Filed 10/26/22 P. v. Barnett CA2/5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
THE PEOPLE, B313860
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No.
v. BA492503)
ANDREW STANTON BARNETT,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los
Angeles County, Robert C. Vanderet, Judge. Affirmed.
Micah Reyner, under appointment by the Court of Appeal,
for Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Senior
Assistant Attorney General, Scott A. Taryle, Supervising Deputy
Attorney General, and David A. Voet Deputy Attorney General,
for Plaintiff and Respondent.
During a minute-long fight, defendant and appellant
Andrew Barnett (defendant) stabbed a man outside a hotel where
defendant was then living. A trial jury convicted defendant of
assault with a deadly weapon. We consider whether the trial
court prejudicially erred in any of three asserted respects: by
declining to instruct the jury it must be unanimous on the act
constituting the assault, by denying defendant’s motion in limine
to prevent the prosecutor and witnesses from referring to the
man defendant stabbed as “the victim,” and by instructing the
jury in a manner that would in theory permit it to find the knife
defendant used was an inherently deadly weapon.
I. BACKGROUND
A. The Offense Conduct
In January 2021, defendant was staying with his mother,
Darlene Hoopii (Hoopii), at the Rivers Hotel, a single-room
occupancy (SRO) residence in downtown Los Angeles.
A man known to many only by his first name, “Gabriel,”
started frequenting the Rivers Hotel around the summer of 2020.
Hoopii believed Gabriel was destructive and under the influence
of drugs, and he tried to get into Hoopii’s room at around 3 or 4
a.m. one night.1 Another resident of the Rivers Hotel, Leon Clark
(Clark), also believed Gabriel was a menace and under the
influence of methamphetamine.
On January 7, 2021, Gabriel was loitering in the area in
front of the Rivers Hotel. Manolo Martinez, a security supervisor
for SROs including the Rivers Hotel, responded to two complaints
that Gabriel was trying to obtain access to the building that day.
1
Defendant was aware Gabriel tried to enter Hoopii’s room.
2
Martinez confronted Gabriel twice and told him he could not be
in the area. Gabriel was hostile, physically aggressive, and
cursed at Martinez.
Later that afternoon, Gabriel was lying in the alcove
outside the front door of the Rivers Hotel. Defendant approached
the Rivers Hotel from the sidewalk and walked into the alcove.
Defendant walked up to Gabriel while holding a sheathed knife
and poked him, causing Gabriel to stir and raise a hand toward
defendant. Defendant then unsheathed the knife and jabbed it
toward Gabriel. Gabriel stood up and moved forward slightly,
and defendant backed up. The two then appeared to have words,
and defendant walked toward Gabriel again—still with knife in
hand.
Gabriel pushed defendant out of the alcove and onto the
sidewalk. The two men tussled on the ground and defendant
maneuvered so that he was standing while Gabriel was still on
the ground. Defendant then swung down with the knife and
stabbed Gabriel multiple times. The two men separated at that
point, and walked away in different directions.
Defendant returned to his mother’s room and called 911.
Defendant told the 911 operator he had just stabbed someone.
Defendant reported the person tried to “come at [him]” and stated
he (defendant) had acted in self-defense.
Los Angeles Police Department officers responded to the
scene. Defendant approached them and admitted to stabbing
Gabriel. Defendant informed the police that the knife he used
was in Hoopii’s bathroom sink and accompanied them to her
room to retrieve it. Defendant told the police Gabriel had been
causing trouble at the Rivers Hotel and had previously tried to
break into Hoopii’s room.
3
The police found Gabriel lying on his back on a street
corner, bleeding. He identified himself as Gabriel Ortega and he
was transported to the hospital for treatment of three stab
wounds to his right shoulder (which the hospital stapled shut)
and a cracked shoulder blade.
A police officer attempted to speak to Gabriel at the
hospital, but that was not possible due to COVID restrictions.
The officer asked hospital staff to provide Gabriel with his
contact information, but Gabriel never contacted him. The officer
was unable to confirm Gabriel’s last name was Ortega, or to
otherwise confirm his identity using his name and birthdate.2
B. The Criminal Proceedings Against Defendant
The Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office filed a
one-count information against defendant charging him with
assault with a deadly weapon (a knife) in violation of Penal Code
section 245, subdivision (a)(1).
Prior to the commencement of trial, defendant filed a
motion in limine asking the court to preclude referring to Gabriel
as the “victim” because the appellation would be unduly
prejudicial. The trial court denied the motion and explained the
jury would be instructed about the presumption of innocence.3
During trial, the prosecution presented testimony from
several police officers and admitted in evidence surveillance
footage from the Rivers Hotel that captured the assault, footage
2
A police report prepared in connection with the incident
identified Gabriel as “John Doe.”
3
True to its word, the court so instructed the jury before
opening statements and again at the conclusion of trial.
4
from police officers’ body worn cameras, and an audio recording of
defendant’s 911 call. Hoopii, Clark, and a medical expert, Dr.
Ryan O’Connor, testified during the defense case.
During the prosecution’s opening statement, and as
permitted by the trial court’s in limine ruling, the prosecutor
referred to Gabriel as “the victim.” During questioning, the
prosecutor and the LAPD witnesses also referred to Gabriel as
“the victim.” During closing argument, the prosecutor referred to
Gabriel variously as “Gabriel,” “Mr. Ortega,” and “John Doe.”
The prosecutor also discussed the attack itself during
closing argument, describing the altercation as a “one minute-
long . . . attack that occurred on Gabriel where multiple assaults
with a deadly weapon occurred.” The prosecutor said “it is one
continuous attack but there are multiple assaults that occur
during this attack”;4 the prosecutor also clarified “there is only
one assault with a deadly weapon charged in this case.”
4
The prosecutor broke the single charged assault into four
component assaults: (1) defendant takes out the knife and stands
over Gabriel while he lays on the ground; (2) defendant jabs
Gabriel twice as he is getting up the first time; (3) defendant
lunges at Gabriel with the knife; and (4) defendant stabs Gabriel.
The prosecutor argued the jury did not have to unanimously
agree all four of these components occurred. As the prosecutor
put it, “some of you might believe all four assaults happened.
Some of you might believe some assaults happened, some were
not assaults, right? That only the stabbing was an assault or
that only two of those four qualify under these elements as an
assault.” The prosecutor also stated, “the key is you do not have
to all unanimously agree on which one of those was an assault.”
The prosecutor said again that as long as all the jurors agreed an
5
Defendant objected that the prosecution’s argument
misstated the law. Defendant argued there was a “unanimity
issue” and the court should instruct the jury that it must
unanimously determine what act constituted the charged assault.
The prosecutor countered that there was a continuous course of
conduct and the jurors therefore did not have to agree on which
individual component of the conduct was an assault. The trial
court agreed it was a continuous course of conduct and did not
instruct on unanimity.
Before the jury retired to deliberate, the trial court
instructed the jurors (among other things) that “[a] deadly
weapon is any object, instrument or weapon that is inherently
deadly or one that is used in such a way that it is capable of
causing and likely to cause death or great bodily injury.”5
The jury found defendant guilty of assault with a deadly
weapon. Defendant moved for a new trial and argued he was
prejudiced by the lack of a unanimity instruction. The trial court
denied the motion, stating a rapidly occurring series of attacks in
a compressed time frame should be seen as one assault. The
court did recognize the People created ambiguity on the
unanimity issue by arguing there were four component assaults,
but the court believed there was no unanimity problem because it
was indisputable that the last of the acts, the actual stabbing,
assault occurred at some point during the continuous course of
conduct and all other elements were met, defendant was guilty.
5
The prosecution asked the trial court to include language
stating, “[a]n object is inherently deadly if it is deadly or
dangerous in the ordinary use for which it was designed.” The
trial court declined.
6
was by definition an assault with a deadly weapon. In the trial
court’s view, the only issue was whether defendant acted in self-
defense, but self-defense was not available as a matter of law
both because the defendant initiated the fight and because
defendant’s stabbing response was not a proportional use of force
in any event.
The court sentenced defendant to the upper term of four
years but suspended execution of the sentence and placed
defendant on two years’ probation with 364 days in county jail,
including credit for time served.
II. DISCUSSION
Defendant’s three arguments for reversal are unavailing.
First, the one-minute long assault was a continuous course of
conduct for which no unanimity instruction was required; the
prosecutor’s description of the altercation as being comprised of
four components did not change the nature of the charged crime.
Second, the trial court did not err, prejudicially or otherwise, by
declining to prevent the prosecutor or witnesses from referring to
Gabriel, who defendant admitted to stabbing, as the “victim.”
Third, though the People correctly concede it was error to instruct
the jury that the knife in question was an inherently deadly
weapon, the People are also right that the error was not
prejudicial under the test our Supreme Court articulated in
People v. Aledamat (2019) 8 Cal.5th 1 (Aledamat).
A. No Unanimity Instruction Was Required
“In a criminal case, a jury verdict must be unanimous.
[Citations.] . . . Additionally, the jury must agree unanimously
the defendant is guilty of a specific crime. [Citation.] Therefore,
7
cases have long held that when the evidence suggests more than
one discrete crime, either the prosecution must elect among the
crimes or the court must require the jury to agree on the same
criminal act. [Citations.]” (People v. Russo (2001) 25 Cal.4th
1124, 1132.) “This requirement of unanimity as to the criminal
act ‘is intended to eliminate the danger that the defendant will be
convicted even though there is no single offense which all the
jurors agree the defendant committed.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.) “[N]o
unanimity instruction is required[, however,] if the case falls
within the continuous-course-of-conduct exception, which arises
‘when the acts are so closely connected in time as to form part of
one transaction’ [citation], or ‘when . . . the statute contemplates
a continuous course of conduct of a series of acts over a period of
time’ [citation]. There also is no need for a unanimity instruction
if the defendant offers the same defense or defenses to the
various acts constituting the charged crime. [Citation.]” (People
v. Jennings (2010) 50 Cal.4th 616, 679; see also People v. Jo
(2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 1128, 1178.)
We review claims of instructional error de novo (People v.
Johnson (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 702, 707), and we hold no
unanimity instruction was required in this case because the
charged assault was a continuous course of conduct.
During the assault, defendant walked up to Gabriel,
obtained his attention by poking him with a sheathed knife,
unsheathed the knife, and jabbed Gabriel with it. A tussle
ensued and culminated in defendant stabbing Gabriel. This
entire interaction lasted just one minute, give or take. The
scenario here therefore fits comfortably in the category of
circumstances where courts have determined there is a
continuous course of conduct that does not require a unanimity
8
instruction. (People v. Williams (2013) 56 Cal.4th 630, 682
[unanimity instruction not required where the criminal acts
“‘took place within a very small window of time’”]; People v.
Hernandez (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 559, 573 [a continuous course
of conduct exists “when the same actor performs the same type
of conduct at the same place within a short period of time, such
that a jury cannot reasonably distinguish different instances of
conduct”] (Hernandez).)
Additionally, defendant claimed only one defense (self-
defense) to the conduct for which he was charged, no matter how
oddly the case was argued by the prosecutor. That is further
independent reason to conclude no unanimity instruction was
required. (See, e.g., People v. Williams, supra, 56 Cal.4th at 682
[no unanimity instruction required “‘when the defendant offers
essentially the same defense to each of the acts, and there is no
reasonable basis for the jury to distinguish between them’”];
Hernandez, supra, 217 Cal.App.4th at 573 [exception applies
“when a defendant proffers the same defense to multiple acts
because the return of a guilty verdict indicates that the jury
rejected the defendant’s defense in toto.”].)
Defendant’s arguments to avoid this conclusion are all
unpersuasive. He emphasizes the prosecution broke the assault
into four component assaults during closing argument, but the
prosecution did emphasize that there was only one charged
offense and there was no evidence (the prosecutor’s argument is
not evidence—as the jury was instructed) that multiple discrete
assaults occurred. Defendant also argues the unanimity
instruction was required because he had different available
defenses to certain components of the crime identified by the
prosecution and he believes the jury could have rationally
9
concluded there was reasonable doubt regarding whether
defendant acted in self-defense as to some of the prosecution-
identified acts. The defenses defendant describes, however, do
not amount to the sort of distinct defenses that have been found
to support a unanimity instruction. (See, e.g., People v. Davis
(2005) 36 Cal.4th 510, 562 [“the potential defenses to the two acts
of robbery were entirely different: as to the car, the defense was
that Boyd was not legally in possession of it; as to the rings, the
defense was that its taking constituted only the lesser included
crime of theft”]; Hernandez, supra, 217 Cal.App.4th at 574
[defense to one alleged incident of possession was that defendant
did not have a gun; defense to another was that defendant did not
have dominion or control over the gun].)
B. The Trial Court Did Not Err by Declining to Order
the Prosecutor and Witnesses to Refrain from
Referring to Gabriel as the “Victim”
A century and a half ago, in People v. Williams (1860) 17
Cal. 142 (Williams), the defendant argued a jury instruction
referring to the deceased subject of the case as a “victim”
prejudiced the jury against him in his murder trial. (Id. at 146.)
Our antebellum Supreme Court ultimately reversed on other
grounds, but the Williams court cautioned that the use of “[t]he
word victim, in the connection in which it appears, is an
unguarded expression, calculated, though doubtless
unintentionally, to create prejudice against the accused.” (Id. at
147.) The court stated it was improper for the trial court to have
used the word “victim” when instructing the jury because “[i]t
seems to assume that the deceased was wrongfully killed, when
10
the very issue was as to the character of the killing.” (Id. at 147-
148.)
In the 1900s, our Supreme Court returned to the issue of
the word “victim” in People v. Wolfe (1954) 42 Cal.2d 663 (Wolfe).
There, the defendant and prosecutor referred to the deceased as
“the victim” during the defendant’s cross-examination. (Id. at
666.) The defendant argued the prosecutor’s use of the term
“victim” assumed the defendant’s guilt and created reversible
error, but our Supreme Court disagreed. (Ibid.) In doing so, it
distinguished Williams on the grounds that in Wolfe it was the
prosecutor—not the trial court—who referred to the deceased as
the victim. (Ibid.) The court also stated the jury was properly
told it was the sole judge of the value and effect of evidence and
correctly instructed on the reasonable doubt standard. (Ibid.)
Relying on Williams, defendant contends the trial court
abused its discretion by denying his motion in limine to exclude
reference to Gabriel as the “victim.” Williams, however, is
inapposite. Here, as in Wolfe, the trial court made no unqualified
reference to Gabriel as a “victim”; it was the prosecutor and the
testifying police officers who used the term.6 The distinction is
important, and Wolfe is the controlling precedent here. There
was no error.
C. The “Inherently Deadly” Knife Instruction Was
Harmless
To find a defendant guilty of assault with a deadly weapon,
a jury must find, among other things, the defendant “did an act
6
As we already detailed, the prosecutor also did not
uniformly refer to Gabriel as the “victim” either.
11
with a deadly weapon that by its nature would directly and
probably result in the application of force to a person.” (Pen.
Code, §§ 240, 245, subd. (a)(1); People v. Williams (2001) 26
Cal.4th 779; CALCRIM No. 875.) The court here instructed the
jury with former CALCRIM No. 875, which defined “deadly
weapon” as follows: “A deadly weapon other than a firearm is any
object, instrument, or weapon that is inherently deadly or one
that is used in such a way that it is capable of causing and likely
to cause death or great bodily injury.”
“An ‘“inherently deadly or dangerous”’ weapon is a term of
art describing objects that are deadly or dangerous in ‘“the
ordinary use for which they are designed,”’ that is, weapons that
have no practical nondeadly purpose.” (People v. Stutelberg
(2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 314, 318-319.) Because a knife has
ordinary, innocent purposes such as cutting food or other items, it
is not an inherently deadly weapon. (Aledamat, supra, 8 Cal.5th
at 6.) It may, however, be a deadly weapon within the meaning
of section 245, subdivision (a)(1) when used in a manner capable
of causing and likely to cause death or great bodily injury.
(People v. Brown (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1, 7.)
Defendant argues, and the People concede, it was error for
the trial court to instruct the jury that a knife could be an
inherently deadly weapon. (Aledamat, supra, 8 Cal.5th at 6-7.)
While the theory that the knife was used in a manner capable of
causing and likely to cause death or great bodily injury was
legally correct, the theory that the knife was inherently deadly
was not.
The parties disagree on whether the conceded error
requires reversal. The “alternative-theory error [here] is subject
to the . . . Chapman harmless error test.” (Aledamat, supra, 8
12
Cal.5th at 13.) Accordingly, we “must reverse the conviction
unless, after examining the entire cause, including the evidence,
and considering all relevant circumstances, [we] determine[ ] the
error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Ibid.)
We conclude, following Aledamat, that the error was indeed
harmless. That case involved the same error in former
CALCRIM No. 875 that we have here, and our Supreme Court
held the error was harmless based on a “number of
circumstances.” (Aledamat, supra, 8 Cal.5th at 13.) One of those
circumstances was the wording of former CALCRIM No. 875
itself, which juxtaposed “inherently deadly” with “used in such a
way that it is capable of causing injury and likely to cause death
or . . . great bodily injury” such that the instruction “at least
indicates what the ‘inherently deadly’ language was driving at.”
(Aledamat, supra, at 13-14.) Our Supreme Court also looked to
the prosecution’s closing argument in that case and found it was
unlikely the jury would view the weapon at issue there (a box
cutter) as inherently deadly without considering how it was used,
emphasizing that “no one ever suggested to the jury that there
were two separate ways it could decide whether the box cutter
was a deadly weapon.” (Id. at 14.) The Supreme Court
additionally found it significant that the box cutter’s status as a
deadly weapon was not really a point of contention: while the
defense attorney did not concede the box cutter was a deadly
weapon, the attorney also did not argue it was not. (Ibid.)
These same circumstances are present here. Aledamat’s
point about the juxtaposition of the wording in CALCRIM No.
875 applies equally in this case. In addition, neither the
prosecution nor the defense “suggested to the jury that there
were two separate ways it could decide whether the [knife] was a
13
deadly weapon.” (Aledamat, supra, 8 Cal.5th at 14.) In closing
argument, the prosecution simply asserted the knife was a deadly
weapon with no further embellishment as to the reason and the
defense did not contest the point during its closing argument.
(Ibid. [“counsel never argued that, if he did assault the victim
with the box cutter, the box cutter was not a deadly weapon”].)
Furthermore, Aledamat reasoned it would have been
impossible for the jury not to find the box cutter was capable of
causing and likely to cause death or bodily injury based on other
facts the jury necessarily found, i.e., that “(1) defendant did an
act with a deadly weapon (either inherently or as used) that by
its nature would directly and probably result in the application of
force; (2) defendant was aware of facts that would lead a
reasonable person to realize that his act by its nature would
directly and probably result in the application of force to
someone; and (3) defendant had the present ability to apply force
with a deadly weapon to a person.” (Aledamat, supra, 8 Cal.5th
at 15; see also ibid. [“‘No reasonable jury that made all of these
findings could have failed to find’ that defendant used the box
cutter in a way that is capable of causing or likely to cause death
or great bodily injury”].) The jury here made the same findings
as the jury in Aledamat. It similarly must have found defendant
used the knife “in a way that is capable of causing or likely to
cause death or great bodily injury.” (Ibid.)
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
BAKER, Acting P. J.
We concur:
MOOR, J.
KIM, J.
15