussed did not arise in that case.
Although objection to the jurisdiction was taken in the answer, it is not noticed by the vice-chancellor in his opinion, nor is that question presented in the petition of appeal. Jurisdiction being shown as to the greater part of the land in controversy, and the defendant’s title depending upon the same survey, it would •answer no substantial purpose to pick out the detached parts in 'the streets fronting on lots sold by the association before the bill was filed, and undertake to separate them and exclude them from 'this decree.
The decree advised by the vice-chancellor, so far as relates to 'the merits of this case, should be affirmed.
The decree awards costs against the defendant. The scheme in which the defendant embarked and his conduct entitle him personally to little consideration with respect to the expenses of this litigation. He was a member of the Ocean Beách Association and an active manager of its affairs. He made the map of 1879, a lithographed copy of which was filed in the clerk’s office of Monmouth county. On this map it was stated that one of the natural boundaries of the association was the Atlantic ocean, :and the map exhibited an unobstructed approach to the sea. On the faith of these representations a large number of lots were purchased and about five hundred cottages erected. The purpose of the defendant in the survey and location of this strip of land, cutting off access to the ocean, was plainly to embarrass, the association and compel the purchase of this strip from him at his own price. He was also a member of the Board of Proprietor and had access to its records, and there is cogent evidence that lie had efficient aid from officers of the board in the consummation of his scheme.
But, nevertheless, the court cannot overlook the manner in which the examination of witnesses was conducted. The testi*317mony alone occupied upwards of two thousand and seven hun-dred pages of the printed book, at least one-half of which is either unimportant or irrelevant, or taken with needless prolixity. This is notably true of the cross-examination of the-defendant’s witnesses. The direct examination of the defendant occupies twenty-two pages, his cross-examination five hundred' and twenty-eight pages. The direct examination of Roome,. another of the defendant’s witnesses, occupies eleven pages, his cross-examination one hundred and forty-seven pages. The cross-examinations of others of the defendant’s witnesses are-similarly extended with needless prolixity.
It is due to the court and its suitors that this mode of conducting examinations should be discountenanced.
The defendant should be decreed to pay the costs in the court of chancery and in this court, but in the taxation of the costs-the cost and expenses of taking and printing one-half of the-cross-examination of the defendant’s witnesses should be disallowed. Except as herein modified, the decree should be-affirmed.
For affirmance — The Chief-Justice, Depue, Dixon, Mague, Reed, Scudder, Van Syckel, Bogert, Brown, Clement, Krueger, Smith, Whitaker — 13.
For reversal — None.