This is a motion to dismiss an attachment, issued upon the affidavit of the plaintiff, who claims to be a creditor of the defendants, for deposits received of him as his bankers, and who charges, “that the defendants, by Rowland Ellis, have assigned, removed or disposed of, or are about to dispose of their property, jointly or separately, or a part thereof, with intent to defraud their creditors; the plaintiff' further states, that the defendant Sturges is a non-resident of the State of Ohio.”
*2The affidavit of Ellis is filed, denying all the allegations of the plaintiffj except the non-residence of Sturges.
It is sought to dismiss the attachment on two grounds:
Mrst. That the statement of the several causes for which the order is asked, is in the disjunctive, and therefore there is no precise or definite charge made, in the plaintiff’s affidavit, to meet the requisitions of the code.
Second. That the facts, as they are averred, so far as the assigning, removing, or disposing of their property, by the defendants, or being about to do so, are untrue.
The plaintiff’s counsel, in reply to the first position assumed by the defendants, has argued that it is not necessary to allege the existence of the several causes, for which an attachment may properly issue, except in general terms; that the remedy must be liberally construed to advance the purposes of justice, and if the literal language of the statute is followed, it is sufficient.
The principle, however, upon which we are asked to decide the question, by the defendant’s counsel, is not of modern origin; it has prevailed from a very early period in the history of judicial proceedings, and is founded, it is believed, upon the soundest reason, as well as justice. It was adopted, originally, as a rule of criminal practice, that the accused might have the benefit of a full knowledge of the offense with which he was charged, by a clear, definite, and positive statement in the indictment, or information, to which he was required to answer. Thus, it is laid down, as a settled principle, “ that no charge of a criminal nature can be laid in the alternative ; if it is, the proceeding will be void; as if a party should be charged with killing, or intending to kill, with beating, or intending to beat, with forging, or intending to forge,” for it is said the offenses are distinct, and it does not appear of which the defendant is accused. 2 Hawkins, P. C. 311, § 58. 3 Bacon’s Ab. 161.
This rale has been extended, and it is now universally applied in civil cases, where remedies at common law, or by statutes, involve the discussion or examination of legal or *3moral fraud, and thus subject a party to summary process, by arrest or attachment.
Thus, in 1 McCord, S. Car. Rep. 511, Hagood v. Hunter, where the attachment was taken out, on an affidavit, in which the plaintiff stated that the defendant “ was about to remove or abscond, or conceal himself, that the ordinary process of the law could not be served upon him,” the court set aside the writ on the ground, “ that charging the causes for the attachment in the disjunctive, it became perfectly uncertain which state of fact really existedand in Devall v. Taylor, Cheves 5, it was held, “that either of the causes contained in the affidavit for the attachment, would have been sufficient, if stated separately; yet when they are alleged in the disjunctive they do not sustain the process.”
The same ruling is to be found in Barnard et al. v. Sebre, 2 A. K. Marshall, 151, and Shipp. v. Davis, Hardin, 65.
Again, in May v. Gelmac, 1 Miles, 78, it is said that “ the affidavit should be confined to one of the particulars authorizing the attachment to issue, and if more than one is averred, they should be stated positively;” and as the statements were in the disjunctive, the writ was quashed. The authority of this case is fully recognized in Jewel v. Howe, 3 Watts, 147.
See, also, Brake on Attachment, sections 108,109,110 and 111, where the questions are very clearly stated, and the authorities examined.
These cases are all decided on the true and only safe grounds, both for plaintiff and defendant, that the allegations required to authorize process to issue, except in cases of non-residents, charge the defendant with a serious offense, one that is indictable, and may be severely punished, and there is, therefore, the most manifest propriety in holding the affiant to a strict compliance with the code. It is then only that the creditor can fully enjoy the benefit of the remedy, and the debtor be protected from its abuse.
In the present case, we are satisfied, the rule to which we have referred is clearly applicable. It has its counterpart in every analogy we can find in the practice and pleadings of *4our courts. No petition would be regarded as sufficient wben tbe allegations were only in tbe alternative; and certainly no answer would be sanctioned wben tbe denials were in tbe disjunctive. Tbe attacbment in tbis case must be dismissed as to Rowland Ellis, but as there is an allegation, in tbe affidavit,, that ¥m. Sturges is 'not a resident of Ohio, tbe order will be continued, as to bim, and tbe plaintiff be at liberty to attach bis private property, or whatsoever interest be may have in tbe property of Ellis & Sturges, after tbe liabilities of that firm have been paid. Tbis view of tbe case renders it unnecessary for tbe court to decide tbe second proposition made by tbe defendant’s counsel.
No opinion is given upon tbe assignment made to Mr. "Wortbington, or tbe conveyence to Fletcher. Those parties are not before tbe court, and we can not, if we would, adjudicate upon their rights. "We may be permitted to say, however, that no fact has been disclosed, on tbe bearing, that would lead us to believe, or suspect, that any fraud has been perpetrated, or intended, by tbe defendants.
Attacbment dismissed as to Rowland Ellis.