[Cite as State v. Bailey, 2022-Ohio-4028.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-210584
TRIAL NO. B-2004719
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
: O P I N I O N.
VS.
:
RYAN BAILEY, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: November 14, 2022
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Mary Stier, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Sarah Nelson, Assistant
Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
CROUSE, Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Ryan Bailey, appeals the trial court’s denial of his
motion to suppress. In this case, we are asked to determine whether Bailey, who had
been stopped for a missing headlight, was surrounded and blocked-in by police
officers, ordered out of his car, handcuffed, patted down, and told that a K-9 unit
would be walked around his car, was “in custody” when he was questioned by an officer
without being informed of his Miranda rights. Because we agree that a reasonable
person in such a situation would have understood himself to be in custody, we hold
that the trial court should have granted Bailey’s motion to suppress.
Facts and Procedure
{¶2} On September 12, 2020, defendant-appellant Ryan Bailey was stopped
by Cincinnati Police in the parking lot of a Cincinnati Metropolitan Housing Authority
apartment complex in Cincinnati, Ohio. Officers searched his car and found
marijuana and a firearm.
{¶3} On September 17, 2020, Bailey was indicted on three counts: (1)
receiving stolen property in violation of R.C. 2913.51(A); (2) carrying a concealed
weapon in violation of R.C. 2923.12(A)(2); and (3) improperly handling a firearm in a
motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 2923.16(B). Each charge is a fourth-degree felony.
On July 7, 2021, Bailey filed a motion to suppress statements he made admitting to
the marijuana in the vehicle, and the other evidence found based on those statements.
{¶4} At the suppression hearing, Officer Tom Chiappone testified that
members of the gun task force had been dispatched to the parking lot around 11:30
p.m. to disperse “a large group gathering, [of people] using marijuana in the open.”
Officer Chiappone’s partner, Trent Meucci, testified that Bailey caught the attention of
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
an officer because he was trying to exit the lot “in a hurry.” Suspecting his exit was
precipitated by the police presence, an officer communicated this information over the
radio. Officers Chiappone and Meucci heard the call, saw the car, activated their lights,
and positioned their cruiser to block Bailey from exiting the parking lot. The officers
testified that they had observed a broken headlight on Bailey’s car prior to the stop.
{¶5} After relaying Bailey’s information to dispatch, officers learned that
Bailey had several open capiases for traffic offenses. Meucci asked Bailey to step out
of his vehicle and he placed Bailey in handcuffs while the capiases were being
investigated. Meucci testified that during the walk to his police cruiser, he:
advised [Bailey] that we were going to call and confirm the warrants;
that he wasn’t necessarily going to go to jail * * * I did ask him, maybe
twice, if there was anything in the vehicle. I made him aware that there
was a K-9 officer that was on scene. And I simply asked, if the K-9 did
an open-air sniff, would he hit on your vehicle? And he said, Yes, I have
weed in the car.
The body-camera footage, which was played at trial, largely confirms Meucci’s account
of the interaction and shows that there were at least three marked police cruisers and
five uniformed officers at the scene. While handcuffing Bailey, Meucci can be heard
saying, “Doesn’t mean you’re going to jail or anything, my friend. We gotta at least
check everything out.” Then, Meucci led Bailey towards his police cruiser. On the way
to the cruiser, Bailey was patted down as the following exchange occurred:
MEUCCI: You ain’t got anything on you, do you? Cause I’m going to
be checking–just let me know.
BAILEY: No.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
MEUCCI: Anything in the car?
BAILEY: No.
MEUCCI: You’re the registered owner, right?
BAILEY: Yes.
MEUCCI: So if the dog walked around your car it wouldn’t hit on
anything? Marijuana or anything like that?
BAILEY: I might – I have some weed in the car.
At this point, approximately three minutes had elapsed since Bailey’s car had been
stopped. A second officer, Officer Twehues, joined the pair, and asked:
TWEHUES: You have some weed in the car?
BAILEY: Yes.
TWEHUES: Where’s it at?
BAILEY: Under my radio
Meucci continued:
MEUCCI: If we can get you re-cited on these we’ll work with you man.
BAILEY: Okay
MEUCCI: There’s nothing in the car is there?
BAILEY: Just the weed.
MEUCCI: Just the weed? Okay cause they’re gonna check, alright? I’ll
get you in the car here in a second – [if it’s] something we can get you
re-cited on, we’ll definitely take care of you.
{¶6} Bailey was then placed in the back of the police cruiser, still in
handcuffs. Around the same time, police searched his vehicle and, in addition to the
marijuana, found a handgun under the driver’s seat that was discovered to be stolen.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Approximately 90 seconds after being put in the backseat, he was advised of his
Miranda rights.
{¶7} In his motion to suppress, Bailey argued that his statements admitting
to the marijuana in the vehicle, and any related evidence, must be suppressed pursuant
to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), because
he made the statements during a period of custodial interrogation, and prior to being
advised of his Miranda rights. He further argued that any evidence found based on
those statements must also be suppressed as “fruit of the poisonous tree.” See Wong
Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 484-489, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963). In
denying Bailey’s motion to suppress the trial court reasoned that “a reasonable person
would not conclude that the Defendant was in custody” because he was told that he
was not necessarily going to jail, there were no threats or intimidating comments made
to him, the intrusion was minimal, and the exchange was brief and to the point.1
{¶8} On October 21, 2021, Bailey withdrew his not-guilty plea and pleaded
no contest to all the charges. The court found him guilty as charged, and sentenced
him to three years of community control, including a residential term at River City
Correctional Center and postresidential community supervision. Bailey timely
appealed, and his sentence was stayed pending the appeal.
Law and Analysis
{¶9} In Bailey’s sole assignment of error, he contends that the trial court
erred when it denied his motion to suppress his statements about the marijuana in his
vehicle. The state contends that the motion was properly denied because Bailey was
1In reaching this conclusion, the trial court relied on ten factors set forth in State v. McCrary, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 18885, 2002-Ohio-396.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
not subject to custodial interrogation at the time of his admission, and thus a Miranda
warning was unnecessary.
{¶10} This court’s review of a motion to suppress is “ ‘a mixed question of law
and fact. We must accept the trial court’s findings of fact as true if competent, credible
evidence supports them. But we must independently determine whether the facts
satisfy the applicable legal standard.’ ” State v. Thompson, 1st Dist. Hamilton No.
C-200388, 2021-Ohio-3184, ¶ 10, quoting State v. Taylor, 174 Ohio App.3d 477,
2007-Ohio-7066, 882 N.E.2d 945, ¶ 11 (1st Dist.). We review de novo “ ‘whether the
facts satisfy the applicable legal standard.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio
St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8.
{¶11} Generally, when “police take a suspect into custody and then ask him
questions without informing him of [his Miranda rights], his responses cannot be
introduced into evidence to establish his guilt.” Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420,
429, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82 L.Ed.2d 317 (1984). Derivative evidence when “obtained by
exploitation of the illegal search or seizure,” known as fruit of the poisonous tree, also
cannot be introduced. State v. Pies, 140 Ohio App.3d 535, 541, 748 N.E.2d 146 (1st
Dist.2000); see Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 484-489, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441.
{¶12} The key issue in this case is whether Bailey was subject to custodial
interrogation such that the protections afforded by Miranda were triggered. In
Miranda, the Supreme Court defined custodial interrogation as “questioning initiated
by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise
deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way * * *.” Miranda, 384 U.S. 436,
86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694, first paragraph of the syllabus.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶13} While not all traffic stops trigger Miranda, “[i]f a motorist who has been
detained pursuant to a traffic stop thereafter is subjected to treatment that renders
him ‘in custody’ for practical purposes, he will be entitled to the full panoply of
protections prescribed by Miranda.” Berkemer at 440. In Berkemer, the United States
Supreme Court reasoned that traffic stops are unlike other forms of police questioning
because (1) the stops are “presumptively temporary and brief,” and (2) the stops are
“substantially less ‘police dominated.’ ” Id. at 439. Ultimately, the court held that “the
only relevant inquiry in determining whether a person is in custody is how a
reasonable man in the suspect’s position would have understood his situation.” Id. at
442 (holding that a defendant was not taken into custody where he was asked to step
out of the vehicle, was questioned about his drinking, and failed a field-sobriety test,
because he did not demonstrate that he was subjected to “restraints comparable to
those associated with a formal arrest.”); see City of Cleveland v. Oles, 152 Ohio St.3d
1, 2017-Ohio-5834, 92 N.E.3d 810, ¶ 30 (holding that the relevant inquiry is not
whether a person would have felt free to leave, but rather “whether a reasonable
person in the suspect's position would have understood himself or herself to be in
custody.” (Emphasis sic.)).
{¶14} The Ohio Supreme Court applied these principles in State v. Farris, 109
Ohio St.3d 519, 2006-Ohio-3255, 849 N.E.2d 985, ¶ 14, when it held that a defendant
was in custody after a routine traffic stop because the officer patted him down, took
his car keys, instructed him to sit in the front seat of his police car, and told the subject
that he was going to search his car because he smelled marijuana. Id. at ¶ 3. The court
reasoned that the defendant was “in custody for practical purposes” because “he had
no car keys and reasonably believed that he would be detained at least as long as it
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
would take for the officer to search his automobile.” Id. at ¶ 14. Thus, the defendant’s
admission about drug paraphernalia in the car, along with the paraphernalia itself,
was inadmissible. Id. at ¶ 48-49; compare State v. Leonard 1st Dist. Hamilton No.
C-060595, 2007-Ohio-3312, ¶ 22 (“[c]ompared to the facts in Farris, the intrusion * *
* was minimal” because the defendant sat in the front seat of the police cruiser, was
not handcuffed or patted down, and he kept his own keys); see State v. Lukjare, 5th
Dist. Ashland No. 15-COA-038, 2016-Ohio-4613, ¶ 37 (holding that defendant was not
in custody, despite being in the back of a police car because he was not handcuffed, his
keys were not taken, and he was not subject to lengthy detention); State v. Strozier,
172 Ohio App.3d 780, 2007-Ohio-4575, 876 N.E.2d 1304, ¶ 19 (2d Dist.) (holding that
the defendant was in custody where he was “ordered out of the vehicle by at least five
officers at gunpoint, told to lie on the ground, and handcuffed”).
{¶15} The state points to the factors set out in Oles, 152 Ohio St.3d 1, 2017-
Ohio-5834, 92 N.E.3d 810, to demonstrate the Bailey was not subject to police
interrogation. In Oles, the court synthesized prior decisions in Berkemer, Farris, and
others, and identified three factors to consider when faced with custodial interrogation
issues:
questioning a suspect during a traffic stop in the front seat of a police
vehicle does not rise to the level of a custodial interrogation when (1) the
intrusion is minimal, (2) the questioning and detention are brief, and
(3) the interaction is nonthreatening or nonintimidating.
Id. at ¶ 24.
{¶16} Notably though, Bailey was not yet in a police cruiser at the time of his
admission. So, while these factors are helpful, we also consider the factors set out by
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
the Seventh District in State v. Withrow, 2022-Ohio-2850, 194 N.E.3d 804 (7th Dist.).
In Withrow, the defendant was ordered out of the vehicle, patted down, and asked if
there was any contraband on his person. Id. at ¶ 4-5. Withrow denied having anything
on him, but apparently not believing him, the officer repeated back to him, “No?” Id.
at ¶ 4- 5. Withrow then admitted to having marijuana on his person. Id. at ¶ 5. He
was then handcuffed, taken away from his car, and told, “You’re not under arrest,
you’re being detained.” Id. at ¶ 46. The officer then asked, “Nothing else is on you but
the weed?” and told Withrow that “he intended to search every pocket and every
crevice of his body, and gave him what he referred to as the chance for ‘honesty hour,’
an opportunity to admit that he possessed any contraband that might be found in a
search.” Id. at ¶ 6. The officer then conducted a thorough search of his person and
found additional drugs, a methamphetamine pipe, and $287. Id. at ¶ 7. Based on these
statements and the evidence, his car was subsequently searched, and additional
contraband was found. Id. at ¶ 9. On appeal, the court reasoned that relevant factors
to consider when determining whether a subject was in custody for purposes of
Miranda included “whether the subject was handcuffed at time of the statement,” the
number of police officers on the scene, and how many times a specific question is
asked. Id. at ¶ 45. Considering all these factors, the court held that Withrow was in
custody at the time of his first admission—even before being handcuffed. Id. at ¶ 57.
Thus “all evidence, whether verbal or physical, obtained from the moment [the officer]
asked his first question [was] inadmissible.” Id.
{¶17} Here, it is undisputed that after Bailey exited his vehicle, he was
handcuffed, searched, and taken away from his vehicle to a police cruiser. At the time
of this interaction, there were at least five police officers and three police cruisers at
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
the scene. Bailey’s car was entirely blocked in. Despite the officer’s assurances that
Bailey was not necessarily going to jail, we hold that, considering the totality of the
circumstances, a reasonable person would have understood themselves to be in
custody at the time of Bailey’s admission.
{¶18} The intrusion here was not minimal. Although the interaction was brief,
Bailey was handcuffed, patted down, led away from his vehicle, and subjected to
repeated questioning about the contents of his vehicle, while headed for a police
cruiser.
{¶19} The environment was also threatening and intimidating because the
police presence at the scene was significant. Moreover, Bailey only admitted to having
marijuana in the vehicle after he was threatened that police would run a K-9 unit
around his car.2 Similar to the custodial interrogations in Farris and Withrow, police
suggested to Bailey that additional effort would be made to locate contraband in his
vehicle. (“So if the dog walked around your car it wouldn’t hit on anything? Marijuana
or anything like that?”).
{¶20} While the state contends that a K-9 open-air sniff is not the same as a
search, it is still reasonable to conclude that it would evoke a similar response from
someone in Bailey’s position. Unlike a typical traffic stop, this was precisely the “kind
of interrogation—designed to pressure a suspect to confess to illegal conduct—that was
of particular concern to the Supreme Court in Miranda.” See Oles, 152 Ohio St.3d 1,
2017-Ohio-5834, 92 N.E.3d 810, at ¶ 28 (noting that the police questioning in Farris,
wherein an officer “made it known that he suspected illegal conduct * * *, told [the
2The trial court’s entry denying the motion to suppress noted that “the drug dog was on scene and
ready to be used,” so we note that this was not an empty threat.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
suspect] that he would search the car, and then asked about [contraband] that he
might find in the car” exemplified a threatening and intimidating interaction).
{¶21} Similar to the defendant in Withrow, Bailey was handcuffed at the time
of his statement, at least five police officers were on the scene, and he was asked about
the presence of contraband multiple times before making his admission. See Withrow,
2022-Ohio-2850, 194 N.E.3d 804, at ¶ 45.
{¶22} Therefore, we hold that Bailey’s statement about the marijuana in his
vehicle was obtained in violation of Miranda and should have been suppressed, along
with the firearm found during the subsequent search. Consequently, we sustain
Bailey’s assignment of error, reverse the judgment of the trial court, and remand the
matter for further proceedings consistent with the law and this opinion.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
MYERS, P. J., and WINKLER, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
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