USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 1 of 13
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-12396
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
ERIC WATKINS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SANDY SULLIVAN,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 0:19-cv-61972-AHS
____________________
USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 2 of 13
2 Opinion of the Court 21-12396
Before WILSON, LUCK, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Eric Watkins, proceeding pro se, 1 appeals the district court’s
orders (1) dismissing in part Watkins’s pro se 42 U.S.C. § 1983 com-
plaint, (2) denying Watkins leave to amend his complaint, and
(3) granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant Sandy Sulli-
van. No reversible error has been shown; we affirm.
I.
For this appeal, we accept these facts, viewed in the light
most favorable to Watkins. Between August 2011 and August
2015, Watkins (a homeless man who lives out of his car) visited
daily a public park in Florida and used one of the park’s pavilions
to prepare his meals. As part of his daily routine, Watkins would
plug a cooking device into the pavilion’s electrical outlet and -- us-
ing his own personal pair of pliers -- would turn on the pavilion’s
water shut-off valve so that he could fill buckets of water for his
personal use. Each time he visited the park, Watkins would also
sing routinely the song titled “Boom Bye Bye” by reggae artist Buju
1 We read liberally briefs filed by pro se litigants. See Timson v. Sampson,
518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008). We also construe liberally pro se pleadings.
See Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998).
USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 3 of 13
21-12396 Opinion of the Court 3
Banton: an “anti-gay” song with lyrics advocating violence against
gay people. 2
On the morning of 11 August 2015, Watkins carried out his
usual routine, including preparing his breakfast and lunch using the
pavilion’s electricity and water. After Watkins finished using the
pavilion’s utilities -- and while Watkins was standing by his car --
he was approached by Sullivan, a park employee. 3
Sullivan asked Watkins a question about his car. Watkins
turned his back to Sullivan and continued moving his belongings
from the pavilion to his car, all the while singing the anti-gay song.
According to Watkins, Sullivan became angry when she
heard the lyrics of Watkins’s song. Sullivan then purportedly told
Watkins that she disliked the song, that she did not want Watkins
to return to the park, and that she was calling the police.
2 This same song has featured in several civil actions filed by Watkins alleging
violations of the First Amendment. See, e.g., Watkins v. Dubreuil, 820 F.
App’x 940 (11th Cir. 2020); Watkins v. Pinnock, 802 F. App’x 450 (11th Cir.
2020); Watkins v. Cent. Broward Reg’l Park, 799 F. App’x 659 (11th Cir. 2020);
Watkins v. Bigwood, 797 F. App’x 438 (11th Cir. 2019); Watkins v. U.S. Postal
Emp., 611 F. App’x 549 (11th Cir. 2015).
That a person is singing a song with lyrics offensive to other people, in
itself, does not shield the singer from the otherwise valid consequences of the
singer’s separate acts performed while he was singing.
3 Sullivan says she was employed as a Park Ranger. Watkins contends Sulli-
van is a supervisor.
USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 4 of 13
4 Opinion of the Court 21-12396
A police officer of the City of Fort Lauderdale Police Depart-
ment responded to Sullivan’s call. When the officer arrived, Sulli-
van told the officer that Watkins had violated park rules by using a
pair of pliers to turn on the pavilion’s water pipe and by plugging
in an electrical cooking device without a permit. At Sullivan’s re-
quest, the officer issued Watkins a trespass warning, explaining that
Watkins would be arrested for trespassing if he remained on the
premises. 4 Watkins left the park without incident.
Watkins later filed pro se this section 1983 civil action
against Sullivan in her individual capacity. Watkins asserted three
claims: (a) that Sullivan violated his First Amendment rights by is-
suing a trespass warning against Watkins because she did not like
the song he was singing (Count 1); (b) that Sullivan deprived Wat-
kins of his right to patronize the park by fabricating a false reason
for issuing a trespass warning (Count 2); and (c) that Sullivan vio-
lated Watkins’s right to challenge the trespass warning by not in-
forming him about the appeal process (Count 3).
The district court granted in part and denied in part Sulli-
van’s motion to dismiss. The district court concluded that Watkins
stated a claim for First Amendment retaliation in Count 1 and
4 At times, Watkins seems to contend that Sullivan’s statement to him before
the officer arrived constituted a trespass warning. At other times, Watkins
asserts that Sullivan issued a trespass warning in the officer’s presence. These
distinctions are not material to our analysis. For purposes of this appeal, we
accept that Sullivan caused the issuance of the trespass warning.
USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 5 of 13
21-12396 Opinion of the Court 5
allowed that claim to proceed. The district court, however, dis-
missed Count 2 as duplicative of Count 1. Count 3 was dismissed
for failure to state a claim. 5
Following discovery, Sullivan moved for summary judg-
ment on Count 1. The district court granted summary judgment
in favor of Sullivan, concluding that Sullivan was entitled to quali-
fied immunity. This appeal followed.
II.
A. Dismissal of Count 2
On appeal, Watkins challenges the district court’s dismissal
of Count 2 as duplicative of the First Amendment retaliation claim
asserted in Count 1. Watkins contends that Count 2 asserted a “lib-
erty interest/due process violation,” not a claim under the First
Amendment.
In Count 1 of his complaint, Watkins claimed that Sullivan
violated his First Amendment rights and deprived Watkins of his
right to patronize the park when Sullivan (because she did not like
the song Watkins was singing) issued an indefinite trespass warn-
ing. In Count 2, Watkins asserted that Sullivan deprived him of his
right to patronize the park “when she fabricated a false claim
against [Watkins] . . . to hide the true reasons she was trespassing
5 Watkins raises no challenge to the district court’s initial dismissal of Count
3; that ruling is not before us on appeal.
USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 6 of 13
6 Opinion of the Court 21-12396
[Watkins] from the park, which was because of the song [Watkins]
was singing.”
The district court construed reasonably Count 2 as duplica-
tive of the First Amendment retaliation claim asserted in Count 1.
Although phrased slightly differently, both Counts 1 and 2 assert
that Sullivan deprived Watkins of his right to patronize the park in
retaliation for Watkins’s exercising his First Amendment right to
free speech. The district court committed no error in dismissing
Count 2 as impermissibly duplicative. Cf. St. Luke’s Cataract &
Laser Inst., P.A. v. Sanderson, 573 F.3d 1186, 1203 (11th Cir. 2009)
(recognizing that a plaintiff may recover only once for a single in-
jury).
B. Leave to Amend Count 3
We review a district court’s denial of a motion for leave to
amend under an abuse-of-discretion standard. See Bryant v.
Dupree, 252 F.3d 1161, 1163 (11th Cir. 2001).
Generally speaking, a pro se plaintiff must be given at least
one chance to amend the complaint before dismissal. See Bank v.
Pitt, 928 F.2d 1108, 1112 (11th Cir. 1991), overruled in part by Wag-
ner v. Daewoo Heavy Indus. Am. Corp., 314 F.3d 541, 542 (11th
Cir. 2002) (en banc) (holding that this rule does not apply to coun-
seled plaintiffs). A district court need not grant leave to amend,
however, if amendment would be futile. Id. Leave to amend is
futile if the complaint, as it is proposed to be amended, would still
USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 7 of 13
21-12396 Opinion of the Court 7
be subject to dismissal. See L.S. ex rel. Hernandez v. Peterson, 982
F.3d 1323, 1332 (11th Cir. 2020).
In its order granting in part Sullivan’s motion to dismiss, the
district court dismissed Count 3 of Watkins’s initial complaint. The
district court determined that Watkins failed to identify a constitu-
tionally inadequate process. Instead, Watkins alleged only that Sul-
livan never informed Watkins about the process for challenging the
trespass warning: conduct that did not render inadequate the un-
derlying process itself. The district court also concluded that Wat-
kins failed to allege facts sufficient to show that Sullivan -- a “park-
level employee” -- had authority to promulgate and enact proce-
dures or ordinances for challenging the trespass warning.
Watkins later moved for leave to amend his complaint, and
he submitted a proposed amended complaint. Watkins’s proposed
amended complaint was nearly identical to his initial complaint ex-
cept for two details: (a) Watkins asserted the due-process claim in
Count 3 against Sullivan in her official capacity, and (b) Watkins
alleged that Sullivan was the park’s “Supervisor/Manager.” The
district court denied leave to amend, concluding that the proposed
amendment added nothing new and reasserted arguments already
addressed by the district court.
The district court abused no discretion in denying Watkins
leave to amend his complaint. Watkins’s proposed amendment
failed to cure the defects already identified by the district court
when the district court dismissed Count 3. Watkins neither
pointed to a constitutionally inadequate process nor alleged facts
USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 8 of 13
8 Opinion of the Court 21-12396
sufficient to demonstrate that Sullivan had the requisite final poli-
cymaking authority to trigger municipal liability. See Cooper v.
Dillon, 403 F.3d 1208, 1221 (11th Cir. 2005) (“Only those officials
who have final policymaking authority may render the municipal-
ity liable under § 1983.”).
Because Count 3 in Watkins’s proposed amended complaint
was still subject to dismissal, amendment would have been futile.
The district court acted within its discretion to deny Watkins leave
to amend.
C. Summary Judgment
We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judg-
ment, viewing the evidence and all reasonable factual inferences in
the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Skop v. City of
Atlanta, 485 F.3d 1130, 1136 (11th Cir. 2007). Summary judgment
is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
“Qualified immunity offers complete protection for govern-
ment officials sued in their individual capacities if their conduct
‘does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’” Vinyard
v. Wilson, 311 F.3d 1340, 1346 (11th Cir. 2002). To avoid summary
judgment based on qualified immunity, the plaintiff carries the bur-
den and must show both that the government official violated a
USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 9 of 13
21-12396 Opinion of the Court 9
federal right and that -- given the circumstances -- the right was al-
ready clearly established when the official acted. See id. The doc-
trine of qualified immunity, when applied properly, “protects ‘all
but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the
law.’” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 743 (2011).
To establish a claim for retaliation under the First Amend-
ment, a plaintiff must show three things: (1) that he engaged in con-
stitutionally-protected speech; (2) that he “suffered adverse con-
duct that would likely deter a person of ordinary firmness from en-
gaging in such speech;” and (3) a causal connection between his
protected speech and the adverse conduct. Brannon v. Finkelstein,
754 F.3d 1269, 1274 (11th Cir. 2014). For purposes of this appeal,
we accept that Watkins’s singing constituted protected speech and
accept that the complained-of trespass warning was a sufficiently
adverse act. This appeal focuses only on whether a sufficient causal
relationship existed between the trespass warning and Watkins’s
singing.
When causation is contested, a defendant is entitled to qual-
ified immunity “[w]here the facts assumed for summary judgment
purposes . . . show mixed motives (lawful and unlawful motiva-
tions) and pre-existing law does not dictate that the merits of the
case must be decided in plaintiff’s favor.” Foy v. Holston, 94 F.3d
1528, 1535 (11th Cir. 1996) (emphasis in original).
Watkins has presented evidence that Sullivan had him tres-
passed-warned because she disliked the lyrics of the song he was
singing: an unlawful reason. In Watkins’s declaration made under
USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 10 of 13
10 Opinion of the Court 21-12396
penalty of perjury, he stated that Sullivan told him expressly that
she disliked the song and that she wanted him to leave the park
because of the song.
Sullivan, however, has offered evidence of an alternative
lawful basis for having Watkins trespass-warned. In Sullivan’s
sworn affidavit, Sullivan stated that she observed Watkins turning
on the pavilion’s water pipe using his own pair of pliers and ob-
served Watkins plugging a cooking device into the pavilion’s elec-
trical outlet. Sullivan said Watkins had no permit or authorization
to use the pavilion’s water and electrical resources. The pertinent
police officer also stated in a sworn affidavit that Sullivan reported
that Watkins had violated park rules by using the pavilion’s water
and electricity. The officer attested that he issued a trespass warn-
ing based on Watkins’s unauthorized use of the pavilion, not based
on Watkins’s singing.
Watkins admits that he used the pavilion’s water and elec-
trical facilities that morning but denies that Sullivan saw him do so.
We have said that a plaintiff may create a genuine dispute of mate-
rial fact based on uncorroborated, self-serving statements made in
an affidavit. See United States v. Stein, 881 F.3d 853, 858-59 (11th
Cir. 2018) (en banc). Such statements, however, must be based on
personal knowledge. See id.; Pace v. Capobianco, 283 F.3d 1275,
1278-79 (11th Cir. 2002) (explaining that, to raise a genuine issue of
material fact sufficient to defeat summary judgment, an affidavit
must be made on personal knowledge). Here, Watkins had no (in
reality, can have no) personal knowledge about what Sullivan did
USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 11 of 13
21-12396 Opinion of the Court 11
or did not see on the pertinent day. Nor has Watkins sworn to
objective facts that seem inconsistent with Sullivan’s sworn state-
ment that she observed Watkins using the pavilion’s utilities. Par-
ticularly given Watkins’s admitted use of the pavilion’s water and
electricity -- activities that happened out in the open – Watkins’s
own statement that Sullivan never saw him using the pavilion’s wa-
ter and electricity that morning cannot create a genuine dispute of
fact or contest Sullivan’s sworn statement that she observed him
doing so.
Watkins also contends that he did not need a permit to use
the pavilion’s water and electrical facilities. Watkins says he was
told by park management in 2011 that “the pavilion and its facilities
are open for free use by its patrons except for purposes of an event.”
Watkins also contends that park management -- including Sullivan
-- had a “custom and practice” of allowing patrons to use the pavil-
ion’s electric and water utilities without a permit for non-event ac-
tivities. For purposes of summary judgment, we must accept Wat-
kins’s statements as true.
Notwithstanding the park management’s custom of gener-
ally allowing non-event patrons to use the pavilion’s utilities with-
out a permit, a reasonable park employee in Sullivan’s position
could have concluded that Watkins’s specific conduct -- especially
Watkins’s using a pair of personal pliers to turn on the pavilion’s
water supply -- constituted an unauthorized use of the park’s facil-
ities. Given the pertinent rules and regulations governing the use
of Florida’s parks, a reasonable park employee in Sullivan’s place
USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 12 of 13
12 Opinion of the Court 21-12396
could have determined that Sullivan acted properly in response to
Watkins’s specific conduct: properly even if Sullivan herself might
also have been subjectively motivated in part by unlawful reasons.
See Foy, 94 F.2d at 1536 (concluding that defendant child custody
workers acted objectively reasonably for purposes of qualified im-
munity when, “given the circumstances and state of the law, a rea-
sonable child custody worker could have considered Defendants’
conduct arguably proper even if Defendants were motivated in
substantial part by unlawful motives”); see also FT. LAUDERDALE,
FLA., CODE OF ORD. § 19-52 (2015) (making it “unlawful for any per-
son to misuse any public property at the public picnic areas or to
fail to comply with the regulations pertaining to such picnic ar-
eas”); Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., Parks & Recreation Rules & Regulations
11.3 (providing that a person who is found violating the parks’ rules
“shall be ordered to leave” the park “for a minimum 24-hour pe-
riod.”).
The record evidences that Sullivan’s efforts to have Watkins
removed from the park were motivated at least in part by a lawful
reason: Watkins’s unauthorized manner of use of the pavilion fa-
cilities. That Sullivan subjectively might also have been motivated
in part by an unlawful reason (her dislike of Watkins’s singing) does
not deprive her of qualified immunity. The law pre-existing this
incident in 2015 did not clearly rule out a valid trespass warning for
Watkins in the circumstances facing Sullivan. Given the circum-
stances presented in this case, Sullivan is entitled to qualified im-
munity. See Brannon, 754 F.3d at 1278-79 (concluding that
USCA11 Case: 21-12396 Date Filed: 10/19/2022 Page: 13 of 13
21-12396 Opinion of the Court 13
defendant was entitled to qualified immunity on a claim for First
Amendment retaliation because there existed evidence of both law-
ful and unlawful motivations for defendant’s conduct and because
pre-existing law did not dictate that the merits of the case be de-
cided in plaintiff’s favor); Foy, 94 F.3d at 1536. We affirm the dis-
trict court’s grant of summary judgment.
AFFIRMED.