Dhital v. Nissan North America, Inc.

Filed 10/26/22

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FOUR

SOBITA DHITAL et al.,
Plaintiffs and Appellants, A162817
v. (Alameda County Super. Ct.
NISSAN NORTH AMERICA, INC., No. RG19009260)
Defendant and Respondent.

Plaintiffs Sobita Dhital and Daniel Newman sued defendant Nissan
North America, Inc. (Nissan), alleging the transmission in a 2013 Nissan
Sentra they purchased was defective. In their operative second amended
complaint (SAC), plaintiffs asserted statutory claims under the Song-Beverly
Consumer Warranty Act (Song-Beverly Act) (Civ. Code, § 1790 et seq.) and a
common law fraud claim alleging that Nissan, by fraudulently concealing the
defects, induced them to purchase the car.
The trial court sustained Nissan’s demurrer to the fraudulent
inducement claim (the fourth cause of action in the SAC) without leave to
amend, holding the claim was barred by the “economic loss rule” discussed in
Robinson Helicopter Co., Inc. v. Dana Corp. (2004) 34 Cal.4th 979 (Robinson).
The court also granted an accompanying motion to strike plaintiffs’ request
for punitive damages. Plaintiffs dismissed their remaining claims with
prejudice, and the court entered judgment for Nissan.

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 Plaintiffs appeal, contending the court erred by applying the economic
loss rule to bar their fraudulent inducement claim. Nissan argues the court
correctly applied the economic loss rule. Nissan alternatively urges this court
to affirm on the ground plaintiffs did not plead the fraudulent inducement
claim with sufficient particularity, a ground for demurrer not reached by the
trial court.
We conclude that, under California law, the economic loss rule does not
bar plaintiffs’ fraudulent inducement claim. We also reject Nissan’s
argument that plaintiffs did not adequately plead a claim for fraudulent
inducement. We therefore reverse the judgment entered in favor of Nissan
and remand for further proceedings on plaintiffs’ fraudulent inducement
claim.1
I. BACKGROUND
A. The SAC: Plaintiffs’ Allegations About the Allegedly Defective
Transmission and Nissan’s Alleged Fraud
“Because this matter comes to us after the trial court sustained the
defendant’s demurrer, ‘we must, under established principles, assume the
truth of all properly pleaded material allegations of the complaint in
evaluating the validity’ of the decision below.” (Lazar v. Superior Court
(1996) 12 Cal.4th 631, 635.)
In the SAC, plaintiffs alleged that, on November 4, 2012, they
purchased a new 2013 Nissan Sentra from a Nissan dealership in San
Leandro. On three occasions in 2015, plaintiffs took the car to an authorized
Nissan repair facility because of transmission problems, including stalling,
jerking, and lack of power. They eventually decided to stop using the car due

1 We grant plaintiffs’ unopposed request that we take judicial notice of
(1) a brief filed in the Supreme Court in Robinson, and (2) a California
superior court order discussing the economic loss rule.

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to their concern it posed a risk to their safety and the safety of others,
because “[u]ncertain and unpredictable performance of a vehicle’s engine and
transmission can result in sudden and unexpected movements or stalling
that greatly increase the risk of a motor vehicle accident.”
Plaintiffs alleged Nissan manufactured or distributed more than
500,000 vehicles in the United States that were equipped with defective
continuously variable transmissions (CVT’s), including plaintiffs’ Sentra and
other Sentras for model years 2013 through 2017. The SAC alleged: “The
CVT is defective in that it causes hesitation from a stop before acceleration;
sudden, hard shaking during deceleration; sudden, hard shaking and violent
jerking (commonly known as ‘juddering’ or ‘shuddering’) during acceleration;
and complete failure to function, each and all of which prevent a CVT-
equipped vehicle from operating as intended by the driver, especially during
acceleration from a complete stop.” The SAC continued: “This transmission
defect creates unreasonably dangerous situations while driving and increases
the risk of a crash when trying to accelerate from a stop; at low speeds when
drivers intend to accelerate to merge with highway traffic; and when
attempting to drive uphill. The transmission defect creates a serious safety
risk that can lead to accidents, injuries, or even death to the driver, the
vehicles’ occupants, other drivers, and pedestrians.”
As to Nissan’s knowledge that the transmissions were defective,
plaintiffs alleged in part that Nissan “knew or should have known about the
safety hazard posed by the defective transmissions before the sale of CVT-
equipped vehicles from premarket testing, consumer complaints to the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (‘NHTSA’), consumer
complaints made directly to Nissan and its dealers, and other sources which
drove Nissan to issue Technical Service Bulletins acknowledging the

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transmission’s defect. Nissan should not have sold, leased, or marketed the
CVT-equipped vehicles without a full and complete disclosure of the
transmission defect, and should have voluntarily recalled all CVT-equipped
vehicles long ago.”
In their statutory claims under the Song-Beverly Act (the first, second,
and third causes of action in the SAC), plaintiffs alleged Nissan breached
express and implied warranties and failed to repair the car within a
reasonable period of time. In the common law fraud claim that is at issue in
this appeal (the SAC’s fourth cause of action, entitled “Fraudulent
Inducement—Concealment”), plaintiffs alleged in part that “[Nissan] and its
agents intentionally concealed and failed to disclose facts relating to the
defective transmission”; Nissan had exclusive knowledge of the defect and did
not disclose that information to plaintiffs; “Nissan intended to deceive
[plaintiffs] by concealing the known issues with the CVT transmission in an
effort to sell the [car] at a maximum price”; “[Nissan] fraudulently induced
[plaintiffs] to enter into a contract they would not have entered into but for
[Nissan’s] concealment of the defective nature of the CVT transmission”; if
plaintiffs had known of the defect, they would not have purchased the car;
and plaintiffs suffered damages in the form of money paid to purchase the
car.
Plaintiffs alleged the defect and the resulting “[u]ncertain and
unpredictable performance” of the transmission increased the risk of an
accident and thus placed them at risk of physical harm. But as the trial
court later noted, plaintiffs did not allege the defect caused any personal
injury or any damage to property other than the car.
In the SAC’s prayer for relief, plaintiffs sought special and actual
damages, rescission of the purchase contract and restitution of all amounts

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paid, “diminution in value,” incidental and consequential damages, civil
penalties, punitive damages, prejudgment interest, and attorney fees.
B. Procedural Background
Prior to the filing of the SAC, the court (Hon. Jo-Lynne Q. Lee)
(1) sustained, with leave to amend, Nissan’s demurrers to the claims for
fraudulent inducement—concealment in plaintiffs’ original and first amended
complaints, and (2) granted, also with leave to amend, Nissan’s motion to
strike the punitive damages requests in those complaints.
In its demurrer to the fraud claim in plaintiffs’ original complaint,
Nissan did not contend the economic loss rule barred the claim, arguing on
other grounds that plaintiffs had not stated a cause of action. But the trial
court requested supplemental briefing on the economic loss rule and
sustained the demurrer (with leave to amend) on the basis of that rule,
concluding in part that “[t]he only injury identified by Plaintiffs is that they
have purchase[d] a vehicle they would not have otherwise bought if they
knew of its alleged defects. Such an injury is insufficient to overcome the
economic loss rule.”
In its order addressing Nissan’s motion to strike portions of plaintiffs’
original complaint, the court declined to strike certain passages throughout
the complaint that Nissan had alleged were irrelevant, but granted the
motion (with leave to amend) as to the punitive damages allegations. The
court concluded the complaint did not include sufficient allegations to support
a claim for punitive damages against a corporation, stating “the allegations
in the Complaint are insufficient to establish that ‘the advance knowledge
and conscious disregard, authorization, ratification or act of oppression,
fraud, or malice [is] on the part of an officer, director, or managing agent of
the corporation.’ ([Civ. Code,] § 3294, [subd.] (b).)”

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 Plaintiffs filed the SAC in January 2020. Nissan again demurred to
the claim for fraudulent inducement—concealment (the fourth cause of action
in the SAC) and moved to strike portions of the SAC, including the punitive
damages allegations. In its demurrer, Nissan argued plaintiffs’ fraud claim
was barred by the economic loss rule and was not pleaded with sufficient
specificity. Nissan contended in its motion to strike that the SAC’s
allegations supporting corporate liability for punitive damages were still
insufficient, and that plaintiffs had not adequately pleaded a fraud claim that
would support an award of punitive damages. A hearing on the demurrer
and the motion to strike was set for May 2020, but the matter was taken
under submission without hearing because plaintiffs did not contest the
tentative ruling against them.
The court (Hon. Richard Seabolt) sustained the demurrer to the fraud
cause of action, this time without leave to amend. The court held the fraud
claim was barred by the economic loss rule because plaintiffs did not allege
the defective transmission in their car caused any personal injury or any
damage to property other than the car. The court concluded plaintiffs’ claim
did not fall within “the ‘narrow’ exception to the economic loss rule” discussed
by the Supreme Court in Robinson (a decision we discuss in pt. II.B., post),
because (1) the claim rests on alleged concealment, rather than affirmative
misrepresentations, and (2) plaintiffs did not “plausibly allege ‘damages
independent of [their] economic loss.’ ”
The court also granted, without leave to amend, the motion to strike
the punitive damages allegations. It reasoned that plaintiffs do not have a
viable fraud claim that would support an award of punitive damages, and
that such damages are not an available remedy for plaintiffs’ remaining
claims under the Song-Beverly Act. It also explained that the FAC’s

6
allegations remained insufficient to establish ratification by a senior
corporate official as required to support a claim for punitive damages against
a corporation (Civ. Code, § 3294, subd. (b)).
Following the court’s ruling, plaintiffs dismissed their remaining claims
with prejudice, and the court entered judgment for Nissan in April 2021.
Plaintiffs appealed.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
“ ‘In reviewing an order sustaining a demurrer, we examine the
operative complaint de novo to determine whether it alleges facts sufficient to
state a cause of action under any legal theory.’ [Citation.] ‘ “ ‘ “We treat the
demurrer as admitting all material facts properly pleaded, but not
contentions, deductions or conclusions of fact or law. . . . We also consider
matters which may be judicially noticed.” . . . Further, we give the complaint
a reasonable interpretation, reading it as a whole and its parts in their
context.’ ” ’ ” (Mathews v. Becerra (2019) 8 Cal.5th 756, 768.) “ ‘In
considering a trial court’s order sustaining a demurrer without leave to
amend, “ ‘we review the trial court’s result for error, and not its legal
reasoning.’ ” ’ [Citation.] We ‘ “affirm the judgment if it is correct on any
theory.” ’ ” (Munoz v. Patel (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 761, 771.)
Similarly, “ ‘[t]he standard of review for an order on a motion to strike
punitive damages allegations is de novo. [Citation.] “In passing on the
correctness of a ruling on a motion to strike, judges read allegations of a
pleading subject to a motion to strike as a whole, all parts in their context,
and assume their truth.” ’ ” (Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. v. Superior
Court (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 696, 704.)
We review the court’s denial of leave to amend for abuse of discretion.
(Schifando v. City of Los Angeles (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1074, 1081.) “[W]e must

7
decide whether there is a reasonable possibility the plaintiff could cure the
defect with an amendment. [Citation.] If we find that an amendment could
cure the defect, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion and we
reverse; if not, no abuse of discretion has occurred. [Citation.] The plaintiff
has the burden of proving that an amendment would cure the defect.” (Ibid.)
B. The Economic Loss Rule
As noted, the trial court sustained Nissan’s demurrer to plaintiffs’
claim for fraudulent inducement—concealment on the ground it was barred
by the economic loss rule. We conclude the economic loss rule does not bar
plaintiffs’ fraud claim.2
The economic loss rule provides that, “[i]n general, there is no recovery
in tort for negligently inflicted ‘purely economic losses,’ meaning financial
harm unaccompanied by physical or property damage.” (Sheen v. Wells Fargo
Bank, N.A. (2022) 12 Cal.5th 905, 922 (Sheen).) For claims arising from
alleged product defects, “[e]conomic loss consists of ‘ “ ‘ “damages for
inadequate value, costs of repair and replacement of the defective product or
consequent loss of profits—without any claim of personal injury or damages
to other property . . . .” ’ ” ’ ” (Robinson, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 988.)
The Sheen court noted the economic loss rule “has been applied in
various contexts. First, it carries force when courts are concerned about
imposing ‘ “liability in an indeterminate amount for an indeterminate time to

2 We note that, in Rattagan v. Uber Technologies, Inc. (9th Cir. 2021)
19 F.4th 1188, 1193 (Rattagan), the United States Court of Appeals for the
Ninth Circuit certified to the California Supreme Court the following
question: “Under California law, are claims for fraudulent concealment
exempted from the economic loss rule?” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.548.)
The California Supreme Court granted the Ninth Circuit’s request for
certification, and the case is currently pending. (Rattagan v. Uber
Technologies, request for certification granted Feb. 9, 2022, S272113.)

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an indeterminate class.” ’ ” (Sheen, supra, 12 Cal.5th at p. 922, quoting
Southern California Gas Leak Cases (2019) 7 Cal.5th 391, 414.)
Second, “[i]n another recurring set of circumstances, the rule functions
to bar claims in negligence for pure economic losses in deference to a contract
between litigating parties.” (Sheen, supra, 12 Cal.5th at p. 922, citing
Robinson, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 988, and other cases.) The Restatement
states this form of the economic loss rule as follows: “[T]here is no liability in
tort for economic loss caused by negligence in the performance or negotiation
of a contract between the parties.” (Rest.3d Torts, Liability for Economic
Harm, § 3; see Sheen, supra, at p. 923.)
The Robinson court explained: “ ‘ “ ‘[W]here a purchaser’s expectations
in a sale are frustrated because the product he bought is not working
properly, his remedy is said to be in contract alone, for he has suffered only
“economic” losses.’ ”. . .’ [Citation.] The economic loss rule requires a
purchaser to recover in contract for purely economic loss due to disappointed
expectations, unless he can demonstrate harm above and beyond a broken
contractual promise. [Citation.] Quite simply, the economic loss rule
‘prevent[s] the law of contract and the law of tort from dissolving one into the
other.’ ” (Robinson, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 988.)
The Robinson court also described instances where tort damages are
permitted in contract cases.3 “ ‘Tort damages have been permitted in contract

3 Like the trial court and the parties, we will treat plaintiffs’ statutory
warranty claims under the Song-Beverly Act as the equivalent of contract
claims for purposes of determining whether the economic loss rule applies to
bar their (allegedly overlapping) fraud claim. But we note the assumption on
which this approach to plaintiffs’ claims rests—that the economic loss rule
may be applied to statutory claims of this kind—is not one we necessarily
accept, and nothing in this opinion should be read as passing on it. We note

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cases where a breach of duty directly causes physical injury [citation]; for
breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing in insurance contracts
[citation]; for wrongful discharge in violation of fundamental public policy
[citation]; or where the contract was fraudulently induced. [Citation.]’
[Citation.] ‘[I]n each of these cases, the duty that gives rise to tort liability is
either completely independent of the contract or arises from conduct which is
both intentional and intended to harm.’ ” (Robinson, supra, 34 Cal.4th at
pp. 989–990.)
Here, the fraudulent inducement exception to the economic loss rule
applies. Plaintiffs allege that Nissan, by intentionally concealing facts about
the defective transmission, fraudulently induced them to purchase a car.
Fraudulent inducement is a viable tort claim under California law. “The
elements of fraud are (a) a misrepresentation (false representation,
concealment, or nondisclosure); (b) scienter or knowledge of its falsity;
(c) intent to induce reliance; (d) justifiable reliance; and (e) resulting damage.
[Citations.] Fraud in the inducement is a subset of the tort of fraud. It
‘occurs when “ ‘the promisor knows what he is signing but his consent is
induced by fraud, mutual assent is present and a contract is formed, which,
by reason of the fraud, is voidable.’ ” ’ ” (Hinesley v. Oakshade Town Center
(2005) 135 Cal.App.4th 289, 294–295; accord, Geraghty v. Shalizi (2017)
8 Cal.App.5th 593, 597.)
To hold, at the demurrer stage, that plaintiffs’ fraud claim is barred by
the economic loss rule, we would need to conclude, as Nissan urges us to do,

that the Song-Beverly Act states the remedies available for violations are
nonexclusive. The statute provides in pertinent part: “The remedies
provided by this chapter are cumulative and shall not be construed as
restricting any remedy that is otherwise available.” (§ 1790.4; see Anderson
v. Ford Motor Company (2022) 74 Cal.App.5th 946, 968, fn. 12 (Anderson).)

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that (1) despite the Supreme Court’s statement in Robinson, there is no
exception to the economic loss rule for fraudulent inducement claims (or at
least no exception that encompasses the claim plaintiffs allege in the SAC),
or (2) plaintiffs have not adequately pleaded a claim for fraudulent
inducement under California law (a question we address in pt. II.C., post).
We reject both arguments and conclude the economic loss rule does not bar
plaintiffs’ claim.
Nissan contends that, under Robinson, fraud claims between
contracting parties “can proceed only if they are truly independent of the
contract and involve affirmative misrepresentations,” and that plaintiffs’
fraud claim (based on concealment) does not satisfy either condition. The
trial court applied the same two requirements, holding plaintiffs’ fraud claim
was barred because it involved concealment (rather than affirmative
misrepresentations) and because plaintiffs did not allege damages
independent of their economic loss.
We do not agree with the trial court’s and Nissan’s reading and
application of Robinson. Robinson did not hold that any claims for
fraudulent inducement are barred by the economic loss rule. Quite the
contrary, the Robinson court affirmed that tort damages are available in
contract cases where the contract was fraudulently induced. (Robinson,
supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 989–990.) The Robinson court then addressed the
fraud claims that were presented in that case, involving alleged fraud (both
affirmative misrepresentations and intentional concealment) that occurred
during the performance of a contract—Dana, a supplier of helicopter parts
(1) provided false “certificates of conformance” to the manufacturer
(Robinson) stating the parts conformed to contractual requirements and

11
(2) allegedly concealed information about the parts. (Id. at p. 990; see id. at
pp. 986–987.)
As to those claims, the court focused on Robinson’s “fraud and
misrepresentation claim based on Dana’s provision of the false certificates of
conformance.” (Robinson, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 990.) The court concluded
this tortious conduct “was separate from” Dana’s breach of contract, which
involved its provision of the nonconforming parts. (Id. at p. 991.) In addition,
Dana’s provision of faulty parts exposed Robinson to liability for personal
damages if a helicopter crashed. (Ibid.) The court thus held that “the
economic loss rule does not bar Robinson’s fraud and intentional
misrepresentation claims because they were independent of Dana’s breach of
contract.” (Ibid.) And “[b]ecause Dana’s affirmative intentional
misrepresentations of fact (i.e., the issuance of the false certificates of
conformance) are dispositive fraudulent conduct related to the performance of
the contract,” the court stated that “we need not address the issue of whether
Dana’s intentional concealment constitutes an independent tort.”4 (Robinson,
at p. 991.)
The Robinson court explained that its holding was strongly supported
by California’s public policy favoring the punishment and deterrence of fraud.
(Robinson, supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 991–992.) The court rejected Dana’s

4 Nissan is thus incorrect in asserting that the Robinson court “held”
fraud claims involving affirmative misrepresentations are the only ones that
survive the economic loss rule. Instead, the Robinson court did not reach the
question whether the concealment claims presented in that case were
independent of the contract claims. (Robinson, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 991.)
For that reason, as noted, the Ninth Circuit recently concluded it was an
open question whether fraudulent concealment claims are “exempted” from
the economic loss rule under California law and certified that question to the
California Supreme Court. (Rattagan, supra, 19 F.4th at pp. 1191–1193.)

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argument that a breach of contract remedy was sufficient, noting that, while
contracting parties generally can agree to allocate their risks, benefits, and
obligations as they see fit, “ ‘[a] party to a contract cannot rationally calculate
the possibility that the other party will deliberately misrepresent terms
critical to that contract.’ [Citation.] No rational party would enter into a
contract anticipating that they are or will be lied to.” (Id. at p. 993.)
Finally, the Robinson court noted its holding was “narrow,” in part
because it had only reached the question whether Robinson’s affirmative
misrepresentation claims were viable. (Robinson, supra, 34 Cal.4th at
p. 993.) The court stated: “Nor do we believe that our decision will open the
floodgates to future litigation. Our holding today is narrow in scope and
limited to a defendant’s affirmative misrepresentations on which a plaintiff
relies and which expose a plaintiff to liability for personal damages
independent of the plaintiff’s economic loss. In addition, ‘[i]n California,
fraud must be pled specifically; general and conclusory allegations do not
suffice. [Citations.]’ . . . We trust the trial courts of this state to enforce this
pleading requirement.” (Ibid.)
Applying Robinson here (and cognizant that our Supreme Court may
soon provide additional guidance), we conclude plaintiffs’ claim for fraudulent
inducement by concealment is not subject to demurrer on the ground it is
barred by the economic loss rule. Robinson left undecided whether
concealment-based claims are barred by the economic loss rule. What
follows from its analysis, however, is that concealment-based claims for
fraudulent inducement are not barred by the economic loss rule. The
reasoning in Robinson affirmatively places fraudulent inducement by
concealment outside the coverage of the economic loss rule. We now hold
that the economic loss rule does not cover such claims. First, as discussed,

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Robinson identified fraudulent inducement as an existing exception to the
economic loss rule, before it proceeded to analyze the particular claims at
issue in that case relating to fraud during the performance of a contract.
(Robinson, supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 989–990.) For fraudulent inducement
and the other existing exceptions listed in Robinson, “ ‘the duty that gives
rise to tort liability is either completely independent of the contract or arises
from conduct which is both intentional and intended to harm.’ ” (Id. at
p. 990.)
In our view, that independence is present in the case of fraudulent
inducement (whether it is achieved by intentional concealment or by
intentional affirmative misrepresentations), because a defendant’s conduct in
fraudulently inducing someone to enter a contract is separate from the
defendant’s later breach of the contract or warranty provisions that were
agreed to. In Anderson, supra, 74 Cal.App.5th 946, the Court of Appeal
contrasted these two types of conduct, although not in the context of
determining the applicability of the economic loss rule. (Id. at pp. 966–967.)
In Anderson, after purchasing a pickup truck that turned out to be defective,
the plaintiffs sued Ford and prevailed at trial on both a Song-Beverly Act
warranty cause of action and a cause of action for “fraud in the inducement—
concealment.” (Id. at p. 950.)
On appeal, Ford argued the plaintiffs could not recover both a statutory
civil penalty under the Song-Beverly Act and punitive damages (the latter
being based on the fraud claim and a claim under the Consumers Legal
Remedies Act (CLRA) (Civ. Code, § 1750 et seq.)); Ford argued both awards
were based on “ ‘substantially the same conduct.’ ” (Anderson, supra,
74 Cal.App.5th at pp. 950; id. at pp. 961, 966.) The appellate court disagreed
and explained that “the punitive damages and statutory penalties were based

14
on different conduct that took place at different times. The punitive damages
were based on conduct underlying the fraud/CLRA causes of action and took
place before the sale. The civil penalty was based on defendant’s postsale
failure to comply with its Song-Beverly Act obligations to replace the vehicle
or make restitution when reasonable attempts to repair had failed.” (Id. at
p. 966.)
Similarly, here, plaintiffs’ fraudulent inducement claim alleges presale
conduct by Nissan (concealment) that is distinct from Nissan’s alleged
subsequent conduct in breaching its warranty obligations. As Nissan notes,
plaintiffs’ SAC includes some allegations that do not fall neatly into one of
these two categories. For example, in their fraudulent inducement cause of
action, plaintiffs include some allegations about the failure of Nissan to make
disclosures “on the date of each of the [postsale] repair attempts,” in addition
to alleging presale concealment. But at the pleading stage, we decline to hold
plaintiffs’ fraud claim (based in part on presale concealment) is barred by the
economic loss rule.5 And contrary to Nissan’s view, we do not read Robinson’s
discussion of the claims there involving fraud during contractual performance

5 We do not preclude the possibility that, depending on the evidentiary
record developed at summary judgment or trial, a fraudulent inducement
claim could be found not to be independent of a plaintiff’s contract or
warranty claims. (See Anderson, supra, 74 Cal.App.5th at p. 967 [appellate
court’s determination as to which conduct supported plaintiffs’ claims was
“[b]ased on the pleadings and the trial evidence”]; Santana v. FCA US, LLC
(2020) 56 Cal.App.5th 334, 345–346 [cited by Nissan; trial evidence did not
show defendant intentionally concealed a defect prior to plaintiff’s purchase
of vehicle]; Food Safety Net Services v. Eco Safe Systems USA, Inc. (2012)
209 Cal.App.4th 1118, 1130–1132 [trial court properly relied on economic loss
rule in granting summary judgment on fraudulent inducement claim in
connection with contract to perform a study of food disinfection equipment;
“[b]ecause Eco Safe’s showing bore only on Food Safety’s actual performance
under the contract, it does not demonstrate fraudulent inducement”].)

15
(and, within that category, permitting certain claims alleging affirmative
misrepresentations but not reaching the viability of the accompanying
intentional concealment claims) as a narrowing or limitation of the existing
exception for fraudulent inducement claims or a requirement that all
inducement claims must be supported by allegations of affirmative
misrepresentations. (Robinson, supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 989–991.)
As the parties note and as the Ninth Circuit outlined in Rattagan,
supra, 19 F.4th at pp. 1191–1192, courts in other states have reached
differing conclusions as to the scope of the economic loss rule and the extent
to which it precludes fraud claims. (Compare, e.g., Milan Supply Chain
Solutions v. Navistar, Inc. (Tenn. 2021) 627 S.W.3d 125, 153–154 [declining
to adopt “a broad rule either extending the economic loss rule to all fraud
claims or exempting all fraud claims from the economic loss rule,” but holding
fraudulent inducement claims are barred by the rule if the only
misrepresentations concern the quality or character of the goods sold and the
contract is “between sophisticated commercial business entities”], with, e.g.,
Van Rees v. Unleaded Software, Inc. (Colo. 2016) 373 P.3d 603, 608 [economic
loss rule did not bar fraudulent inducement claims; “The court of appeals
seemed concerned that if it did not affirm the dismissal of the tort claims in
this case, the purposes underlying the economic loss rule would not be served,
as tort law would swallow contract law. [Citation.] However, we also must
be cautious of the corollary potential for contract law to swallow tort law.”].)
Similarly (as also outlined by the parties and the Ninth Circuit),
federal district courts applying California law have diverged on this point.
(Compare, e.g., White v. FCA US LLC (N.D.Cal. 2022) 2022 U.S.Dist.LEXIS
146604, *9–*13 [under California law, fraudulent inducement claims fall
within a well-recognized exception to the economic loss rule that is separate

16
from the additional exception discussed in Robinson for some fraudulent
performance claims], with, e.g., In re Ford Motor Co. DPS6 Powershift
Transmission Products Liability Litigation (C.D.Cal. 2020) 483 F.Supp.3d
838, 848–850 [under California law, claim for fraudulent inducement by
omission was barred by economic loss rule]; see Rattagan, supra, 19 F.4th at
pp. 1191–1192 [noting district courts have reached different conclusions as to
whether the economic loss rule bars claims of fraudulent concealment].)
We acknowledge the differing views taken by courts that have
considered this issue. But for the reasons we have discussed above, we
conclude that, under California law, the economic loss rule does not bar
plaintiffs’ claim here for fraudulent inducement by concealment. Fraudulent
inducement claims fall within an exception to the economic loss rule
recognized by our Supreme Court (Robinson, supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 989–
990), and plaintiffs allege fraudulent conduct that is independent of Nissan’s
alleged warranty breaches.6 The trial court erred by sustaining Nissan’s
demurrer to plaintiffs’ fraud claim on the ground it was barred by the
economic loss rule.
C. The Sufficiency of the Allegations in the SAC
As an alternative ground for affirmance, Nissan argues plaintiffs did
not plead their claim for fraudulent inducement by concealment with

6 We note the Restatement takes the view that the economic loss rule
generally does not bar fraud claims (although it precludes most contract-
related negligence claims). (Rest.3d Torts, Liability for Economic Harm,
supra, § 9, com. a [“The economic-loss rule is meant to protect contractual
allocations of risk against interference by the law of tort. Claims for fraud
rarely cause such interference because parties to a contract do not usually
treat the chance that they are lying to each other as a risk for their contract
to allocate. . . . Liability in tort for fraud thus helps to protect the integrity of
the contractual process and sometimes furnishes useful remedies that the
law of contract does not as readily provide.”]; see id., § 3, com. d.)

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sufficient specificity. The trial court did not reach this ground for demurrer.
We conclude the claim is adequately pleaded.
“As with all fraud claims, the necessary elements of a
concealment/suppression claim consist of ‘ “(1) misrepresentation (false
representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (2) knowledge of falsity
(scienter); (3) intent to defraud (i.e., to induce reliance); (4) justifiable
reliance; and (5) resulting damage.” ’ ” (Hoffman v. 162 North Wolfe LLC
(2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1178, 1185–1186.) Suppression of a material fact is
actionable when there is a duty of disclosure, which may arise from a
relationship between the parties, such as a buyer-seller relationship. (Id. at
pp. 1186–1187.) Fraud, including concealment, must be pleaded with
specificity. (Linear Technology Corp. v. Applied Materials, Inc. (2007)
152 Cal.App.4th 115, 132.)
Plaintiffs alleged the above elements of fraud in the SAC. As we have
discussed, plaintiffs alleged the CVT transmissions installed in numerous
Nissan vehicles (including the one plaintiffs purchased) were defective;
Nissan knew of the defects and the hazards they posed; Nissan had exclusive
knowledge of the defects but intentionally concealed and failed to disclose
that information; Nissan intended to deceive plaintiffs by concealing known
transmission problems; plaintiffs would not have purchased the car if they
had known of the defects; and plaintiffs suffered damages in the form of
money paid to purchase the car.
In its short argument on this point in its appellate brief, Nissan argues
plaintiffs did not adequately plead the existence of a buyer-seller relationship
between the parties, because plaintiffs bought the car from a Nissan
dealership (not from Nissan itself ). At the pleading stage (and in the absence
of a more developed argument by Nissan on this point), we conclude

18
plaintiffs’ allegations are sufficient. Plaintiffs alleged that they bought the
car from a Nissan dealership, that Nissan backed the car with an express
warranty, and that Nissan’s authorized dealerships are its agents for
purposes of the sale of Nissan vehicles to consumers. In light of these
allegations, we decline to hold plaintiffs’ claim is barred on the ground there
was no relationship requiring Nissan to disclose known defects.
Nissan also contends plaintiffs did not provide specifics about what
Nissan should have disclosed. But plaintiffs alleged the CVT transmissions
were defective in that they caused such problems as hesitation, shaking,
jerking, and failure to function. The SAC also alleged Nissan was aware of
the defects as a result of premarket testing and consumer complaints that
were made both to NHTSA and to Nissan and its dealers. It is not clear what
additional information Nissan believes should have been included.7 We
decline to hold (again in the absence of a more developed argument on this
point) that plaintiffs were required to include in the SAC more detailed
allegations about the alleged defects in the CVT. We conclude plaintiffs’
fraud claim was adequately pleaded.
For the foregoing reasons, we will reverse the trial court’s order
sustaining Nissan’s demurrer to the SAC’s fourth cause of action (the claim
for fraudulent inducement by concealment). We will also reverse the court’s

7 Nissan does note that, in Santana v. FCA US, LLC, supra,
56 Cal.App.5th at pp. 345–346 (an appeal after a jury verdict), the appellate
court stated the evidence of fraudulent inducement presented at trial was
insufficient, in part because there was no “evidence that, prior to Santana’s
purchase of the vehicle, Chrysler was aware of a defect in the [engine
component at issue] that it was either unwilling or unable to fix.” (Italics
added.) We decline to hold, based on the Santana court’s brief discussion and
Nissan’s reference to it, that it is essential for a plaintiff’s allegations to
include this language at the pleading stage.

19
order granting Nissan’s motion to strike plaintiffs’ punitive damages
allegations, as the basis for that order was the court’s conclusion that
plaintiffs had not stated a viable fraud claim.8
III. DISPOSITION
The April 2021 judgment is reversed. The trial court’s orders
(1) sustaining Nissan’s demurrer to plaintiffs’ claim for fraudulent
inducement by concealment (the fourth cause of action in the SAC), and
(2) granting Nissan’s motion to strike the SAC’s punitive damages
allegations, are reversed. The trial court is directed to enter a new order or
orders overruling the demurrer and denying the motion to strike. The case is
remanded for further proceedings on plaintiffs’ claim for fraudulent
inducement by concealment, plaintiffs having dismissed their other claims
with prejudice. Plaintiffs shall recover their costs on appeal.

STREETER, J.

WE CONCUR:

POLLAK, P. J.
GOLDMAN, J.

8 As noted, in its motion to strike filed in the trial court, Nissan also
contended the SAC’s allegations were not sufficient to support corporate
liability for punitive damages. The trial court did not reach that question in
striking the SAC’s punitive damages allegations, and Nissan does not develop
on appeal an argument that this court should affirm the striking of the
punitive damages allegations on that alternative ground (touching on this
point only briefly in a footnote). We decline to address this question.

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Trial Court: Superior Court of California, County of Alameda

Trial Judge: Hon. Richard Seabolt

Counsel: Knight Law Group, Steve Mikhov, Christopher Swanson,
Roger R. Kirnos; Greines, Martin, Stein & Richland,
Cynthia E. Tobisman, Marc J. Poster, Alana H. Rotter for
Plaintiffs and Appellants.

Shook, Hardy & Bacon, Amir Nassihi, M. Kevin Underhill for
Defendant and Respondent.

Dhital v. Nissan North America, Inc. - A162817