*175ORDER
HAYES, District Judge.The matter before the Court is the appeal of “the judgment granting Summary Judgment to Plaintiff,” entered by the Bankruptcy Court on November 6, 2014. (ECF No. 1).
I. Background
A. Prior Litigation
“In or about 2004, [Appellee Elephant Productions, Inc.] and [Appellant Charles Rollins] entered into a joint venture agreement for production of a golf video produced and paid for by [Elephant Productions, Inc.] with [Appellant] obligated to distribute the video and pay [Elephant Productions, Inc.] a percentage of the revenues.” (Complaint to Determine Dis-chargeability of Debt ¶ 6, ECF No. 11-2 at 14). A dispute arose between the parties over the joint venture agreement. On November 24, 2010, Appellant filed a complaint in San Diego County Superior Court against Appellee, alleging nine claims for relief related to the joint venture. (ECF No. 11-2 at 37). The San Diego Superior Court dismissed the case with prejudice. (Bankruptcy Court’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (“FFCL”), ECF No. 11-6 at 22).
On September 22, 2011, Appellee filed a separate action in Texas state court against Appellant, alleging breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, and malicious prosecution (the “Texas Action”). Id.; see also ECF No. 11-5 at 14. “[Appellant], who was properly served with process, failed to respond.” (FFCL, ECF No. 11-6 at 22); see also Final Default Judgment, ECF No. 11-5 at 33. “On November 2, 2011, in the Texas Action, [Ap-pellees] moved for a default judgment against [Appellant] due to his failure to file an answer in the case.” (FFCL, ECF No. 11-6 at 22).
Appellees Hastings and Lowman submitted affidavits in support of Appellees’ motion for default judgment. (ECF No. 11-5 at 25-31). The Texas Court held a hearing “at which [Appellees] presented evidence of their damages.” (Final Default Judgment, ECF No. 11-5 at 34). The Texas Court granted Appellees motion for default judgment and awarded Appel-lee Elephant Productions, Inc. $322,708.47 in damages for fraud, $107,569.49 in actual damages and $215,138.98 in exemplary damages (the “Texas Judgment”). Id. The Texas Court further awarded Appel-lees Elephant Productions, Inc., Lowman, and Hastings $84,740.04 for malicious prosecution, $28,246.68 in actual damages and $56,493.36 in exemplary damages. Id.
The Texas Judgment states that the Texas court considered “the pleadings, the papers on file in this case, and the evidence Plaintiff presented on liability and damages.... ” Id. at 33. “Plaintiffs Elephant Productions, Inc. proved actual damages of $107,569.49 and exemplary damages of $215,138.98. Plaintiffs Elephant Productions, Inc., Quincy Lowman, and Jeff Hastings proved actual damages for malicious prosecution of $28,246.68 and exemplary damages of $56,493.36.” Id.
On March 5, 2012, Appellees obtained a “Judgment on Sister-State Judgment” in San Diego County Superior Court pursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure section 1710.25 (the “California Judgment”). (ECF No. 11-6 at 35).
B. The Pending Adversarial Proceeding
On September 24, 2013, Appellant filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, which was converted to Chapter 7 on March 7, 2014. (ECF No. 11 at 9; ECF No. 16 at 9). On June 6, 2014, Appellees commenced this *176adversarial proceeding by filing the Complaint to Determine Dischargeability of Debt pursuant to 11 U.S.C. sections 523(a)(2) and (6). (ECF No. 11-2 at 13). On July 8, 2014, Appellant, proceeding pro se, filed an “Answer and Objection to Plaintiffs Request to Determine Dis-chargeability of Debt” (“First Answer”). (ECF No. 11-3 at 3). On September 24, 2014, Appellees filed a motion for summary judgment. (ECF No. 11-5 at 3). Appellees contended that the Texas Judgment had collateral estoppel effect as to Appellant’s fraud and malicious prosecution, and, as a matter of law, the Texas Judgment is a nondischargeable debt owed by Appellant to Appellees pursuant to 11 U.S.C. sections 523(a)(2) and (6).1 On October 8, 2014, Appellant filed an “Answer to Complaint to Determine Non-Dis-chargeability of Debt” (“Second Answer”) instead of an opposition to the motion for summary judgment. (ECF No. 11-5 at 63). The Second Answer added an affirmative defense, alleging that the Texas Judgment “fails to meet the ‘actually litigated’ prong of the issue preclusion test” because Appellant never filed an answer in that case. (ECF No. 11-5 at 68). On October 20, 2014, Appellees filed a reply which responded to contentions raised in Appellant’s answer. (ECF No. 11-5 at 3-7).
On November 4, 2014, Bankruptcy Judge Louise Adler issued a tentative ruling on the motion for summary judgment, which noted that the “Court has considered (although is not required to do so), defendant’s answer to the complaint.” (ECF No. 11-6 at 13). The tentative order stated that Appellees had proven fraud and wanton and malicious conduct under Texas law in the Texas Action, and therefore were entitled to assert collateral es-toppel. On November 6, 2014, the bankruptcy court held a hearing on the motion and issued a minute entry, indicating that the “Motion for Summary Judgment is granted on the grounds set forth in the tentative ruling.” (ECF No. 11-6 at 17). The bankruptcy court subsequently issued an order granting the motion for summary judgment on November 24, 2014. (ECF No. 11-6 at 41). The order granting the motion for summary judgment states that the Texas and California Judgments are given preclusive effect because “(a) [ujnder Texas law, Plaintiffs have established, by a preponderance of evidence, that Defendant’s actions were both fraudulent and wanton and malicious in nature; and (b) [i]n procuring a punitive damages award in the Texas trial court, Plaintiffs met their evidentiary burden for collateral estoppel purposes.” Id.
On November 24, 2014, the bankruptcy court issued its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (“FFCL”) regarding the Complaint, concluding that the Texas Judgment and California Judgment for fraud and malicious prosecution were non-dischargeable debts under 11 U.S.C. sections 523(a)(2) and (6), respectively. (ECF No. 11-6 at 24). The bankruptcy court found that the elements of fraud are “virtually identical” under Texas law and 11 U.S.C. section 523(a) (2). Id. at 23 (citation omitted). The bankruptcy court concluded that the Texas Judgment was “an adjudication of the issue of fraud that is identical to find a debt nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A).” Id. The bankruptcy court also found that “[t]he *177elements of malicious prosecution, as proved in the Texas Action, fit squarely within the exception to discharge for willful and malicious injury under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6).” Id. The bankruptcy court concluded that the Texas Judgment “was an adjudication of the issue of fraud that is identical to find a debt dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6).” Id.
On November 28, 2014, Appellant commenced this bankruptcy appeal by filing the notice of appeal. (ECF No. 1). On April 3, 2014, Appellant filed an opening brief. (ECF No. 11). On May 15, 2015, Appellants filed a brief. (ECF No. 16). On June 12, 2015, Appellant filed a Notice of Intention to Cite New Authority at Oral Argument (ECF No. 22), which cites Plyam v. Precision Dev., LLC (In re Plyam), 530 B.R. 456 (9th Cir. BAP 2015). On June 18, 2015, the Court held oral argument. (ECF No. 23).
II. Discussion
This Court has jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. section 158. A bankruptcy court’s decision to grant summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Black v. Bonnie Springs Family Ltd. P’ship (In re Black), 487 B.R. 202, 210 (9th Cir. BAP 2013). “Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, [the Court] must determine whether any genuine issues of material fact exist and whether the bankruptcy court correctly applied the relevant substantive law.” Id. “[T]he availability of issue preclusion is reviewed de novo." Lopez v. Emergency Serv. Restoration, Inc. (In re Lopez), 367 B.R. 99, 103 (9th Cir. BAP 2007). “If issue preclusion is available, the decision to apply it is reviewed for abuse of discretion.” Id. The party asserting collateral estoppel “has the burden of showing that the issue was actually adjudicated in a prior proceeding.” Pardo v. Olson & Sons, Inc., 40 F.3d 1063, 1066 (9th Cir.1994). “Any reasonable doubt as to what was decided by a prior judgment should be resolved against allowing the collateral es-toppel effect.” Kelly v. Okoye (In re Kelly), 182 B.R. 255, 258 (9th Cir. BAP 1995).
A. Construing Appellant’s Second Answer as an Opposition
Appellant contends that the bankruptcy court erred by not construing his Second Answer, a pro se filing, as an opposition to Appellees’ motion for summary judgment. Appellees contend that the bankruptcy court did not err in failing to construe the Second Answer as an opposition because: (1) the bankruptcy court considered the Second Answer in ruling on the motion for summary judgment; (2) Appellant did not follow the Local Bankruptcy Rules; and (3) Appellees’ moving papers were “legally sufficient to support the requested relief.” (ECF No. 16 at 19).
The bankruptcy court considered Appellant’s Second Answer in ruling on the motion for summary judgment. See ECF No. 11-6 at 13 (“In rendering this tentative ruling, Court has considered (although is not required to do so), defendant’s answer to the complaint.”); see also ECF No. 11-6 at 17) (granting motion for summary judgment on “the grounds set forth in the tentative ruling”). The bankruptcy court did not err by considering Appellant’s Second Answer but failing to construe it as an “opposition” in its tentative order, which was later adopted into its final order.
B. Issues Fully and Fairly Litigated in the Texas Action
A judgment “shall have the same full faith and credit in every court within the United States and its Territories and Possessions as they have by law or usage in the courts of such State, Territory or *178Possession from which they are taken.” 28 U.S.C. § 1738. “Under 28 U.S.C. § 1738, a federal court generally is required to consider first the law of the State in which the judgment was rendered to determine its preclusive effect.” Marrese v. Am. Acad. of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373, 376, 105 S.Ct. 1327, 84 L.Ed.2d 274 (1985). Accordingly, the pre-clusive effect of the Texas Judgment is determined by Texas law.
Under Texas law, a party asserting collateral estoppel (or issue preclusion) must establish: “(1) the facts sought to be litigated in the second action were fully and fairly litigated in the first action; (2) the facts were essential to the judgment in the first action; and (3) the parties were cast as adversaries in the first action.” Calabrian Corp. v. Alliance Specialty Chems., Inc., 418 S.W.3d 154, 158 (Tex.App.2013).
Appellant contends that the facts pertinent to the bankruptcy court’s finding of nondischargeable debts under 11 U.S.C. sections 523(a)(2) and (6) were not fully and fairly litigated in the Texas Action. Appellant contends that an action resulting in a “no answer default judgment” cannot be deemed to have been fully and fairly litigated. (ECF No. 11 at 18). Appellant contends that the Texas Action was not fully and fairly litigated because he never presented evidence, and Appellees only presented evidence on damages, and not liability for fraud or malicious prosecution. Appellant contends that, even if Appellees met their evidentiary burden of proving fraud and malicious prosecution, Appellees are not entitled to relief pursuant to sections 523(a)(2) and (6) because the elements “are not an exact match.” Id. at 28.
Appellees contend that the Texas Judgment entered against Appellant is specifically for fraud and malicious prosecution. Appellees contend that Appellant’s failure to appear “is taken as an admission of the allegations of the plaintiffs complaint” under Texas law, and no evidence is required to support the judgment. (ECF No. 16 at 16). Appellees assert that they were required to present evidence of Appellant’s alleged fraud or malicious prosecution in order to obtain exemplary damages.
To determine what issues were “fully and fairly litigated” in a previous action under Texas law, the Court “must first ascertain exactly what issues were decided in the [first] action to determine whether those findings might preclude” claims in the second action. Johnson & Higgins of Texas, Inc. v. Kenneco Energy, Inc., 962 S.W.2d 507, 519 (Tex.1998). “[Ajctual litigation occurs ‘[w]hen an issue is properly raised, by the pleadings or otherwise, and is submitted for determination, and is determined.’” Van Dyke v. Boswell, O’Toole, Davis & Pickering, 697 S.W.2d 381, 384 (Tex.1985) (citation omitted). “[W]hat must be presented from the first lawsuit is so much of the record as will establish that the issue sought to be precluded is identical to that in the first suit and that it was fully and fairly litigated at that time. In some cases, the live pleadings and judgment may be sufficient. In other cases ... it may not be sufficient.” Centre Equities, Inc. v. Tingley, 106 S.W.3d 143, 153 (Tex.App.2003).
In this case, Appellees seek collateral estoppel effect of a Texas no-answer default judgment. Under Texas law, “where the court enters a default judgment after conducting a hearing or trial at which the plaintiff meets his evidentiary burden, the issues’ raised therein are considered fully and fairly litigated for collateral estoppel purposes.” Pancake v. Reliance Ins. Co. (In re Pancake), 106 F.3d 1242, 1244 (5th Cir.1997). In a no-answer default judgment, “the defendant is *179deemed to have admitted all of the plaintiffs allegations with respect to liability.” Gober v. Terra + Corp. (In re Gober), 100 F.3d 1195, 1204 (5th Cir.1996). Therefore, “[cjourts generally hold that no-answer default judgments fail to meet the ‘actually litigated’ prong of the issue preclusion test.” Id.
However, “conduct sufficient to warrant punitive damages is not regarded as admitted by default.” Id. at 1205. In order to recover exemplary or punitive damages, the claimant must rely on a statute “establishing a cause of action authorizing exemplary damages” or otherwise prove “by clear and convincing evidence that the harm with respect to which the claimant seeks recovery of exemplary damages results from: (1) fraud; (2) malice; or (3) gross negligence.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 41.003(a). “Fraud” means “fraud other than constructive fraud.” Id. § 41.001(6). “Malice” means “specific intent by the defendant to cause substantial injury or harm to the claimant.” Id. § 41.001(7). To obtain exemplary damages for “gross negligence,” the “[pjlaintiffs must prove by clear and convincing evidence that 1) when viewed objectively from the defendant’s standpoint at the time of the event, the act or omission involved an extreme degree of risk, considering the probability and magnitude of the potential harm to others and 2) the defendant had actual, subjective awareness of the risk involved, but nevertheless proceeded with conscious indifference to the rights, safety, or welfare of others.” U-Haul Intern., Inc. v. Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d 118, 137 (Tex.2012). A plaintiff must meet this same burden before recovering exemplary or punitive damages in a default judgment. See In re Estate of Preston, 346 S.W.3d 137, 168 (Tex.App.2011). In a default judgment, the issue of a litigant’s “mental state” may be considered “fully and fairly litigated for collateral estoppel purposes[,]” where punitive or exemplary damages are awarded. Gober, 100 F.3d at 1204.
In this case, the record does not demonstrate that the elements of Appel-lees’ common law fraud and malicious prosecution claims were actually litigated. In a no-answer default judgment, “the defendant is deemed to have admitted all of the plaintiffs allegations with respect to liability.” In re Gober, 100 F.3d at 1204.
On the other hand, Appellees were required to present clear and convincing evidence of “fraud,” “malice,” or “gross negligence,” as defined by Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code section 41.001, in order to support the exemplary damages award.2 The Texas Judgment notes that the court considered “the pleadings, the papers on file in this case, and the evidence Plaintiff presented on liability and damages.... ” (Final Default Judgment, ECF No. 11-5 at 33). The only factual findings contained in the Texas Judgment relate to service on Appellant and the amount of Appellees’ damages. The Texas Judgment does not specify whether the Texas court’s exemplary damages awards were based on findings of “fraud,” “malice,” or “gross negligence.”
In support of their motion for summary judgment, Appellees submitted the affidavits that they filed in the Texas Action in support of their motion for default judgment. These affidavits contain conclusory allegations and do not demon*180strate that any issue was actually litigated. See, e.g., ECF No. 11-5 at 25 (“Rollins made material false representations in order to induce Elephant Productions, through Lowman and myself, to enter into an agreement for the production of the video); id. (“The lawsuit was frivolous on the merits, but was also deliberately filed in a court in California that did not have jurisdiction.”).
Based on the summary judgment record presented in the bankruptcy court, where Appellees were burdened to demonstrate that collateral estoppel applied, see Pardo, 40 F.3d at 1066, the record is not sufficient to conclude that Appellant’s alleged “fraud” or “malice” was fully and fairly litigated. The Texas court may have awarded exemplary damages based on a finding of “fraud,” “malice,” or “gross negligence.” Because it is possible that the Texas court did not base its exemplary damages award on findings of “fraud” or “malice,” it cannot be concluded that Appellant’s alleged “fraud” or “malice” was fully and fairly litigated based on the present record.3
III. Conclusion
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the order granting summary judgment in favor of Appellees is REVERSED. This action is REMANDED to the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of California for further proceedings. The Clerk of the Court shall close the case.
. These subsections provide exceptions to "[a] discharge under [11 U.S.C.] section 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b)....” 11 U.S.C. § 523(a). Subsection (2) provides an exception for debt incurred by fraud, and subsection (6) provides an exception for debt incurred from "willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity.” 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a)(2) and (6).
. Clear and convincing evidence of fraud, malice, or gross negligence is required for an award of exemplary damages for malicious prosecution and fraud causes of action because they are common law, rather than statutory, causes of action. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code §§ 41.003(a).
. Because the record does not demonstrate that the issues of '‘fraud” and "malice” were fully and fairly litigated, the Court does not reach the second step of the analysis, i.e., whether findings of "fraud” or "malice” under Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code sections 41.001(6) and (7) have collateral es-toppel effect with respect to some or all elements of 11 U.S.C. sections 523(a)(2) and (6).