COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Athey and Callins
UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Virginia Beach, Virginia
SHANNON WARLICK, SOMETIMES KNOWN AS
SHANNON RICHARD WARLICK
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 1340-21-1 JUDGE DOMINIQUE A. CALLINS
OCTOBER 25, 2022
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
John W. Brown, Judge
Kelsey Bulger, Senior Assistant Public Defender (Virginia Indigent
Defense Commission, on brief), for appellant.
Rosemary V. Bourne, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Jason S.
Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Shannon Warlick, appellant, appeals from the decision of the Circuit Court of the City of
Chesapeake revoking his previously suspended sentence and imposing an active sentence of four
years of imprisonment. Warlick contends that the trial court erred in admitting the major violation
report at his revocation hearing and in imposing a four-year sentence.1 We find no trial court error
and affirm the judgment.
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
1
Under Rule 5A:18, objections must be both specific and timely “to alert the trial judge to
possible error so that the judge may consider the issue intelligently.” McLean v. Commonwealth,
30 Va. App. 322, 331 (1999) (quoting Neal v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 416, 422 (1992)).
An argument is preserved for appeal only if the trial court was aware of the litigant’s legal
position. Brown v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 210, 217 (2010). Warlick argued at trial that he
deserved a short sentence to compensate for time served in North Carolina. Now, he argues that
the trial court abused its discretion by failing to consider (1) the fact that Warlick did not violate
his probation for three years between 2007-2011 and (2) Warlick has already served fifteen years
of probation for a nonviolent crime. The trial court was not made aware of this argument and
could not have considered the issue. Warlick waived this argument.
BACKGROUND
“Applying familiar principles of appellate review, we will state the facts in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth[ ]’ . . . the prevailing party in the trial court.” Schmuhl v.
Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 281, 289 (2018) (quoting Ervin v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 495,
499 (2011) (en banc)). On October 20, 2007, the trial court convicted Warlick of forgery and
sentenced him to five years of imprisonment with four years suspended. The trial court also
imposed indefinite supervised probation upon appellant’s release from confinement. On September
29, 2011, on an issue not relevant here, the trial court found Warlick in violation of his probation,
revoked his suspended sentence, and resuspended the sentence.
Seven years after Warlick’s original conviction, on September 15, 2014, Lisa Dawson, a
Virginia probation and parole officer, filed a major violation report (“MVR”) with the trial court.
The MVR alleged that Warlick had absconded from supervision. At that time, Warlick was under
probation supervision in North Carolina, pursuant to an interstate agreement. Dawson filed the
report because the North Carolina probation office had notified Dawson that a probation officer had
visited Warlick’s home in August 2014 and Warlick was not there. His mother advised the officer
that Warlick had taken his clothes and left without telling her where he was going. When the
probation officer attempted contact with Warlick again several weeks later, his mother reported that
he had called her, but he did not disclose his whereabouts. The MVR also stated that “there are now
new additional outstanding warrants” for Warlick in North Carolina and that his whereabouts were
then unknown. Dawson also attached an Interstate Commission for Adult Supervision “Offender
Violation Report” (“ICOTS” report) to the MVR. The ICOTS report stated that Warlick had
unserved North Carolina warrants for his arrest and had failed to appear in court for a “second
degree trespass” and an attempted breaking and entering.
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After reviewing the MVR, the trial court issued a capias for Warlick’s arrest on September
24, 2014, for a probation violation. He was not arrested on the capias until August 2, 2021.
Probation and parole officer Kristen McDowell filed an addendum to the MVR on August
27, 2021. The addendum stated that between 2014 and 2016 Warlick was convicted in North
Carolina of “felony larceny and habitual felony,” possession or transportation of “counterfeit
INST,” and “uttering forgery.” McDowell’s addendum to the MVR was admitted without objection
at the revocation hearing. The trial court also admitted a “North Carolina Department of Public
Safety Offender Public Information” form for Warlick indicating that he was convicted in that
jurisdiction for “habitual felon,” larceny, and possession or transportation of counterfeit “INST.”
Lastly, the trial court admitted, without objection, Warlick’s Virginia Criminal Information
Network (“VCIN”) report. The report contained his date of birth, physical description, social
security number, and FBI and Department of Corrections (“DOC”) numbers. The VCIN report
listed Warlick’s North Carolina convictions for “habitual felon,” larceny, and possessing a
counterfeit instrument.
At the time of Warlick’s revocation hearing, neither Dawson nor her supervisor, Jon
Dorman, remained employed at the probation and parole office. McDowell, however, was available
to testify. She testified that she was assigned Warlick’s probation supervision case in August 2021.
Her office had attempted to contact the North Carolina probation officers who were involved with
him in 2014, but was unsuccessful. To verify the MVR and the attached ICOTS report, McDowell
stated that the ICOTS report was accessed through an internal computer system that only other
probation officers could use. The public cannot access the internal computer system, and the
writings within it could not be altered. McDowell testified that the Chesapeake Probation and
Parole Office routinely relies on out-of-state ICOTS reports and uses them in court proceedings.
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McDowell affirmed that the same DOC number appeared on the conditions of probation that
Warlick signed and on the MVR.
Warlick objected to the MVR and the ICOTS report from 2014 because they contained
hearsay. He did not provide any evidence refuting the veracity of the reports. The trial court
considered the consistent information in other documents pertaining to Warlick, namely his FBI and
DOC numbers, date of birth, social security number, photograph, name, and home address. The
court also noted that the ICOTS report showed that Warlick had outstanding charges in North
Carolina and “Lincolnton,” consistent with the VCIN report, which showed convictions in Lincoln
County, North Carolina. Finally, the court observed that the MVR alleged that Warlick absconded
from supervision, an allegation supported by the fact that a capias was issued in September 2014
and not served until August 2021. The trial court thus concluded that there was good cause to admit
the MVR and ICOTS report because there was substantial evidence of trustworthiness.
ANALYSIS
The United States Constitution provides that no state shall “deprive any person of life,
liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV. Warlick argues that
the trial court’s consideration of the MVR and the ICOTS report violated his Fourteenth
Amendment right to due process because there were insufficient indicia of reliability to establish
good cause for proceeding without first affording him the opportunity of confrontation.
“[W]hether a defendant’s due process rights are violated by the admission of evidence is a
question of law, to which we apply a de novo standard of review.” Henderson v.
Commonwealth, 285 Va. 318, 329 (2013).
Because a probationer already has been convicted, a revocation proceeding “is not part of
a criminal prosecution and thus the full panoply of rights due a defendant in such a proceeding
does not apply . . . .” Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 480 (1971); see Henderson, 285 Va. at
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325. In a probation revocation hearing, due process requires, among other things, “the right to
confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically finds good
cause for not allowing confrontation).” Henderson, 285 Va. at 326 (quoting Morrissey, 408 U.S.
at 489).
There are two tests “‘for determining whether the denial of the right to confrontation . . .
[through the introduction of hearsay evidence] will comport with constitutional due process’ to
support a finding of good cause.” Cox v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 506, 519 (2015) (quoting
Henderson, 285 Va. at 327). Under the reliability test, “the hearing officer may admit
testimonial hearsay ‘if it possesses substantial guarantees of trustworthiness.’” Id. (quoting
Henderson, 285 Va. at 327). Examples of indicia of reliability for testimonial hearsay include
“corroboration of accusers’ hearsay by third parties or physical evidence” and “a probationer’s
failure to offer contradictory evidence.” Henderson, 285 Va. at 327. The second test, the
“‘balancing test,’ ‘requires the court to weigh the interests of the defendant in cross-examining
his accusers against the interests of the prosecution in denying confrontation.’” Cox, 65
Va. App. at 519 (quoting Henderson, 285 Va. at 327-28). Only one test must be satisfied.2 See
id.
The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that the MVR and ICOTS report satisfied
the reliability test to establish good cause for admission. First, Warlick failed to offer
contradictory evidence, a key indica of reliability. See Henderson, 285 Va. at 327. As the trial
court noted, the MVR and ICOTS report were corroborated by and consistent with information
2
At oral argument, Warlick’s counsel argued that the balancing test was the most
appropriate test because Warlick did not have any opportunity to cross-examine any of the
authors of the reports. The question before the court was not whether the prosecution had an
interest in denying confrontation, but whether the reports were reliable. See Cox, 65 Va. App. at
519. If the authors of the reports had testified, they would have only needed to testify about the
reliability of the reports. Thus, the reliability test is appropriate here.
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contained within other admitted documents: the VCIN report, the MVR addendum, and the
North Carolina Public Safety offender form. All documents contained the same identifying
information, like Warlick’s name, social security number, date of birth, FBI and DOC numbers,
and home address. The information in the MVR—alleging that Warlick absconded—was
supported by the fact that the court issued a capias in 2014 and the capias was not served until
2021. In addition, the charges in the ICOTS report were corroborated by charges in the VCIN
report.
Along with reviewing the corroborating documents, the trial court heard testimony that
the internal computer system containing the ICOTS report was secure and inaccessible to the
public. In addition, the Chesapeake probation office regularly relies on ICOTS reports from
other states. These facts, without contradictory evidence from Warlick, show that the trial court
did not err in finding sufficient indicia of reliability to establish that the MVR and ICOTS report
were trustworthy and, thus, finding good cause to admit them over appellant’s objection.3
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s decision.
Affirmed.
In any event, “a claim that due process was violated at a revocation proceeding”
3
generally is “subject to harmless error analysis” considering whether the error was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt. Mooney v. Commonwealth, 297 Va. 434, 437-38 (2019). Here, the
VCIN report, McDowell’s addendum to the MVR, and the North Carolina Public Safety offender
report all showed that appellant had been convicted for crimes in North Carolina after 2014.
Thus, the trial court had a sufficient basis, even without the MVR and ICOTS report, to conclude
that Warlick violated the terms of his probation by incurring criminal convictions. Even if
admission of the MVR and ICOTS report was error, it was harmless error beyond a reasonable
doubt.
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