delivered the opinion of the Court.
The plaintiff in error was arrainged before the circuit court of Scott county on a presentment found at the October term, 1909, charging that the said Oscar Diamond, “on the first day of July, 1909, in the State and county aforesaid, on the day and year aforesaid, did unlawfully sell intoxicating liquors for a valuable consideration without first having taken out the license, giving the bond, and taking the oath according to law.” He was convicted and sentenced to pay a fine of $100, and to suffer one day’s confinement in the county jail. From this judgment he appealed to this court, and has here assigned errors.
The assignments, so far as they need be noticed, present the single question whether the plaintiff in error was properly convicted upon the certificate of the United States internal revenue collector alone, showing a license to him as a retail liquor dealer, without evidence that he had made a sale to any particular individual. The State intrqduced no other evidence in the trial court, and the plaintiff in error introduced none.
The presentment was found under chapter 479, sec. 16, Acts of 1909, taken in connection with section 14, and that part of section 4 which relates to liquor dealers. The latter reads:
*353“Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, that each vocation, occupation, and business hereinafter named in this' section is hereby declared to be a privilege, and the rate of taxation on such privilege shall be as hereinafter fixed, which privilege tax shall be. paid to the county court clerk as provided by law for the collection of revenue.
“LIQUOR DEALERS.
Wholesale, and, in addition, taxed as other merchants . $500 00
Retail, taxed as other merchants, and in addition, shall pay as follows: In cities, taxing districts or towns of 6,000 inhabitants or over, each per annum.• •. 500 00
At any place, city, taxing district, or town of less than 6,000 inhabitants, each, per annum 500 00
Persons selling beer or any quantity of liquor on steamboats, flatboats, or any other vessel or water craft or from railroad cars, shall pay a tax each, in lieu of all other taxes to be paid, in any county they may elect, per an-num . 500 00
“Persons spiling liquor in quantities of one quart or more, except manufacturers selling to dealers in original packages of not less than five gallons, are wholesale dealers, and persons selling smaller quantities than five gallons are retail dealers; and the tax on liquor dealers applies to all drug stores, except in uses *354of wine for sacramental purposes and alcoliol for domestic purposes. No producers of grape wine, where they raise and make the- wine themselves, shall pay any privilege tax for selling the same.
“Provided they shall not sell in quantities of less than one and a half gallons.
“Liquor dealers are defined as every person, company or firm selling spirituous, vinous or malt liquors, beer or ale, or intoxicating bitters, or any medicated or adulterated cider, or any social club or association, incorporated or otherwise, which handles such liquors for sale. The procuring of United States revenue license to wholesale or retail liquor dealers shall he taken as prima facie evidence that the parties are in the wholesale or retail liquor business, and are subject to State and county taxes, unless established by proof that they are not so engaged. Upon any clerk’s receiving knowledge of such internal revenue license, he shall have a right to collect the taxes by distress warrants.
“Provided, that nothing' in this act shall authorize or legalize the sale of liquors. ...”
“Sec. T4. Be it further enacted, That any and all parties, firms, and corporations exercising any of the foregoing privileges must pay the tax as set forth in this act for the exercising of said privilege, whether they make a business of it or not, unless otherwise provided; and this act shall not be so construed as to exempt any person, firm, or corporation whatever exercising any of the foregoing privileges from the payment of the tax herein prescribed for the exercise of *355said privileges as herein provided, and except as provided in chapter 121 of the Acts of 1869 and 1870, excepting State and county fairs and their tenants.”
“Sec. 16. Be it further enacted, That it is hereby declared a misdemeanor for exercising any of the foregoing privileges without first paying the taxes prescribed for the exercise of the same, and all parties so offending shall be liable to a fine of not less than $10 nor more than $50 for each day such privilege is exercised without license; but this inhibition shall not apply to any person, firm, or corporation engaged in interstate commerce.”
It is perceived that under section 4, the procuring of a United States revenue license as a wholesale or retail liquor dealer must be taken as prima facie evidence that the person so procuring is engaged in the wholesale or retail liquor business.
Under chapter 884, Acts of 1909, it is provided that “in all prosecutions for violations of'“the laws of this State prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, copies of the records in the office of the internal revenue collector of the United States for the district of Tennessee, showing that the defendant has paid the internal revenue special tax as a liquor dealer, or showing the issuance to the defendant of an internal revenue special tax stamp, shall be admitted as competent evidence, when such copies are certified to be full, true and complete by the district internal revenue collector.’-’
In the case of Foster v. Speed, 120 Tenn., 470, 111 S. W., 925, 22 L. R. A. (N. S.), 949, it was held that a *356prohibited business may be taxed; that the fact that a business is made unlawful as a misdemeanor, and a license cannot, be issued or obtained authorizing it, does not prevent the collection of the privilege tax imposed upon such business from a person engaged therein; that a statute making the retailing of liquors a privilege and imposing a tax thereon applies to sales made, in places where the business is prohibited and made a misdemeanor; that the tax statute and the statute prohibiting sales in a given territory are consistent and tend to effect the same purpose — that is, the prevention of the sale of intoxicating liquors therein. The court said:' “The imposition of a tax upon an outlawed business is often more efficient in suppressing it than statutes making it a criminal offense.” Again: “The question here involved has been before this court in two or more unreported cases, and in all of them it has been held that the tax could be collected. The decisions of all other courts upon the question, that have been called to our attention, are to the same effect. In the case of Youngblood v. Sexton, 32 Mich., 406, 20 Am. Rep., 654, it is said: ‘If one puts the government to special inconvenience and costs by keeping up a prohibited business or maintaining a nuisance, the fact is a reason for discriminating in taxation against him; and if the tax be imposed on the thing which is prohibited, or which' constitutes the nuisance, the tax law, instead of being inconsistent with the law declaring the illegality, is in entire harmony with its whole purpose, and may sometimes be even more effectual.’ *357. . . The courts of last resort in a number of states have held that the fact that a business was prohibited, and license-could not be obtained authorizing it, was no defense to an action to collect the tax imposed from one engaged in such business” — citing authorities.
In Carpenter v. State, 120 Tenn., 586, 113 S. W. 1042, it is held that the business of retailing liquors in any part of the State, whether it be where they can be lawfully sold or where the sale is prohibited by law, is made a privilege by statute and taxed, and any one engaged in this business, although in violation of a prohibiting statute, is liable for this tax.
It follows that the prosecution in the’ present case may be sustained under section 16, supra, of chapter 479, of the Acts of 1909, although it does not appear there is any place in Scott county, or even this State, where intoxicating liquors may be lawfully sold. It also follows, that the portions .of chapter 479 quoted, in so far as they apply to the liquor traffic, were intended as parts of a system for prohibiting and suppressing it, and that the use of the copy of the record of the internal revenue collector in a prosecution under these sections is its use in a prosecution for the “violation of the laws of this State prohibiting the sale of intoxicating; liquors,” and therefore that the evidence indicated in chapter 384, supra, may be made available thereon.
While it is necessary under chapter 161, Acts of 1899, to prove a sale to some particular person, no such necessity exists under chapter 479, sec. 16, of the Acts of *3581909, since the offense thereunder is exercising the business of retailing or wholesaling intoxicating liquors without first paying the taxes prescribed, and the fact of the maintenance of such a business may be proven by the possession of the internal revenue license. This was held in Austin v. Shelton, 122 Tenn., 634, 638, 645, 127 S. W., 446, to be prima facie evidence in an action concerning the liability of a party for the tax imposed upon liquor dealers under section 4 of chapter 479, supra, of the Acts of 1909.
In the case of Hermitage Club v. Shelton, 104 Tenn., 101, 56 S. W., 838, it appeared that the Hermitage Club had taken out a United States revenue license as a retail liquor dealer. Under the revenue act in existence at that time, containing terms similar to section 4, c. 479, of the Acts of 1909, it was held prima facie the club was carrying on the business of a retail liquor dealer, and. that the duty lay upon it of rebutting the presumption which arose from the possession of the federal license. This case was referred to and approved and distinguished in the case of Moriarty v. State, 122 Tenn., 440, 449, 450, 124 S. W., 1016.
By statute in several States the possession of an internal revenue license is made prima facie evidence that the accused party is engaged in the sale of intoxicating liquors, and these statutes have been upheld and applied by the courts of those States: Winton v. State, 77 Ark., 143, 91 S. W., 7; Hestand v. State, 28 Ky. Law Rep., 1315, 92 S. W., 12; State v. O’Connell, 82 Me., 30, 19 Atl., 86; State v. Monberg, 14 N. D., 291, 103 N. W., 566
*359In volume 17 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, under the title of “Intoxicating Liquors,” and subtitle of “Statutes Prescribing Rules of Evidence,” it is said:
“In a number of jurisdictions there are statutes which formulate certain rules of evidence applicable in prosecutions for_^violations of the liquor laws. The constitutionality of tliesq statutes has been frequently assailed, but for the most part they have been held a valid exercise of legislative power. The following statutes have been held not unconstitutional: A statute providing that unexplained possession of liquors found under circumstances indicating an intent to sell unlawfully shall authorize a condemnation thereof (Santo v. State, 2 Iowa, 165, 63 Am. Dec., 487; Lincoln v. Smith, 27 Vt., 328); a statute providing that the prosecution need not, in the first instance, prove that the defendant has not a permit from the State (Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S., 623 [8 Sup. Ct., 273, 31 L. Ed., 205]); a statute making the presence of people in a saloon on days when sales are forbidden prima facie evidence of violating the law in selling liquor on those days (State v. Gerhardt, 145 Ind., 439 [44 N. E., 469, 33 L. R. A., 313]) ; a statute providing that delivery of intoxicating liquors in or from any building or place other than a dwelling-house shall be deemed prima facie evidence of a sale and be punishable as such sale (Com. v. Wallace, 7 Gray. [Mass.], 222; Com. v. Rowe, 14 Gray [Mass.], 47; Com. v. Williams, 6 Gray [Mass.], 1); a statute providing that three several sales shall be sufficient evidence of a violation of the statute making it a pnnisha*360ble offense to be a common seller (Com. v. Burns, 9 Gray [Mass.], 132); a statute providing that evidence of the sale or keeping of intoxicating liqnors for sale in any building, place, or tenement shall be prima facie evidence that the sale or keeping is illegal (State v. Higgins, 13 R. I., 330 [43 Am. Rep,, 26, note]); a statute making proof of a delivery of intoxicating liquor sufficient evidence of a sale when an illegal sale is charged (State v. Hurley, 54 Me., 562; State v. Day, 37 Me., 244); a statute providing that, when it is proved that a physician gave a prescription to another person for intoxicating liquor, the burden is upon the physician to show that the liquor was needed as a medicine by the person for whom it was prescribed (Com. v. Minor, 88 Ky., 422 [11 S. W., 472]); and a statute providing that it shall not be necessary to prove an actual sale of intoxicating liqnors in any building, place, or tenement, in order to establish the character of such premises as a. common nuisance, but that the notorious character of any.such premises shall be evidence that such premises are a nuisance (State v. Wilson, 15 R. I., 180 [1 Atl,, 415]; State w. Waldron, 16 R. I., 191 [14 Atl., 847]). There is no constitutional objection to the passage of a law that the presumption of innocence may be overcome by a contrary presumption founded upon the experience of human conduct, and' enacting what evidence shall be sufficient to overcome such presumption'of innocence. Lincoln v. Smith, 27 Vt., 328.” In the case last cited and in Com. v. Williams, 6 Gray (Mass.), 1, and Com. v. Minor, 88 Ky., 422, 11 S. W., *361472, instructive discussions of the general subject may be found. See, also, the discriminating observations of Prof. Wigmore, in 2 Wigmore on Ev., subsec. 3 of section 1354. .
In the case of State v. Yardley, 95 Tenn., 546-564, 32 S. W., 481, 34 L. R. A., 656, this court upheld a statute (Acts 1895, c. 67) which involved the same question. The statute there under consideration was “An act to protect hotel, inn and boarding house keepers.” It provided “that persons who shall, at any hotel, inn or boarding house, order and receive, or cause to be furnished, any food or accommodation, with intent to defraud the owner or proprietor of such hotel, inn or boarding house, out of the value or price of such food or accommodation,” etc., should be held guilty of a misdemeanor. Section 2 of the act was as follows: “That proof that lodging, food or other accommodation was obtained by false pretense or by false or fictitious show1, or pretense’ of baggage, or tliat the party refused to pay for such food, lodging or accommodation on demand, or that he absconded without paying, or offering to pay, for such food, lodging or other accommodations, or that he surreptitiously removed, or attempted to remove, his or her baggage, shall be prima facie proof of the fraudulent intent mentioned in section 1 of this act.” In discussing the point the court said that the section just referred to did not impair the right of trial by an impartial jury, .as guaranteed by sections. 6, 8, and 9, article 1, of the constitution, by providing that proof of certain things therein mentioned should be prima facie *362evidence of fraudulent intent; that in every case the defendant would he entitled to trial by an impartial jury, and to the benefit of a presumption of innocence, but that that right and that presumption could no more preclude a presumption of guilty intent from sufficient evidence adduced than they could dispense with the introduction of evidence altogether. It was instanced that the courts had long held that juries might and should be instructed that proof of recent possession of stolen property unexplained would afford' prima facie or presumptive evidence of guilt ; that, upon a charge of murder, proof of the killing without more, would raise the presumption of malice. It is noted that in the case of Railroads v. Crider, 91 Tenn., 498, 499, 19 S. W., 618, this court sustained as constitutional a provision (under Acts 1891, c. 101, sec. 4) that the report of appraisers, as to the value of live stock killed, and as to amount of damage to live stock injured by a moving train upon an uofenced track, should be prima facie evidence of such value or damage in the event of suit brought therefor.
A statute making the possession of an internal revenue license or other fact indicated by the legislature prima facie evidence of the carrying on of a prohibited business does not make it obligatory upon the jury to convict after the presentation of such evidence, but shifts upon the accused the duty to explain. The rule is that statutes ’ which undertake to make evidence of certain facts absolute or conclusive proof of guilt are unconstitutional. Those, however, which merely declare statutory presumptions affecting the burden of proof *363are yalid. 2 Wigmore, Evidence, sec. 1354; Black, Intoxicating Liquors, secs. 60, 525; Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, pp. 409, 410.
What has beeai said covers the substance of all the errors assigned except one. This presents the point that the circuit judge committed error in rendering judgment, •without the intervention of a jury, on a plea in abatement ñled as to certain matters that transpired before the grand'jury when the presentment was found. The minutes of the court, as sent up, show no action by the trial judge upon the plea in abatement, and this matter need not be further considered. We cannot look to recitals in the bill of exceptions upon this subject.
There is no error in the judgment of the court below in any of the matters referred to. However, the punishment .inflicted was different from that prescribed by the statute. Section 16 of chapter 479 of the Acts of 1909 fixes-the minimum at $10, and the maximum at $50. . The error can, however, he corrected here so as to conform to the statute. Pressly v. State, 114 Tenn., 534, 86 S. W., 378, 69 L. R. A., 291, 108 Am. St. Rep., 921; Cronan v. State, 113 Tenn., 539, 82 S. W., 477. The correction will be made so as to strike out the imprisonment and reduce the fine from $100 to $50;
With this modification, the judgment is affirmed.