Andrews v. Andrews

[Cite as Andrews v. Andrews, 2022-Ohio-3854.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
OTTAWA COUNTY

Amanda A. Andrews Court of Appeals No. OT-21-020

Appellant Trial Court No. 2017 DR 136

v.

Bridget R. Andrews DECISION AND JUDGMENT

Appellee Decided: October 28, 2022

*****

Amanda A. Andrews, Pro se.

*****

OSOWIK, J.

I. Introduction

{¶ 1} This appeal arises from the July 6, 2021 judgment of the Ottawa County

Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, ordering appellant to serve a 60-

day jail term after failing to purge contempt findings against her. Appellant was
previously found in contempt for violating the trial court’s November 26, 2019 judgment

entry granting her a divorce from her now ex-wife, appellee Bridget Andrews. For the

following reasons we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

A. Facts and Procedural Background

{¶ 2} On October 14, 2020, appellant was found in contempt of court for violating

the obligations imposed upon her in the trial court’s November 26, 2019 divorce decree.

In the decree, the trial court awarded appellee $65,000 in attorney’s fees and $12,293.15

as a distributive award pursuant to R.C. 3105.171. The trial court also ordered appellant

to “refinance [a jointly owned property’s] mortgage such that [appellee’s] name is

removed from the debt as soon as possible” or, if unable to do so, list the property for

sale, in accordance with a previous order of the trial court.

{¶ 3} On December 6, 2019, appellee filed a post-decree motion for contempt.1 In

her motion, appellee alleged that appellant had not paid the monetary amounts awarded to

her in the divorce decree and had not refinanced the mortgage on the jointly owned

property or listed the property for sale. Following subsequent, voluminous filings by

both parties, appellee’s contempt motion ultimately proceeded to a two-day hearing on

August 24, 2021 and August 25, 2021. At that hearing, the trial court found appellant in

1
Appellee’s motion included eight alleged bases on which appellant was in contempt of
her obligations under the divorce decree. Appellee filed a second motion for contempt on
March 24, 2020, alleging two additional claims for contempt. All but three of the claims
from appellee’s first motion, and the entirety of appellee’s second motion, were
subsequently withdrawn and are not part of this appeal.

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contempt for failing to pay appellee’s attorney’s fees and the distributive award, and for

failing to refinance the mortgage or list the property for sale. The trial court ordered

appellant to serve a 60-day jail term as a sanction for her contempt. However, the trial

court granted appellant a period of 90 days in which to purge her contempt and avoid the

jail term by complying with the decree. The trial court’s findings were memorialized in a

judgment entry on October 14, 2020. Appellant immediately appealed the trial court’s

contempt findings. That appeal was ultimately dismissed on May 18, 2021, because

appellant failed to file a brief despite this court having granted her multiple extensions of

time to do so.

{¶ 4} On June 3, 2021, appellee filed a motion alleging that appellant had not

purged her contempt and sought imposition of the sanction identified in the trial court’s

October 14, 2020 order—the 60-day jail term. Appellee’s motion proceeded to a purge

hearing on July 6, 2021. At the hearing, the trial court determined that appellant had not

purged the contempt finding and ordered her to serve the 60-day jail term. The trial court

memorialized its findings in a judgment entry that same day. Appellant timely appealed

and asserts the following errors for our review.

B. Assignments of Error

1. Appellee’s ‘Motion for Contempt(s)’ filed on or about

December 6, 2019 and March 24, 2020 were not in accordance with

statutory mandates and were not properly served upon appellant, therefore

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 the July 7, 2021 imposition of sentence hearing was not properly before the

court.

2. The trial court erroneously found appellant in contempt of court

for the failure to pay the ‘distributive award’ outlined in the judgment entry

of divorce, which had been previously reduced to a civil judgment/debt.

3. The trial court abused its discretion in finding appellant in

contempt of court without first conducting a plenary hearing in compliance

with O.R.C. 2705.05.

4. The trial court’s denial of counsel to appellant during the

imposition of sentence phase was an abuse of discretion.

5. The 60 day jail sentence imposed for contempt is disproportionate

to the alleged offense and is overly punitive.

Because they are related, and resolved through the same analysis, we address appellant’s

first three assignments of error together.

II. Law and Analysis

1. Appellant waived any challenge to trial court’s contempt findings when she
failed to appeal the trial court’s decision.

{¶ 5} In her first assignment of error, appellant argues that appellee’s motions for

contempt were never properly before the court because she was not served by certified

U.S. mail with copies of the post-decree motions as required under Civ.R. 75. In her

second assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in finding her in

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contempt of court for failing to pay the distributive award granted to appellee in the

divorce decree. In her third assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred

when it found her in contempt without holding a hearing required under R.C. 2705.05.

Each of these issues relates to the trial court’s initial contempt finding on October 14,

2020, rather than the imposition of the contempt sanctions on July 6, 2021. Appellant is

barred from raising these issues in the present appeal.

{¶ 6} To reach this conclusion, we first address the precise procedural nature

under which the contempt findings were made—specifically, whether the contempt

proceedings were criminal or civil in nature. “We determine the nature of contempt

proceedings, primarily, based on the purpose the trial court sought to accomplish in

imposing the sanction.” State v. Arnold, 6th Dist. Lucas Nos. L-20-1007, L-20-1008,

2020-Ohio-3749, ¶ 11. “If the sanction is remedial, or seeks to coerce conduct for the

benefit of the complainant and not the court, the proceeding is generally a civil contempt

proceeding.” Id. at ¶ 12. “‘Often, civil contempt is characterized by conditional

sanctions’ and the contemnor has the ability to avoid the sanction by complying with the

court’s order.” Id. “In contrast, a criminal contempt proceeding involves a sanction

meant to punish and vindicate the court’s authority.” Id. at ¶ 13.

{¶ 7} Here, the record reflects that the trial court found appellant in contempt of

court on October 14, 2020, for failing to comply with the obligations imposed upon her in

the November 26, 2019 divorce decree. While finding her in contempt, the trial provided

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appellant with 90 days in which to purge the contempt finding by complying with her

obligations. The trial court ultimately held that appellant had not purged her contempt

and imposed the conditional 60-day jail term as a sanction on July 7, 2021. Because the

trial court granted appellee the opportunity to purge the contempt finding rather than

immediately imposing punishment, it is clear that the trial court’s purpose in finding

appellant in contempt was to coerce her to comply with the divorce decree for appellee’s

benefit, not to punish appellant and vindicate the court’s authority. Therefore, appellant’s

contempt proceedings were civil in nature and we address her first, second, and third

assignments of error in that context.

{¶ 8} In civil contempt proceedings, there are two judgments subject to appellate

review. First, the trial court’s initial finding that the contemnor is in contempt constitutes

a final, appealable order. Docks Venture, LLC v. Dashing Pacific Group, Ltd., 141 Ohio

St.3d 107, 2014-Ohio-4254, 22 N.E.3d 1035, ¶ 23. “[T]he question of contempt is

decided at a contempt hearing, where an alleged contemnor ‘will have had the

opportunity to defendant against the contempt charges and otherwise object to or appeal

from a finding of contempt and any purge conditions.’” Id. at ¶ 20, citing Liming v.

Damos, 133 Ohio St.3d 509, 2012-Ohio-4783, 979 N.E.2d 297 (emphasis sic.). A

contempt finding following that initial hearing is the subject of a civil contemnor’s first

appeal. Id. at ¶ 23.

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 {¶ 9} In addition to appeal of the initial contempt finding, a contemnor has a

second right to appeal from a sentence imposed following a purge hearing. “[A]t a purge

hearing, ‘the propriety of the contempt finding or the purge conditions is not in question,’

and the hearing is limited to determining whether the contemnor complied with

conditions imposed for purging contempt.” Id. (emphasis added). Therefore, the

contemnor then has a subsequent avenue for appeal following a trial court’s

determination that they have failed to comply with the purge order and imposing a

sentence on the contempt finding. Id. The appeal from that purge hearing, however,

does not include the propriety of the initial finding of contempt as that issue was

previously final and appealable at the time it was made. Id. at ¶ 23.

{¶ 10} In her first three assignments of error, appellant argues that the trial court

lacked personal jurisdiction over her regarding the contempt proceedings due to lack of

service, that the trial court erred in finding her in contempt for failing to pay the

distributive award granted to appellee in the divorce decree, and that the trial court failed

to hold a hearing sufficient to satisfy the requirements of R.C. 2705.05. Each of these

arguments relate to the trial court’s initial contempt finding in its October 14, 2020 order.

In light of Docks, that order was final and appealable and, pursuant to App.R. 4(A)(1),

appellant was obligated to appeal that decision within 30 days.

{¶ 11} Appellant did seek review of that decision by filing a notice of appeal at the

conclusion of the August 25, 2020 hearing. That appeal was assigned case No. OT-20-

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017. Appellant’s notice indicated that she sought review of both the trial court’s May 4,

2020 order and another judgment “unjournalized at the time of the filing”—subsequently

identified as trial court’s contempt finding.2 Appellant filed an amended notice of appeal

on October 21, 2020, that included the October 14, 2020 entry finding her in contempt.

Appellant did not seek leave to amend her notice of appeal prior to filing the amended

notice as required by App.R. 3(F). On February 5, 2021, we granted appellant 14 days to

seek leave to amend her notice of appeal. Appellant filed her motion for leave to amend

on February 23, 2021. On April 27, 2021, we granted her motion and deemed her

amended notice of appeal of the trial court’s October 14, 2021 contempt order as being

timely filed.

{¶ 12} Contemporaneous with appellant’s attempts to file a proper notice of

appeal, the record on appeal was filed with this court on September 4, 2020. Pursuant to

App.R. 18(A), appellant was required to file her brief within 20 days of receiving notice

of filing of the record. Appellant failed to timely file her brief or seek an extension of

that time. On December 9, 2020, we sua sponte granted appellant leave to file a brief

within 10 days or to show cause why her appeal should not be dismissed. On

2
Appellant previously sought to appeal the trial court’s May 4, 2020 judgment in case
No. OT-20-009. We dismissed that appeal finding that the trial court’s decision was a
legal nullity not subject to appeal. On February 5, 2021, we again dismissed appellant’s
appeal of that decision in case No. OT-20-017 for this same reason.

8.
December 29, 2020, appellant sought an order from this court to remand this matter for a

rehearing on the contempt findings alleging that the transcripts of the August 25, 2020

hearing could not be located and, she argued, precluded this court’s review of the trial

court’s order. On January 11, 2021, we granted appellant 40 days to supplement the

record in accordance with App.R. 9 and to file her brief within 21 days of

supplementation. We informed appellant that this was a final extension of time as to the

filing of her brief and that the failure to comply would result in dismissal of her appeal.

The supplemental record, including the relevant transcripts, was filed on February 22,

2021. As a result, appellant’s brief was due 21 days later. Appellant failed to file a brief

and we dismissed her appeal on May 18, 2021.

{¶ 13} In sum, appellant previously appealed the trial court’s October 14, 2020

order finding her in contempt of court. That initial appeal provided appellant with the

opportunity to challenge the trial court’s contempt findings. Docks, 41 Ohio St.3d 107,

2014-Ohio-4254, 22 N.E.3d 1035, at ¶ 23. However, appellant failed to comply with this

court’s orders or the Ohio Rules of Appellate Procedure to properly invoke this court’s

review of those issues, resulting in dismissal of that appeal.

{¶ 14} Appellant now requests that this court review the trial court’s October 14,

2020 contempt order in this subsequent appeal. We are precluded from conducting that

review under the doctrine of res judicata. “The doctrine of res judicata is defined as ‘a

valid final judgment, rendered upon the merits that bars all subsequent actions based

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upon any claims arising out of the transaction or occurrence that was the subject matter of

the previous action.’” State v. Mitchell, 187 Ohio App.3d 315, 2010-Ohio-1766, 931

N.E.2d 1157, ¶ 16 (6th Dist.), citing Grava v. Parkman Twp., 73 Ohio St.3d 379, 653

N.E.2d 226 (1995). Regarding successive appeals, issues that could have been raised on

direct appeal and were not, are res judicata “and not subject to review in subsequent

proceedings.” State v. Saxon, 109 Ohio St.3d 176, 2006-Ohio-1245, 846 N.E.2d 824, ¶

16. Because Docks establishes that a contempt finding constitutes a final appealable

order, a party that fails to appeal that order waives their right to dispute the contempt

findings following the imposition of sentence for failing to satisfy the purge conditions.

See Bostick v. Bostick, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2014-CA-22, 2015-Ohio-455, ¶ 13.

{¶ 15} Appellant’s initial attempt to appeal the trial court’s October 14, 2020

contempt finding was dismissed as a result of her own conduct. As a result, the trial

court’s contempt finding, a final appealable order at the time it was entered, remains a

final order and is not subject to our review in this subsequent proceeding. Id. By waiting

to address the trial court’s October 14, 2021 contempt findings until after the imposition

of sentence following the purge hearing, appellant has waived our review of those issues.

Bostick at ¶ 13. For these reasons, appellant’s first, second, and third assignments of

error are found not well-taken.

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 2. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s oral
motion to continue the purge hearing..

{¶ 16} In her fourth assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred

when it proceeded with her purge hearing without counsel present. She argues that she

had “an absolute right to be represented during the hearing, as well as ALL phases of the

contempt proceedings” pursuant to the 6th and 14th Amendments to the United States

Constitution and Section 10, Article 1 of the Ohio Constitution. (emphasis sic).

Therefore, she argues, the trial court’s failure to continue the hearing until her counsel

could be present denied her the constitutional right to counsel and constitutes reversible

error.

{¶ 17} Before addressing the merits of appellant’s argument, we must correct a

fundamental misstatement in appellant’s brief—that is, whether an accused contemnor

has a constitutional right to counsel at all stages of civil contempt proceedings. The Ohio

Supreme Court addressed this precise issue in Liming v. Damos, 133 Ohio St.3d 509,

2012-Ohio-4783, 979 N.E.2d 297. There, the court noted that an alleged contemnor is

entitled to counsel at the initial contempt hearing for contempt allegations for failing to

comply with support orders as described in R.C. 2705.031. Id. at 16 (holding that party

11.
alleged to be in contempt of support and visitation orders is entitled to notice regarding

their right to counsel).3

{¶ 18} However, relevant to this appeal, Liming held that neither the right to

counsel in criminal proceedings established in the Sixth Amendment to the United States

Constitution or Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution, nor the Due Process

Clauses of the Ohio and United States Constitutions, guaranteed the right to counsel in a

civil contempt purge hearing. Id. at syllabus, ¶ 23, 32. Specifically, the court held that a

purge hearing retains the “civil nature of [the contempt] proceeding.” Id. at ¶ 18. As a

result, the constitutional right to counsel in criminal proceedings does not apply to civil

contempt purge hearings. Id. at ¶ 23; see also Segovia v. Likens, 179 Ohio App.3d 256,

2008-Ohio-5896, 179 Ohio App.3d 256 (10th Dist.) (holding that contemnor was not

entitled to counsel at purge hearing as he was not facing imprisonment but merely

enforcement of previous contempt order), Bostick at ¶ 10; Souders v. Souders, 1st Dist.

Hamilton No. C-150552, 2016-Ohio-3522, ¶ 17, citing Liming at syllabus.

{¶ 19} Importantly, we note that this conclusion is limited to civil contempt purge

hearings. An alleged contemnor remains entitled to counsel at a show cause hearing at

which the trial court may impose a term of confinement as a sanction for their contempt.

It is at the original contempt hearing that the threat of imprisonment, and the actual

3
Appellee’s contempt allegations related to non-payment of child support were
withdrawn at the August 25, 2020 hearing. As a result, appellant’s right to counsel at the
contempt finding pursuant to R.C. 2705.031 is not at issue in this appeal.

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imposition of sentence occurs. Liming at ¶ 17. The actual imposition of sentence

demands the procedural safeguards incumbent with the constitutional right to counsel.

Id. at ¶ 28. This is not the case at the purge hearing as the threat of imprisonment has

passed, it is only whether the contemnor has satisfied the purge conditions to avoid

enforcement of that punishment that remains. Id. at ¶ 45. For these reasons, there is no

constitutional right to counsel at a civil contempt purge hearing. Id. at syllabus, ¶ 23, 32.

{¶ 20} As the trial court’s denial of appellant’s motion to continue her purge

hearing to obtain counsel did not violate her claimed constitutional right to counsel, we

turn to appellant’s argument that the trial court nevertheless abused its discretion when it

denied her oral motion to continue the hearing. At the purge hearing, appellant made her

entire argument as to why her contempt sentence should not be enforced—that is, an

alleged lack of service and improper imposition of contempt order on a civil judgment—

and was given the opportunity to cross-examine appellee to show that she had, indeed,

purged the contempt conditions. Appellant only conditionally requested the presence of

her counsel at the conclusion of her argument stating “[s]hould the court not find [her

argument] appropriate, I’d ask for it—time to get counsel.” The trial court did not

address appellant’s oral motion and found appellant had failed to satisfy the conditions of

the contempt order. By entering judgment without ruling on the motion, we presume the

motion was denied. See State v. El-Amin, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-21-1175, 2022-Ohio-

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2905, ¶ 8. Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying her

motion to continue.

{¶ 21} An abuse of discretion is more than an error of law or judgment; it implies

an attitude by the court which is arbitrary, unreasonable or unconscionable.” In re. Estate

of Riddle, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-21-041, 2022-Ohio-644, ¶ 20, citing Blakemore v.

Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). At the purge hearing,

appellant was given the opportunity to cross-examine appellee and to make a full

argument as to why the imposition of sentence should not be enforced. She only

requested the appearance of her counsel after having provided the trial court with her

complete defense to the purge conditions and, only wanted counsel if the trial court

planned to rule against her. We find that the trial court’s denial of this limited request, at

the conclusion of the hearing following the presentation of evidence, was not arbitrary,

unreasonable, or unconscionable. As a result, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

denying appellant’s motion and her fourth assignment of error is found not well-taken.

3. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing a 60-day jail
term on appellant’s failure to purge the conditions of her contempt.

{¶ 22} In her fifth assignment of error, appellant argues that the 60-day jail term is

disproportionate to the conduct supporting the contempt finding and is overly punitive.

We review civil contempt orders under an abuse of discretion standard. State ex rel.

Cincinnati Enquirer v. Hunter, 138 Ohio St.3d 51, 2013-Ohio-5614, ¶ 21.

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 {¶ 23} Appellant offers no specific argument regarding the alleged error but

simply states that the “record herein” reflects the excessive nature of her sentence.

Having reviewed that record, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

imposing the 60-day jail term as a sanction for appellant’s contempt.

{¶ 24} “The purpose of sanctions in a case of civil contempt is to coerce [the]

contemnor in order to obtain compliance with the lawful orders of the court.” In re.

M.O.E.W., 6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-18-030, 2019-Ohio-5364, ¶ 13, citing State v.

Kilbane, 61 Ohio St.2d 201, 205, 400 N.E.2d 386 (1980). Here, the record shows that

appellant failed to comply with three separate obligations arising from the divorce

decree—to pay appellee’s attorney’s fees, to pay the distributive award, and to refinance

the parties’ jointly owned property or list it for sale. In the divorce decree, the trial court

explicitly found that the monetary awards were granted to appellee, in part, as a result of

appellant’s conduct during the divorce proceedings. Appellant also made no effort to

refinance the mortgage or list the property for sale. After finding appellant in contempt,

the trial court provided her with 90 days to purge her contempt by complying with its

orders. Despite nearly a year-long delay between the contempt findings and the purge

hearing, appellant still failed to comply with these orders and was ultimately ordered to

serve a 60-day jail term.

{¶ 25} Having reviewed the record, we find no support for appellee’s argument

that the 60-day jail term is excessive. The trial court’s order was reflective of the

15.
habitual nature of appellant’s conduct and was not the result of the trial court’s arbitrary,

unreasonable, or unconscionable attitude. Therefore, appellant has not shown that the

trial court abused its discretion in finding that she failed to purge her contempt and

ordering her to serve the 60-day jail term as a consequence of that failure. For these

reasons, we find appellant’s fifth assignment of error not well-taken.

III. Conclusion

{¶ 26} We find each of appellant’s assignments of error not well-taken. We

therefore affirm the July 6, 2021 judgment of the Ottawa County Court of Common

Pleas, Domestic Relations Division. The stay of contempt sentence issued July 8, 2021,

is also lifted.

{¶ 27} Appellant is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant to App.R. 24.

Judgment affirmed.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

16.
 Amanda A. Andrews
v. Bridget R. Andrews
OT-21-020

Thomas J. Osowik, J. ____________________________
JUDGE
Gene A. Zmuda, J.
____________________________
Myron C. Duhart, P.J. JUDGE
CONCUR.
____________________________
JUDGE

This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.

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