delivered the opinion of the court.
If the objection made in this case, that a highway is not an incumbrance within the meaning of the covenant, stated in the declaration, were well founded, there is no doubt, that judgment must be arrested. But this exception cannot be sustained. A highway is clearly an obstruction to the exercise of that dominion over land, which a lawful owner is entitled to exercise, and as such must be considered as an in-cumbrance. The case of Kellogg vs. Ingersoll, (2 Mass. Rep. 92,) is directly in point.
It is not improbable, that individuals sometimes inadvertently convey lands, through which there are public highways, with covenants against all incumbrances. But negligence of this sort cannot change the nature of things, nor be a just ground for departing from a well settled rule of law. A public highway is in its nature an incumbrance, and must be held to be a breach of a covenant, which stipulates, that there are no incumbrances. We are not aware of any rulé, by which a different construction can be given to such a covenant. The judgment cannot, therefore, in our opinion, be arrested on that ground.
The defendant has applied for a new trial, because the record of the laying out of the highway, offered to the jury, was materially defective ; and if this exception be well founded in fact, there must be a new trial ; for the record was submitted to the jury, as legal evidence of the existence of a highway.
As selectmen derive their authority to lay out highways from a statute, it is not to be doubted, that in exercising the authority, they must substantially pursue the directions of the statute ; otherwise their doings will be void. Upon looking into the statute of February 8, 1791, which gives this authority, we find, that selectmen are empowered to lay out roads only “ on application made to them.” They are not authorized to lay out roads, when and where they please : *338⅜⅜ g¡ye them power to act, an application for that purpose mast be made to them by some person or persons. It must, therefore, in some way appear, that they acted upon an application, in every case, in order to render their proceedings legal.
We also find provisions in the statute declaring, that due recompence shall be made to the owners of lands, through which roads are laid out, for all damage they may sustain thereby, and that any person aggrieved by the selectmen, in not making sufficient allowance, may apply to the court of sessions for redress. No doubt can be entertained, that these provisions in the statute give to every person, through whose land a road is laid out, not only a right to a recompence for the damage he sustains, but to an opportunity to be heard before the selectmen upon the subject. On principles of natural justice he is, therefore, entitled to notice of the laying out of a highway. We are, therefore, of opinion, that the doings of the selectmen, in a case of this kind, cannot be held legal, unless it in some way appear, that due recom-pence was allowed to the owners of land, and that they had an opportunity to be heard on the subject.
There should be, in every case, an application in writing to the selectmen ; and, when a road is laid out, this application should be recorded as the foundation of their doings. They ought to state, in the record of their proceedings, the names of all the persons, through whose land the road is laid out ; the sums they awarded to each person ; and that each owner of land had notice of their doings, and an opportunity to be heard.
Whether defects in the record of a highway, in these respects, can be legally supplied by parol evidence, is a question, which it is unnecessary now to decide.
It seems, however, to be well settled, that from long use, highways may, in some cases, be presumed to have been legally laid out. 2 Johns. 424, Colden vs. Thurbur.—7 ditto 106, Galatian vs. Gardner.—9 ditto 365, Sage vs. Barnes,—2 N. H. Rep. 513, the State vs. Campton.—Yelv. 142, note.—1 Camp. 260, Rex vs. Lloyd.—10 Johns. 236, Shaw vs. Crawford.—11 East 375, note.
*339And we are inclined to think, that where a highway has been made, ⅛ pursuance of a laying oat by selectmen, and has been «sed for a considerable time as such by the public, without interruption, a jury would be warranted in presuming, that there was an application and notice, and that the damages were in some way adjusted, although nothing appeared in the record on the subject.
But. in the case now before us, as it appears, that the record offered to the jury was clearly defective in these respects, and as it was not left to the jury to presume from the length of time the public had used the way, that it was regularly laid out, we are of opinion, that there must be
Jl new trial granted.