Miss Louise Wynn intrusted her thorough-bred mare and colt to the Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company for transportation from Gallatin, Tend., to Lexington, Ky. The mare died before reaching her destination, and this suit was brought to recover her value from the railroad company.
Verdict and judgment were obtained for $800 principal, as the value of the mare, and $167.35 interest thereon.
The railroad company has appealed in error.
The shipment was made under what is called a “ live - stock contract,” which contained numerous specific stipulations, one of them being as follows: “And it is further agreed that should damage occur for which said party of the first part [the railroad company] may be liable, the value at the place and date of shipment shall govern the settlement, in which the amount claimed shall not ex-' ceed: For a stallion or jack, $200; for a horse or mule, $100; cattle, $30 each; other animals, $15 each.”
The trial Judge, following the first part of this provision and ignoring the other, instructed the jury, in substance, that, if the plaintiff be entitled to recover at all, the measure of damages would *323be the value of the maré at' the time and place-of shipment. '•
It is contended by counsel* for the company that it can in no event be- liable for more than $100, that being the maximum -sum mentioned in the contract as recoverable for a horse; and that, therefore, the_ recovery is excessive, even if it be shown or conceded that. the ‘ - death of the mare was caused by the negligence of the company.
If the limitation as to amount in the stipulation quoted be valid, the contention is correct; if invalid, then the contention cannot be sustained. Therefore, the validity or invalidity of that limitation is the question for our consideration on this branch of the case.
In this contract of affreightment the defendant company was a common carrier. Though questioned in argument at the bar, it - is now well settled, at least in this -country, ythat railroads are common carriers of live stock, with the same duties and responsibilities ' as 'existed at common law with respect to the carriage of goods, except that they are not to be held as insurers against losses and injuries resulting from the inherent nature, propensities, or habits of. the animals themselves. Hart v. Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 112 U. S., 331; Lindsley v. C. M. & St. P. R. R. Co., 36 Minn., 539 (S. C., 1 Am. St. R., 692); Ayres v. Railroad Company, 71 Wis., 372 (S. C., 5 Am. St. R., 226); 31 Minn., 85; 30 Kan., 645; 60 Miss., 1017; 52 Ala., 606; 56 Ala., 368; 85 *324Ala., 47; 92 Mo., 343 (S. C., 1 Am. St. R., 721); Baker v. Railroad Company, 10 Lea, 304; Railroad Company v. Jackson, 6 Heis., 271; Railroad Company v. Hale, 1 Pickle, 69; Smitha v. Railroad Company, 2 Pickle, 198; Railroad Company v. Mason, 11 Lea, 116.
In some of these cases the question as to whether or not railroad companies are to be regarded as common carriers of live stock, is elaborately considered, with the conclusion we have announced; and in others they are recognized and treated as possessing that character without discussion. The number of cases so holding in this and other States of the Union could be greatly multiplied if their citation were deemed necessary.
We only add the weight of the opinion of a few eminent text-writers. Says Mr. Hutchinson, after a review of many of the adjudged English cases: “ These cases have been considered as establishing in the English law the principle — whatever doubts might have been previously cast upon the question by the opinions of learned Judges— that the carriers of live animals incur the responsibilities of common carriers as to such freight; but that at the same time, where an injury has happened to them, it is competent for the carrier to show that it occurred through the ‘proper vice of the animal, and not from any negligence on his part. And in this country, with great unanimity the duty and liability of the common carrier as to'such freight have been defined with ex*325actly the same limitations''and exceptions.” Hutchinson on Carriers, Sec. 221.
“In nearly all the States tire rule is now well established that the liability - .of carriers of live stock is the common law liability of common carriers of other property, subject only to the qualification that the carrier • may be excused from liability where the loss is attributable to the intrinsic qualities or nature .of the animals, provided he is himself free from negligence, or is exempted by a valid contract protecting, him. This rule seems to have been affirmed in the following States: Alabama, California, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Neto Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin.” Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, pp. 6 and 7.
It is to be observed that Tennessee is omitted from this enumeration, but the decisions which we have cited from this Court recognize, if they do not declare, the rule as stated."-,
Following the proposition that railroads are common carriers of live stock, and accountable as such, our next observation is that no rule of law is more firmly and generally established than that which permits common carriers to limit their liability by special contract; provided, always, that such limitation shall not operate to'- exempt them from the consequences of their own negligence or that of *326their servants. Railroad, Company v. Lockwood, 17 Wall., 357-384; 112 U. S., 338; Dillard v. Railroad Company, 2 Lea, 288; Coward v. Railroad Company, 16 Lea, 225; Marr v. Tel. Company, 1 Pickle, 529; Trans. Company v. Bloch, 2 Pickle, 397; Pepper v. Tel. Company, 3 Pickle, 559; 52 Ala., 606; 71 Ala., 611; 74 Mo., 538; 92 Mo., 343 (S. C., 1 Am. St. R., 721); 69 Ill., 62; 25 Md., 334; 103 Ind., 121; 31 Minn., 85; Lawson on Con. of Cor., Secs. 29 to 67 inclusive; Ib., Sec. 132; Hutchinson on Cor., Secs. 248 and 263; 3 Wood’s Railway Law, 1578; Schl. on Bail. and Cor. (2d Ed.), Sec. 456.
The author of American and English Encyclopedia of Law says: “ By the clear weight of authority in England, Canada, the United States, and almost without exception in the States of the Union, the rule has been adopted that the common carrier can make no contract the effect of which will be to exempt him from liability for negligence.” 2 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, 822.
Is the limitation in the contract before us within the prohibition of this eminently just and generally accepted principle ?
Manifestly the stipulation does not contemplate total exemption from liability; it only provides for partial or limited exemption. Upon that distinction the nice and important question arises, Can a stipulation of the latter character stand before the law when one of the former kind cannot? Or, to state the same question differently, and so as to *327apply it more directly to the facts of this case, the rule of law being established, as we have seen it is, that the defendant company could not lawfully have contracted with the plaintiff that it would in no event be liable for any part of the value of the mare if lost or destroyed, can the limitation of its liability to $100 be upheld in the Courts, if it should appear that her death resulted from the negligence of the company, and that she was in fact worth eight times that amount, as the jury found her to be? We unhesitatingly answer, No. The carrier cannot by contract excuse itself from liability for the whole nor any part of a loss brought about by its negligence. To our minds it is perfectly clear that the two kinds of stipulation — that providing for total, and that, providing for partial exemption from liability for the consequences of the carrier’s negligence — stand upon the same ground and must be tested by the same principles. If one can be enforced the other can; if either be invalid, both must be held to be so, the same considerations of public policy operating in each case.
With great deference for those who may differ with us, we think it entirely illogical and unreasonable to say that the. carrier may not absolve itself from liability for the whole value of property lost or destroyed through' its negligence, but that it may absolve itself from responsibility for one-half, three-fourths, seven-eighths, nine-tenths, or ninety-hundredths of the loss so occasioned. With *328great unanimity the authorities say it cannot do the former. If allowed to do the latter it may thereby substantially evade and nullify the law which says it shall not do the former, and in that way do indirectly what it is forbidden to do directly. We hold that it can do neither. The requirement of the law has ever been, and is now, that the common carrier shall be diligent and careful in the transportation of its freight, and public policy forbids that it shall throw off that obligation, whether by stipulation for exemption in whole or in part from the consequences of its negligent acts. This view is sustained by sound reason, and also by the weight of authority. Coward v. Railroad Company, 16 Lea, 225; Moulton v. St. P., M. and M. Railway Company, 31 Minn., 85; Railroad Company v. Simpson, 30 Kan., 645; Railroad Company v. Ables, 60 Miss., 1017; U. S. Express Company v. Blackman, 28 Ohio St., 144; Black v. G. T. Company, 55 Wis., 319; A. G. S. Railroad Company v. Little, 71 Ala., 611. See also Rosenfield v. Railway Company, 103 Ind., 121; M. P. Railroad Company v. Fagan, 35 Am. and Eng. Railroad Cases, 666; 97 Ill., 525 (S. C., 34 Am. R., 197).
Though cases are sometimes cited from several States as adopting a view different from that expressed above in this opinion, we have been able to find cases from only four States, and none from Supreme Court of the TJnited States, in which the precise question has arisen and been *329adjudged differently. We cite one case from each. State: Squires v. N. Y. C. Railroad Company, 98 Mass., 239; S. and N. Railroad Company v. Henlien, 52 Ala., 615; Maguire v. Dinsmore, 56 N. Y., 168; Railroad Company v. Weakly, 50 Ark., 551 (S. C., 35 Am. and Eng. R. Cases, 635).
The later case of Railroad Company v. Little, 71 Ala., 611, we regard as an authority for the holding in this opinion, and, therefore, ■ as in conflict with the earlier case of S. and N. Railroad Company v. Henlien, 52 Ala., 615, wherein an adverse view is expressed. In the Little case, on page 615, the learned Chief Justice, Bickell, says: “ The carrier cannot stipulate for an absolute, unqualified exemption from all liability, nor can he stipulate that he will answer, in any and all events, only for a sum less than the value of the goods, because, in consideration of reduced rates of freight, the shipper may assent to it.”
The Eew York Courts have been consistent in holding that common carriers may contract for partial exemption, for they also hold that they may contract for total exemption, even from the consequences of their own negligence. So Lord Ellenborough was likewise consistent, when, in speaking of the right of common carriers under the English law to contract for entire exemption from responsibility for loss by fire, he said: “ Since they may limit it to a particular sum, we think they may exclude it altogether, and that they may say we have nothing to do with fire. They *330may make their own terms. I am sorry the law is so; it leads to very great negligence.” Maving v. Todd, 1 Stark., 72; Lawson on Con. of Cor., Sec. 131.
The cases of Hart v. Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 112 U. S., 331; Groves v. Railroad Company, 137 Mass., 33; Harvey v. Railroad Company, 74 Mo., 539; Brehme v. Dinsmore, 25 Md., 329; Railroad Company v. Sherrod, 84 Ala., 178, are not at all in conflict with our opinion in this case. They were decided upon an entirely dissimilar state of facts, and from a wholly different point of view; that is to say, it appeared to the Court, in each and every one of those cases, that there was an agreed valuation stated in the contract as the basis of the carrier’s .charges and responsibility ; and the Courts very properly held that in such cases the shipper, was estopped to claim a greater sum than the agreed valuation.
Though evident from the reasoning in the body of the opinion in the Hart case, which may now be called the leading case in America, the Court is careful to say, in conclusion, that the decision is based alone upon the ground above stated. 112 U. S., 343.
• Such is not this case. Here there is no pretense of an agreed valuation of the mare, either in the written contract or the oral proof. On the contrary, an inspection of the contract shows that there was no agreed valuation stated therein, and the oral proof shows that absolutely nothing was *331said about tlie value of tbe mare at the time of shipment.
The trial Judge charged the jury that, if the mare was shown to have been in good health and condition when started upon her journey, it was incumbent on the railroad company to show that her death was not caused by its negligence; and he at the same time refused to charge, as requested in behalf of the company, that the burden was upon the plaintiff to establish negligence. This action is assigned as error.
At common law a common carrier could relieve itself from liability for the loss of property intrusted to it for transportation, only by showing that the loss was caused by the act of G-od or the public enemy, or that it- resulted from the inherent nature of the thing itself. In other words, to escape liability the burden was upon the carrier to bring itself within one of the exceptions recognized by law.
The rule is the same now, except that in this day of special contracts it has been relaxed so that the carrier may exonerate itself from responsibility by either showing that the ease falls within one of the exceptions of thé common law or within one of the stipulations of the special contract. 2 Greenleaf Evi., Sec. 219; 52 Ala., 606; 71 Ala., 611; 7 Yer., 340; 8 Hum., 498; 9 Bax., 188; 2 Lea, 296; 2 Pickle; 393; 63 Pa. St., 14; 36 Minn., 539 (S. C., 1 Am. St. R., 692); 60 Miss., 1017; 28 Ohio St., 144; 55 Wis., 319; *332Lawson on Con. of Cor., Secs. 245, 246, 247, and 248; Hutchinson on Cor., Sec. 764; Scheuler on Bail, and Cor., Sec. 439.
The instruction given was correct.
But his Honor should have gone further in this case, and told the jury that the mere fact that ' the mare was found to be dead on reaching her destination did not absolutely fix the liability of the carrier, but simply devolved upon it the necessity of showing that the death did not result from its fault or negligence, which it might do by proof that its cars wore in good ,and safe condition, that the transportation was made with all proper care, and that there were no bruises or signs of injury upon the dead body, or indications that death followed from other than natural causes.
The omission, however, to so further instruct the jury is not reversible error, there having been no proper and accurate request for such instruction. 9 Heis., 27; Ib., 762; 12 Heis., 375; 12 Lea, 157; Ib., 46; 7 Lea, 201.
Ve notice still another question raised in the assignment of errors.
By the plain terms of the written contract between the parties, the carrier bound itself to furnish a free pass for an attendant of the stock, and the shipper at the same time assumed the reciprocal duty of sending a proper attendant to care for the stock. In several distinct and important propositions found in the charge, the Court submitted the ascertainment and construction of *333those terms to the jury, instead of construing the contract himself and telling them its meaning. This, it is contended, was error; and so it was, manifestly.
It was unquestionably the province and duty of the trial Judge to construe the contract, or so much of it as was pertinent to the issues raised, and to give a correct interpretation of it to the jury for their guidance and assistance in making up their verdict. The rule of law and practice requiring the Court to construe written instruments is so reasonable and so well established that it would seem altogether unnecessary to cite authorities to sustain it, yet we refer to some of our own cases: Bedford v. Flowers, 11 Hum., 245; Mills v. Faris, 12 Heis., 457; Kendrick v. Cisco, 13 Lea, 250; Railroad v. McKenna, Ib., 280.
It has been suggested that such an error would be immaterial, and would not afford ground for reversal if it should appear that the jury had, nevertheless, construed the writing correctly. This is true, and in this view we have carefully examined the case. After doing so we' are unable to determine what meaning the jury gave the contract. There is no special verdict, nor any other fact or circumstance by which that question can be determined. The result reached throws no satisfactory light upon it, and the only course left open to this Court is to award a new trial and let the error be corrected ’ in the Court below.
Reverse and remand.