20-3772
Stegemann v. United States
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS
GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL
RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS
COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC
DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
City of New York, on the 18th day of November, two thousand twenty-two.
PRESENT:
JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,
RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
Circuit Judges,
MARY KAY VYSKOCIL,*
District Judge.
_____________________________________________
JOSHUA G. STEGEMANN,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 20-3772
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
___________________________________________
*Judge Mary Kay Vyskocil, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New
York, sitting by designation.
FOR PETITIONER-APPELLANT: RICHARD W. LEVITT (Zachary
Segal, on the brief), Levitt &
Kaizer, New York, NY.
FOR RESPONDENT-APPELLEE: RAJIT S. DOSANJH (Richard D.
Belliss, on the brief), Assistant
United States Attorneys, for
Carla B. Freedman, United
States Attorney for the
Northern District of New York,
Syracuse, NY.
Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Northern
District of New York (Gary L. Sharpe, Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the order of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Joshua Stegemann appeals from the district court’s order denying his
motion to vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. On appeal, Stegemann
argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel from his retained counsel,
Elizabeth Quigley, who represented him for portions of the pre-trial proceedings
and at trial, and from the Assistant Federal Defenders who represented him at the
post-trial proceedings, at sentencing, and on direct appeal. As to Quigley,
Stegemann argues that she erred by advising him to forgo a favorable plea deal
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and by failing to move to suppress evidence seized from his residence pursuant to
a search warrant on the grounds that the police unlawfully detonated a flash-bang
device upon entering his home. As to the Assistant Federal Defenders,
Stegemann argues that they erred post-verdict, by failing to seek the release of his
funds that were seized as substitute property under 21 U.S.C. § 853(p), which
allegedly prevented him from retaining the counsel of his choosing, and by
declining to challenge the use of his prior Massachusetts drug conviction as a
predicate for the career-offender enhancement under section 4B1.1 of the
Sentencing Guidelines. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying
facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal.
On appeal from the denial of a section-2255 motion, we review the district
court’s “factual findings for clear error and questions of law de novo.” Triana v.
United States, 205 F.3d 36, 40 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks and emphasis
omitted). The question of whether counsel provided ineffective assistance is a
mixed question of law and fact, which we review de novo. Id.
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, Stegemann must show that his
attorneys’ performance was both objectively unreasonable and prejudicial to his
defense. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88, 692 (1984).
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Stegemann can satisfy the first prong by demonstrating that his attorneys’
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under “prevailing
professional norms.” Id. at 688. He can satisfy the second prong by
demonstrating that there is a “reasonable probability” that, but for his attorneys’
“unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
Id. at 694. When determining whether counsel was ineffective, a court need not
address both prongs if the defendant fails to make a showing on either one. Id. at
697.
First, Stegemann argues that Quigley’s advice to reject the government’s
plea deal was deficient. To be sure, the decision of whether to plead guilty is
often the “most important single decision in any criminal case.” Cardoza v. Rock,
731 F.3d 169, 178 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). In advising a
client on this decision, defense counsel must “communicate to the defendant the
terms of the plea offer[] and should usually inform the defendant of the strengths
and weaknesses of the case against him, as well as the alternative sentences to
which he will most likely be exposed.” Purdy v. United States, 208 F.3d 41, 45 (2d
Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). But the decision of whether to plead guilty
ultimately belongs to the defendant, and the “lawyer must take care not to coerce
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a client into either accepting or rejecting a plea offer.” Id. Because defense
counsel must balance, “on the one hand, failing to give advice and, on the other,
coercing a plea,” defense counsel’s determination as to how best to advise a client
“enjoys a wide range of reasonableness.” Id.
Stegemann’s argument fails because he cannot show that Quigley’s advice
was objectively unreasonable. Stegemann contends that Quigley provided
ineffective assistance by advising him to reject the government’s plea offer simply
because it exceeded Stegemann’s stated preference for a plea deal of no more than
twelve-to-fourteen years’ imprisonment – a cap that Stegemann now concedes was
unrealistic. But the allegation that Quigley based her advice solely on
Stegemann’s unrealistic preference is contradicted by Quigley’s affidavit, in which
she averred that she and Stegemann fully discussed the terms of the deal,
including the risks and benefits of accepting the offer as well as its mandatory
minimum and maximum terms. In denying Stegemann’s motion, the district
court credited Quigley’s version of events, rendering it reasonable for the district
court to conclude that Quigley’s performance did not fall below the objective
standard of reasonableness under the first prong of the Strickland test.
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Stegemann further argues that the district court erred by making its
credibility determination without holding an evidentiary hearing. We disagree.
A district court’s decision to resolve a section-2255 motion without a hearing is
reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Chang v. United States, 250 F.3d 79, 82 (2d
Cir. 2001). Where, as here, the district court presided over the underlying
proceedings, a “full-blown evidentiary hearing” is often unnecessary. Raysor v.
United States, 647 F.3d 491, 494 (2d Cir. 2011). In light of the district court’s
familiarity with Stegemann and Quigley, gained over the course of trial and
subsequent proceedings, including an evidentiary hearing at which Stegemann
testified, we find that the district court’s decision to resolve the motion on the basis
of written submissions falls squarely within the zone of its discretion. See Chang,
250 F.3d at 86 (explaining that a district court’s decision to not hold an evidentiary
hearing avoids “the delay, the needless expenditure of judicial resources, the
burden on trial counsel and the government, and perhaps the encouragement of
other [litigants] to make similar baseless claims that would have resulted from a
full testimonial hearing”).
Stegemann next argues that Quigley provided ineffective assistance when
she failed to move to suppress the evidence seized from Stegemann’s home.
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Under the Fourth Amendment, search warrants must “particularly describ[e] the
place to be searched[] and the persons or things to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend.
IV. Nothing in the Fourth Amendment, however, requires warrants to describe
“the precise manner in which they are to be executed.” Dalia v. United States, 441
U.S. 238, 257 (1979); see, e.g., Richards v. Wisconsin, 520 U.S. 385, 395–96 (1997)
(upholding a no-knock search even without a no-knock warrant). Instead, “the
manner in which a warrant is executed is subject to later judicial review as to its
reasonableness.” Dalia, 441 U.S. at 258.
Although Stegemann argues that Quigley should have challenged the
search on the ground that the warrant did not authorize the use of a flash-bang
device, the Fourth Amendment imposes no such requirement. See id. at 257 n.19
(noting that the Supreme Court has never held that the Constitution requires
officers requesting a warrant to set forth the anticipated means for executing it).
Indeed, courts have long recognized that flash-bang devices may be used without
prior authorization where, as here, “it was reasonable for the officers to fear for
their safety in conducting the search.” United States v. Boulanger, 444 F.3d 76, 84–
85 (1st Cir. 2006); see also Terebesi v. Torreso, 764 F.3d 217, 238 (2d Cir. 2014)
(explaining that it “is more likely that using a stun grenade will be considered
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reasonable if the subject of the search or arrest is known to pose a high risk of
violent confrontation”). In this case, it was reasonable for law enforcement
officers to fear for their safety because they had reason to believe that Stegemann
possessed multiple firearms and knew that Stegemann had threatened to kill
anyone who tried to enter his home. Since the officers’ use of the flash-bang
device was clearly reasonable under the circumstances, Quigley’s strategic
decision not to challenge the search on those grounds did not fall below
“prevailing professional norms.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688.
Stegemann next contends that his court-appointed counsel erred by failing,
post-verdict, to seek the return of funds that had been seized, arguing for the first
time in his section-2255 motion that he would have retained new counsel for
sentencing were those funds made available to him. The Sixth Amendment
allows “a defendant who does not require appointed counsel to choose who will
represent him.” United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. 140, 144 (2006). The
deprivation of the right to counsel of choice is a “structural error,” for which a
defendant need not demonstrate prejudice. Id. at 150 (internal quotation marks
omitted). But even if it could be argued that Stegemann’s counsel should have
moved to release his funds – which the government now concedes were not
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forfeitable as the proceeds of unlawful activity – Stegemann’s claim nevertheless
fails because he has not demonstrated that he was in fact deprived of the right to
the attorney of his choosing. Stegemann offers no evidence to suggest that he
would have procured retained counsel in the event that his funds had been
returned. Indeed, although Stegemann asked the district court to “appoint [him]
counsel” after Quigley filed her motion to withdraw, Gov’t App’x at 642 (emphasis
added), Stegemann never stated or implied that the seizure of his assets prevented
him from retaining “his preferred representational choice,” Luis v. United States,
578 U.S. 5, 12 (2016). And while Stegemann did advise the district court that he
was “completely indigent,” that comment was in response to the district court
questioning why it should “not compel [Stegemann] to go out and hire another
lawyer.” Gov’t App’x at 642–43. Stegemann certainly never said that he had
contacted a lawyer – or even that he had one in mind – who, but for Stegemann’s
lack of ready funds, was prepared to take the case on short notice, post-verdict, to
wrap up the sentencing. In short, Stegemann has not demonstrated any link
between his counsel’s asserted failure to move for the return of his funds and the
denial of his right to choose who will represent him. Absent such a showing,
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Stegemann is not entitled to a presumption of prejudice, and this claim of
ineffective assistance fails.
Finally, Stegemann argues that his counsel, both at sentencing and on direct
appeal, rendered ineffective assistance by failing to challenge the district court’s
consideration of his 1999 Massachusetts state-court conviction as a basis to
adjudge him a career offender under section 4B1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines.
Under the Sentencing Guidelines, a defendant is subject to the career-offender
enhancement when, among other things, he has “at least two prior felony
convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.”
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). A court tasked with determining whether a particular
conviction qualifies as a career-offender predicate must employ a “modified
categorical approach,” which generally considers the elements of the statute of
conviction, rather than the facts underlying that offense. United States v. Savage,
542 F.3d 959, 964 (2d Cir. 2008).
Here, Stegemann’s counsel did not err by declining to challenge the 1999
conviction as a predicate under the career offender enhancement. Stegemann
cites to no authority to support his claim that, at the time of his sentencing, his
1999 conviction under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 94C, § 32E(b) did not qualify as a
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predicate under the career offender enhancement. To the contrary, while
Stegemann’s conviction was on direct appeal, the First Circuit expressly held that
this statute was “unarguably a conviction for a controlled substance offense and,
thus, a proper predicate offense under the career offender guideline.” United
States v. Montoya, 844 F.3d 63, 72 (1st Cir. 2016). On that basis alone, counsel’s
decision to forego such a legal argument cannot be said to fall below prevailing
professional norms. See United States v. Regalado, 518 F.3d 143, 149–50 n.3 (2d Cir.
2008) (explaining that it is “beyond any doubt” that an attorney’s “failure to make
a meritless argument” cannot “amount to ineffective assistance” (internal
quotation marks and alteration omitted)). Nor can it be argued that Stegemann
was prejudiced by that decision, since it is not reasonably probable that the district
court would have credited the argument and reached a conclusion at odds with
the First Circuit’s subsequent holding on the same issue. See Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 694 (“The defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.”). Accordingly, we find that Stegemann has failed to show that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel in connection with his sentencing.
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We have considered Stegemann’s remaining arguments and find them to be
without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the order of the district court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
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