*352Opinion to the governor in relation to limitations of referendum question submitted to electorate and which pertained to action of general assembly in guaranteeing-payment of bonds of Rhode Island Turnpike and Bridge Authority. Question propounded by governor answered in following opinion.
March 9, 1965
To. His Excellency John H. Chafee Governor of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
We have received from Your Excellency a request for our written opinion in accordance with the provisions of section 2 of article XII of amendments to the constitution of this state upon the following question of law:
“At the general election held on November 3, 1964, the people of the State voted in favor of .the State guaranteeing not exceeding $17,500,000 of the bonds required for financing the construction of the Newport bridge. However, I am advised that a pledge of the tolls to !be derived from the Mount Hope bridge is also necessary to finance the construction of the Newport bridge and that the following question must be answered before the Authority can issue and market its bonds for this purpose:
“Do the provisions of Sections 24-12-9(g), 24-12-9 (i), 24-12-26 and 24-12-40B of the General Laws of Rhode Island of 1956, as amended, to the effect that the Rhode Island Turnpike and Bridge Authority is authorized and empowered
“(a) to combine for financing purposes the Newport bridge and the Mount Hope bridge,
“(b) to fix and revise from time to time and to .charge and collect tolls for the use of the Newport bridge and the Mount Hope bridge, and
*353“(c) following the issuance of 'Newport Bridge Bonds-Guaranteed by the State’ pursuant to the provisions of said Section 24-12-40B and the favorable vote of the people of the State at the general election held on November 3, 1964 pursuant to Section 18 of Chapter 165 of Public Laws of 1963 and issuance of revenue bonds for paying the balance of the cost of the Newport bridge pursuant to Section 24-12-18 of the General Laws of Rhode Island of 1956, as amended, to set aside at such regular intervals as may be provided in the resolution authorizing said bonds the tolls and all other revenues derived from the Mount Hope bridge and the Newport bridge, except such part thereof as may be necessary to pay the cost of maintenance, repair and operation and to provide reserves therefor, in special funds for paying the interest on and the principal of said bonds all as provided in said Section 24-12-40B,
“violate Section 1 of Article XXXI of the Amendments to the Constitution of Rhode Island as incurring a debt-of the State in excess of fifty thousand dollars or as pledging the faith of the State for the payment of the obligations of others, without the express consent of the people?”
Not to extend this opinion iby setting out the specific language of the several sections of the general laws, as amended, to which our attention is directed, we respectfully refer Your Excellency and interested parties to the cited sections as they appear in the bound volumes of the general laws and relevant supplement.
Suffice it to observe that the provisions in question purport to authorize the Rhode Island turnpike and bridge authority, hereafter called the authority, to assume jurisdiction of and over the Mount Hope bridge, the proposed Newport bridge and interrelated facilities for the purpose of financing the construction of said Newport bridge; to fix and regulate tolls on any such facilities so combined; to provide for and regulate accessory facilities, such as *354gasoline service stations, restaurants 'and the like; and to issue revenue bonds of the authority which purport not to bind the faith of the state as well as the issuance of $17,-500,000 to which the faith of the state is purportedly pledged by reason of the vote on the referendum submitted to* the people at the last general election.
The short answer to your question is that the specific provisions to which our attention is directed would be violative of article XXXI of the amendments, section 1, absent the assent of the people. See Opinion to the Governor, 97 R. I. 200, 196 A.2d 829, and Opinion to the Governor, 94 R. I. 464, 181 A.2d 618.
However, we construe the thrust of the question to be whether such provisions were validated by the approving vote of the people on the referendum in question at the general election held November 3, 1964. The question appearing on the ballot is as follows:
“Newport Bridge Guarantee Of Bonds Under Turnpike And Bridge Authority Act (Chapter 165 - Public Laws of 1963)
“ 'Shall the action of the general assembly by an act passed at the regular session, 1963, providing that the payment of the principal of and the interest on bonds of the Rhode Island Turnpike and Bridge Authority in an aggregate principal amount not exceeding $17,-500,000. to be issued under the provisions of Chapter 12 of Title 24, General Laws of Rhode Island, 1956, as amended ,by said act, and by chapter 219, of the public laws, 1960, and chapter 210 of the public laws, 1962 for paying a part of the cost of the Newport bridge shall be guaranteed by the state and the faith and credit of the state pledged in accordance with said act to insure such payment, be approved?’ ”
It may be reasonably stated that in voting on the foregoing question a majority of the electors intended to give their consent to the pledging of the state’s faith for the payment of principal and interest of $17,500,000 in bonds, the proceeds of which were to be applied to the construction *355of the Newport bridge, so called. Whether the jurisdiction of the authority to issue such bonds and the provisions established by the general assembly in connection therewith as well as the right of the authority to issue an additional series of revenue bonds in a total amount of millions of dollars in excess of the authorized 117,500,000, the principal and interest of which would be met from the imposition of tolls on the Mount Hope bridge and/or other facilities until such revenue bonds were discharged, is another question.
We find that §24-12-0 (g), as amended, provides for the right of .the authority “to combine for financing purposes the Newport bridge, the Mount Hope bridge, the turnpike and any additional facility or facilities, or any two; (2) or more of such projects * *
Paragraph (i) of §24-12-9 further provides for the jurisdiction of the authority “to fix and revise from time to time, subject to the provisions of this chapter, and to charge and collect tolls for transit over the turnpike and the several parts or sections thereof, and for the use of the Newport bridge, the Mount Hope bridge, and any additional facility financed under the provisions of this chapter * *
It is significant that the financing to which reference is made in .the foregoing paragraphs relates not to the discharge of principal and interest of the $17,500,000 specified in the referendum of which the electorate had notice and gave their assent, but rather it is concerned with the discharge of principal and interest on certain revenue bonds to be issued by the authority apart from the $17,500,000 issue. These revenue bonds are allegedly authorized by §24-12-18 as amended. The expressed exemptions of the state from the obligation for the discharge of principal and interest thereon are set forth in §24-12-7 as amended, and read as follows:
*356“Revenue bonds issued under the provisions of this chapter shall not be deemed to constitute a debt of the state or of any political subdivision thereof or a pledge of the faith and credit of the state or of any such political subdivision, but shall be payable solely from the funds provided therefor under the provisions of this chapter. All such revenue bonds shall contain on the face thereof a statement to the effect that neither the state nor the authority shall be obligated to pay the same or the interest thereon except from the funds provided therefor under the provisions of this chapter and that neither the faith and credit nor the taxing power of the state or of any political subdivision thereof is pledged to the payment of the principal of or the interest on such bonds; provided, however, that any bonds issued under .the provisions of §24-12-40B of this chapter shall .contain on the face thereof the statement required by said §24-12-40B.”
Said provisions as amended and §24-12-21 which provide for the retirement of the revenue bonds are incorporated by reference in §24-12-40B, one of the statutory provisions singled out by Your Excellency.
Thus, although the faith and credit of the state are purportedly not pledged to the discharge of the obligations incurred ¡by the issuance of the authority’s revenue ¡bonds, the property of the state is pledged. In Opinion to the Governor, 54 R. I. 45, at page 50, this court stated:
“Unless the State pays the debts for which its property is pledged, to release the same from the lien created upon it .through the Act of the corporation, the property will be lost to the State. In substance there is no difference between the obligation of the State to pay its direct debts and its duty .to .redeem its property pledged as security for money expended for its benefit. The will of the people, as expressed in their constitution, may not be defeated through the formation of a corporation to accomplish by indirection that which may not be done directly. The practical effect is the same whether such obligations arise through the pledge of the property of the State or by express promise. In *357either event the obligation must be paid with the money of the people, and incurrence of such obligation, unless consented to by them, is contrary to said section 13 of Article IV.”
We might note that article XXXI, section 1, of the amendments is .couched in substantially .the same language as article IV, section 13, which it replaces, and is in part as follows:
“The general assembly shall have no powers, hereafter, without the express consent of the people, to incur state debts to an amount exceeding fifty thousand dollars, except in time of war, or in case of insurrection or invasion; nor shall they in any case, without such consent, pledge the faith of the state for the payment of the obligations of others.”
Indeed it is not an exaggeration to say that the specific provisions of chapter 12 of title 24 as amended, to which our attention has been directed, incorporate by reference every provision of that chapter. From our reading of the act in its entirety it appears that the $17,500,000 to be raised by the issuance of bonds, the authorization for which was approved by the people at the last general election, will be discharged by proceeds raised from the imposition of tolls, but they are to be applied first to the maintenance and operation of the bridges, secondly tew the discharge of the revenue bonds, and not until then <to the discharge of the obligation of $17,500,000. Section 24-12-40B as amended.
Manifestly then, the proceeds flowing from the imposition of tolls by the authority are to. be used not only to discharge the $17,500,000, an obligation of which the people had notice, but also- and primarily to the discharge of the authority’s obligation incurred by the issuance of its revenue bonds. This latter obligation is that of “others” within the meaning of section 1 of article XXXI of the amendments to the constitution. It is clear then that the obligation of the authority created with .the issuance of its reve*358nue bonds was not assented to by the people. This is necessarily so unless the limited reference to the pertinent legislation in the question submitted to the people constitutes sufficient notice of the jurisdiction purportedly vested in the authority by the legislature pursuant to .the provisions of the statutes merely cited in the question as it appeared on the ballot.
The overriding question then, the determination of which will control the answer to Your Excellency's inquiry, may be stated thusly: Did the bare reference to “Chapter 12 of Title 24, General Laws of Rhode Island, 1956, as amended by said act, and by chapter 219, of the public laws, 1960, and chapter 210 of the public laws, 1962,” in the question submitted to the people at the general election held November 3, 1964 entitled “Newport Bridge Guarantee Of Bonds Under Turnpike And Bridge Authority Act,” furnish to the electorate voting thereon sufficient information to alert them that, in addition to pledging the faith of the state in the sum of $17,500,000, the general assembly was asking for their assent the assumption of an obligation of many more millions of dollars, the discharge of which was guaranteed by a pledge of state property? It is our opinion that the question as stated on the ballot did not contain sufficient information to inform the electorate adequately of the decision they were being called upon to make.
The powers delegated by the .people to the general assembly are contained in article IY of the state constitution as amended. Section 1 thereof declares: “This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the state, and any law inconsistent therewith shall be void. The general assembly shall pass all laws necessary to carry this Constitution into effect.”
Section 10 of article IV expressly confers on the general assembly all of the powers enjoyed by the Rhode Island *359legislature prior to the enactment of the 'constitution, but concludes “unless prohibited in this 'Constitution.” It was by the prohibition contained in section 13 of article IV, now section 1 of article XXXI of the amendments, that the people in adopting their constitution not only placed a limitation on the powers to be exercised by their duly-elected senators and representatives, but affirmatively made specific provision for the obtaining of their assent as an essential element to the validity of certain legislative proposals.
In our opinion the people’s participation in legislation regulated by section 1 of article XXXI of the amendments is intended to be something more than assent by implication. The then sitting justices of this court had occasion to pass on the paramount question before us when asked to give their opinion on legislation concerning the application of funds raised iby the issuance of bonds for the ¡construction of a state normal school and a state 'armory. In re State House Fund, 19 R. I. 393. The pertinent questions were stated as follows:
“Third: In case the proper authorities should determine to issue bonds to provide funds to pay for the land required for and the cost of erecting the Rhode Island State Normal School and the proposed State Armory in the 'City of Providence, can provision be made in the acts authorizing’ said bonds, to* repay into the General Treasury of the State, such sums of money as have already been appropriated by the Legislature and expended by the Rhode Island Normal School ■Commission and the Commission to. erect a State Armory in the City of Providence, for .the purposes contemplated in -the acts creating such commissions?
“Fourth: Has the Legislature power to authorize said repayment from the proceeds of said Normal School and said ¡State Armory bonds, or must the intention to make said repayment be specified in the act creating said bonds to be submitted to the electors?”
*360The .problem with which the legislative and executive authorities were concerned is obvious from the very nature of the questions and in their opinion the then justices of this court stated at page 396:
“We reply to the third and fourth questions propounded that, in case it is determined to issue bonds for the purposes mentioned in the third question, we are of the opinion that it will not be enough to provide in the acts authorizing the submission of propositions to the people for the repayment into1 the General Treasury of the moneys already appropriated by the Legislature, and expended by the Rhode Island Normal School Commission and the Commission to erect the State Armory, but that the proposition submitted to the people to authorize the loans should also contain authority for such repayment; that while it may not be necessary to specify particularly the repayment into the General Treasury, the proposition should be so ■framed as to evince an intention that the loan authorized is to be used for the payment of moneys already expended, or, as in the case of the proposition for creating the State House loan, to leave an unexpended surplus in the General Treasury, which of course would be subject to the action of the General Assembly.”
It cannot be reasonably contended here that merely by incorporating the title and/or chapters of legislation which purport to pledge the property of the state to the discharge of the authority’s obligation in an aggregate sum of millions of dollars, the assent of the people has been obtained so as to validate the specific provisions of the legislation cited in the question. As previously mentioned, the people in voting thereon were aware of the obligation they were assuming insofar as the $17,500,000 was concerned, but they had no knowledge that their property was being-pledged to secure the discharge of the authority’s obligation for many millions more.
*361In our opinion, therefore, .the question propounded by Your Excellency must be answered in the affirmative.
Francis B. Condon Thomas H. Roberts Thomas J. Paolino William E. Powers Alfred H. Joslin