NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 21-3372
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
JOHN W. BARRY, JR.,
Appellant
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On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. No. 1-20-cr-00744-001)
District Judge: Honorable Robert B. Kugler
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Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
on September 22, 2022
Before: AMBRO, RESTREPO, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges
(Filed: November 3, 2022)
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OPINION*
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*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and under I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute
binding precedent.
FUENTES, Circuit Judge.
John Barry, Jr., proceeding pro se on appeal, challenges his criminal convictions on
a number of grounds, including a lack of jurisdiction. None of his arguments are
meritorious, and most are frivolous. We therefore will affirm his convictions.
I.
Barry conspired with others to promote a “mortgage recovery” scheme in which he
and his co-conspirators helped clients obtain tax refunds from the Internal Revenue Service
(“IRS”) for fraudulent claims. To carry out the scheme, Barry and his co-conspirators
created false IRS Forms 1099-MISC1 for Barry’s clients and caused these forms to be filed
with the IRS. The forms falsely reported that the clients’ mortgage lenders, or mortgage
processing companies, paid income to the clients, and withheld and paid to the IRS
substantial taxes from this purported income. In truth, the clients did not receive any
payments or income from their mortgage lenders, and no taxes were ever withheld from
the fictitious income or paid to the IRS. Barry also collaborated with a co-conspirator to
prepare the clients’ individual tax returns using the false forms, which were then filed with
the IRS. The IRS issued tax refunds totaling more than $3 million based on these false
forms.
Barry was indicted on fourteen criminal counts. After a trial, the jury found Barry
guilty on thirteen of those counts: one count of conspiracy to defraud the United States, in
1
Individuals and entities normally use Form 1099-MISC to report payments to non-
employees in the course of their trade or business, and to report any federal income tax
withheld from the payment and paid to the IRS.
2
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; ten counts of assisting in the preparation of a false tax return,
in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7206(2); one count of obstructing the administration of the
internal revenue laws, in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7212(a); and one count of failing to file
an individual income tax return, in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7203. The District Court
sentenced Barry to 144 months in prison, followed by three years’ supervised release, and
ordered him to pay more than $4.2 million in restitution. He timely appealed and is
proceeding pro se on appeal.2
II.
The Government characterizes Barry’s opening brief as “almost completely
incoherent.”3 This description is accurate. However, we construe pleadings by pro se
litigants liberally and hold them to a less stringent standard than formal pleadings drafted
by lawyers.4 Under a liberal review of Barry’s pro se brief, we identify several arguments
that Barry raises. We review these arguments in two groups: (1) challenges to jurisdiction,
and (2) other arguments.
A.
Barry’s main arguments challenge the jurisdiction of the District Court. “We
scrutinize jurisdictional questions and legal conclusions under a plenary standard of
2
Barry was represented by appointed counsel in the District Court, despite his attempts to
proceed pro se. This Court appointed appellate counsel for Barry, but he waived his right
to counsel and has elected to represent himself on appeal.
3
Gov’t Br. at 6.
4
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976); Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972).
3
review.”5 First, Barry argues that the District Court did not have personal jurisdiction over
him. He asserts that he is not subject to federal criminal tax statutes or the jurisdiction of
the United States because of his purported legal and political status, including because he
alleges that he renounced his U.S. citizenship.6
“A federal district court has personal jurisdiction to try any defendant brought
before it on a federal indictment charging a violation of federal law.”7 It is undisputed that
Barry was indicted and appeared before the District Court throughout his prosecution,
including during his jury trial. The District Court thus had personal jurisdiction over him.
Second, Barry argues that the District Court did not have subject-matter jurisdiction
over his criminal case. He asserts that the Government failed to provide any factual
evidence to establish jurisdiction. He also asserts that the District Court refused to disclose
its jurisdiction to adjudicate the case, and did not have the Government provide proof of
jurisdiction in an evidentiary hearing.
5
Sistrunk v. Rozum, 674 F.3d 181, 186 (3d Cir. 2012).
6
Barry repeatedly asserts that he is not a U.S. citizen, and instead identifies himself in
various ways, including as an “unincorporated American National,” an “American
National State Citizen,” an “unincorporated natural man,” and a “New Jerseyan.” He
insists, however, that he is not making a “sovereign citizen” argument.
7
United States v. Rendon, 354 F.3d 1320, 1326 (11th Cir. 2003); see also United States v.
McLaughlin, 949 F.3d 780, 781 (2d Cir. 2019) (per curiam); United States v. Pryor, 842
F.3d 441, 448 (6th Cir. 2016); United States v. Perez, 752 F.3d 398, 407 (4th Cir. 2014);
United States v. Marks, 530 F.3d 799, 810 (9th Cir. 2008); United States v. Lussier, 929
F.2d 25, 27 (1st Cir. 1991).
4
Federal district courts have original jurisdiction over all offenses against the laws of
the United States.8 This includes jurisdiction over federal tax offenses.9 Neither the
District Court nor the Government had to furnish proof of jurisdiction over Barry’s case
since the federal criminal charges against him were brought in the appropriate court with
original jurisdiction. Accordingly, the District Court had both personal and subject-matter
jurisdiction in Barry’s criminal case.10
B.
Barry raises several other legal arguments, none of which have any merit. He first
raises an affirmative defense of common-law misnomer, alleging that the person named as
the defendant in his criminal case is “John W. Barry Jr.” but that he is “John-Wesley-
jr.:Barry©”11 and thus not the named defendant. Barry provides several documents in his
appellate briefs that undermine his claim and show that he is in fact the defendant named
in the criminal case, regardless of whatever trade name he adopts.12
Barry also seems to raise a Brady violation. He asserts that the District Court
refused to allow him to introduce exculpatory evidence about his alleged legal status as
8
18 U.S.C. § 3231.
9
See United States v. Isenhower, 754 F.2d 489, 490 (3d Cir. 1985); see also United States
v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90, 91 (3d Cir. 1986) (finding that claims that the district court lacked
jurisdiction because he was not a “person” within meaning of the criminal tax statute was
frivolous).
10
We therefore have jurisdiction to consider this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
11
Barry also refers to himself as “John-Wesley-jr.:Barry,” without the copyright symbol.
12
For example, Barry provides his birth certificate, a certificate of assumed name, and
other documents that show his name as “John Wesley Barry Jr.”
5
“John-Wesley-jr.:Barry©,” and that this refusal deprived him of due process. Barry’s
argument fails on its face. Brady only applies to the non-disclosure of material,
exculpatory evidence by the Government.13 However, Barry does not allege that the
Government withheld any evidence in violation of Brady; he only alleges that he was not
permitted to introduce evidence about his alleged legal status as “John-Wesley-
jr.:Barry©.”
Next, Barry broadly asserts violations of due process. He argues that the
Government violated his due process rights because it did not give him notice or an
opportunity to cure his indiscretions prior to bringing the criminal case. However, the
statutes that Barry violated served as notice that his actions were unlawful. The
Government is not required to notify a person that he is breaking the law before the
Government prosecutes that person. Barry also argues that the Government violated his
due process rights by initiating the criminal case without establishing personal jurisdiction
over him, but we have already found that the District Court had personal jurisdiction. Barry
then argues that the District Court judge violated his due process rights by threatening to
hold him in contempt of court. The judge ordered Barry to be held in contempt but also
purged and vacated that order the same day. Without further explanation from Barry on
the facts or his specific argument, we cannot find that holding Barry in contempt of court
for less than a day violated his due process rights.14
13
See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963).
14
In his reply brief, Barry also argues that the Government’s failure to follow its own rules
and regulations denied him due process and constitutes an abuse of process, malicious
6
Barry suggests that the doctrine of laches weighs in his favor since the Government
allegedly waited years to prosecute him. However, the doctrine of laches is an affirmative
equitable defense in civil cases, not in criminal cases.15 Barry also suggests that a statute
may be void for vagueness, but he does not provide any arguments or specify which statute
he might be challenging. We cannot speculate or construct arguments on Barry’s behalf.
Barry asserts breach of contract, arguing that he is a claimant in an arbitration
agreement, that the IRS is bound to the terms and conditions of that agreement, and that
the IRS is currently in breach of contract and of its fiduciary duty. However, Barry does
not provide the alleged arbitration agreement or otherwise explain his breach-of-contract
argument.16 He also mentions admiralty law, arguing that he is not subject to admiralty
prosecution, intentional interference of the person, trespass, defamation of character, and
invasion of privacy. Since Barry failed to raise these arguments in his opening brief, this
Court need not consider them. See United States v. Pelullo, 399 F.3d 197, 222 (3d Cir.
2005) (“It is well settled that an appellant’s failure to identify or argue an issue in his
opening brief constitutes waiver of that issue on appeal.”).
15
See Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 572 U.S. 663, 678 (2014); In re Bressman,
874 F.3d 142, 149 (3d Cir. 2017).
16
The arbitration agreement that Barry provides is for another person, not for him.
Throughout his briefs, Barry also talks about the United States as a bankrupt corporation,
and discusses his relationship with the Government as that of a debtor and creditor, and
even as a franchisee. Barry’s characterizations demonstrate a profound misunderstanding
of basic facts and law, including the misconception that this is bankruptcy case rather than
a criminal case.
7
jurisdiction without a mutually-agreed contract or his informed consent. Admiralty law
clearly does not apply here.17
Finally, Barry makes several allegations about the district judge. He asserts that the
judge failed to show proof of his authority to act as a federal judge; that the judge ignored
evidence because of his monetary interest as part of a complex money laundering scheme
run through the federal courts; and that the judge violated the U.S. Constitution by
adjudicating a sham criminal trial. Barry does not provide any support for these radical
and frivolous claims, so we will not consider them.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm Barry’s convictions.
17
See, e.g., Jerome B. Grubart, Inc. v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 513 U.S. 527, 534
(1995) (explaining that the invocation of federal admiralty jurisdiction over a tort claim
requires “conditions both of location and of connection with maritime activity”); Foremost
Ins. Co. v. Richardson, 457 U.S. 668, 674 (1982) (“[T]he primary focus of admiralty
jurisdiction is unquestionably the protection of maritime commerce . . . .”).
8