instructed the jury as follows:
Gentlemen of the Jury: In this case I am required to reduce the charge to writing, and will proceed to read to you such instructions as to the law, as seem necessary to a proper determination of the case.
It is a rule of law that any material fact stated in the complaint and not denied in the answer is admitted by the defendant, and any such fact stated in the answer and not denied by the replication is admitted by the plaintiff to be true. In regard to facts so admitted in the pleadings, neither party is at liberty on the trial to gainsay or contradict.
It is the duty of the court in this, as in all cases, to construe the pleadings and to determine what the issues are, or in other words, what is admitted and what is in dispute between the parties.
In this case what is said about the name, nature and character of the injury is not denied, and is therefore to be taken as true. It is, consequently, admitted in this case, both by the plaintiff and defendant, that the injury which the defendant was called upon to treat was of the kind which the answer declares it to be.
It is important that you understand clearly what is complained of by the plaintiff, and what is set up as a defense, in order that you may confine your deliberations to the points involved, and apply the evidence to questions that are in controversy.
The plaintiff complains that the defendant failed to treat the plaintiff in a skillful and proper manner for the injuries he had received; that the defendant, through ignorance or neglect, failed to furnish proper support to the foot of plaintiff, so that the bones of the ankle and leg could or would unite, and that the defendant improperly removed the support that had been placed under, and to, plaintiff’s foot to keep the same in position. ,
The defendant, by his answer, denies the alleged neglect, sets up a description of the injury, avers that he treated the case with care and skill, and as an additional defense sets up that he has been released.
*145It Is Important to ascertain and have in mind correct mies in regard to the duties and obligations of surgeons when employed professionally.
In cases like this the court and jury do not undertake to determine what is the best mode of treatment, or to decide questions of medical science upon which surgeons differ among themselves.
If the treatment is according to a recognized system of surgery, it is not for the court or jury to undertake to determine whether that system is the best among the many that may be adopted by different branches of the medical profession. It is sufficient if the practitioner follow any of the known and recognized systems.
A physician or surgeon is never considered to have warranted a cure unless it is expressly proved that he contracted to warrant a cure.
And he cannot be held responsible lor mere want of success. There must also be a want of ordinary care, or of ordinary skill, or a failure to exercise his best judgment.
By ordinary skill is meant such skill as men in the same profession usually possess. It would be contrary to reason to hold that every professional man is bound, to possess remarkable or unusual talent. In order to hold the defendant liable in damages It must be satisfactorily shown by the evidence, not only that he failed to treat the case properly, but also that the damage which the plaintiff complains of is attributable either to unskillful or negligent treatment.
The learned professions,- like other avocations, are open to every person who sees proper to prepare himself to pursue them as an avocation.
When a young man sees fit to enter his name as a student of medicine and surgery, there is no rule requiring that be should be possessed of uncommon talent. It is a profession upon which every youth of common ability may enter as a student with a view to make it the business of his life, and it is not the intention of the law, nor would it be consistent with human reason to require that every aspirant lor professional honors should bring to the labor remarkable and *146uncommon natural aptitude. The education and choice of profession or occupation of most individuals is to a great extent influenced and directed by parents or others who have their care in childhood, and make the choice or give the impressions and bias that lead to the particular trade or profession before the individual arrives at years of discretion., This choice is often made at too early an age to enable any one to determine whether or not the individual possesses great natural talent or great aptitude to that particular calling. But the law which opens every trade and profession to each one of us, is intended for the protection of all.
It would be equally unjust, and contrary of human reason, to require of every physician extraordinary talent and extraordinary natural ability and judgment, as it would to refuse to call the physician to an account who neglected to treat a case with that care men ordinarily bestow in the business of life, and according to the best judgment his Creator has given him. The law does not go to either extreme. The law is intended' for the protection of all, both physician and the patient.
The faithful, honest and conscientious physician is called upon to administer to every kind and class of men, the bigb and low, the rich and ihe poor, the virtuous and the depraved. Common humanity demands that the sick and distressed should be administered to, whatever may be their circumstances. The physician is obliged by his calling, constantly to enter the abodes of others, and frequently to undertake difficult cases and to perform critical operations in the presence of those who are ignorant and credulous.
He is liable to have his acts misjudged, his motives suspected and the truth colored or distorted even where there are no dishonest intentions on the part of his accusers. Anri from the very nature of his duty, he is constantly liable to be called upon to perform the most critical operations in the presence of persons united in interest and sympathy by the ties of family, where he may be the only witness in his own behalf.
*147It is the intention of the law to protect the physician or surgeon as well as the patient, and to protect the patient as well as the physician or surgeon. If the surgeon is grossly ignorant of his profession, or knowing his duty, grossly neglects it, he should be held to the full rigor of the law and should suffer the full consequences of imposing himself upon a confiding public. His trust and responsibilities are of the highest and gravest character, and he is bound to a faithful discharge of the trust. In case of doubt he is bound to use the best of his judgment, but the surgeon is not responsible for an error of judgment when the expediency of the remedy or operation is involved in doubt, if he acts with ordinary care, skill and diligence.
A fracture or dislocation, or both combined, may be so complicated that no human skill can restore it. Or the patient may, by disregarding the surgeon’s directions, impair the effect of the best conceived measures. The surgeon does not deal with inanimate or insensate matter like the stone mason or brick layer, who can choose his materials and adjust them according to mathematical lines, but he has a suffering human being to treat, a nervous system to tranquilice, and an excited will to regulate and control; where a surgeon undertakes to treat a fractured limb, he has not only to apply the known facts and theoretical knowledge of his science, but he may have to contend with very many powerful and hidden influences; such as want of vital force, habit of life, hereditary disease, the state of the climate. These or the mental state of Iris patient may often render the management of a surgical case difficult, doubtful and dangerous; and may have greater influence in the result than all the surgeon may be able to accomplish, even with the best skill and care.
From these and like considerations arise those cases and conditions so frequently alluded to by medical witnesses in the course of this trial, in which the surgeon is called upon to exercise his best judgment, and in which he is justified in changing the mode of treatment from time to time as the nature and exigencies of the case shall indicate a necessity, or the propriety of a change.
*148This is not, as was ingeniously said in the course of the argument, establishing a rule “that every surgeon must be the judge in his own particular case,” but it is applying a necessary and well established rule, that in cases of doubt as to what is the best course to be pursued, it is the duty of the surgeon to exercise his best judgment.
And it follows as a consequence of this duty, that when the skillful and careful surgeon does exercise his best judgment in a case of doubt, he ought not to be and cannot be, held responsible for a failure of success.
The fact that medical cases arise in which the practitioner is compelled to rely on his own judgment, makes such a rule necessary.
If he is qualified to act and is faithful to the great trusts confided to him, he deserves the full protection the rules of law afford him.
On the other hand, if he is grossly ignorant, or fails to use ordinary care in the treatment of the case he has in charge, it is most just that he should suffer the consequence of his acts.
Applying these principles, therefore, to this case, you will inquire:
1st. Did the defendant possess ordinary skill and treat the. injury of the plaintiff with reasonable and ordinary diligence and care ? If he did, and if in case of doubt he used his best judgment, he is not liable, and your verdict should be for the defendant.
If you believe from the evidence that the defendant did not treat the plaintiff’s limb with reasonable and ordinary diligence and skill, and with reasonable and ordinary care, then he is liable for all damages necessarily resulting from such improper treatment.
If you believe from the evidence that whatever injury the plaintiff has sustained has been the result of the severe injury originally received, and not the result of negligent, unskillful or improper treatment, then your verdict should be for the defendant.
Another branch of this ease is presented by the pleadings and evidence, namely — an alleged settlement and release or receipt.
*149Where two parties have mutual unsettled dealings, or are asserting and in good faith making claim to debts or demands, each against the other, and they each execute to the other a release or a receipt in full, the execution of such release or receipt on the part of one is a sufficient consideration to uphold the relea.se or receipt on the part of the other. Surrendering a, claim which is asserted in good faith against the other, and which the other is in some risk of having to pay, isa sufficient consideration; and it is not necessary to prove that it could have been successfully prosecuted. In this case, if the parties agreed to a full settlement of all their claims, a release by one was a sufficient consideration for a release by tbe other.
A written receipt is sometimes open to explanation by parol evidence.
When parties make what they intend for a final settlement, it sometimes happens that an item of account is omitted by both parties by mistake, so that although both parties intended to include their entire dealings, and believed they liad done so, yet there is an item that was not in fact settled. It is permissible, notwithstanding the language of the receipts, in a proper case, to show the mistake. But if it is true that both parties thought of the item which is said to be omitted, it was the duty of him who claims that there is a mistake, to have attended to the matter at the time; and if he did not it is his own fault, and he cannot introduce parol evidence to vary the import of the language of the receipt.
Parol evidence is also admissible to show that there was no consideration, or to show that the consideration mentioned in the receipt is not the true one, and that the parties acted upon other or different consideration from, that mentioned in the receipt, when that question is material. But in this case if there was any consideration for the receipt it is not material whether it was great or small.
There can be no such thing allowed and considered by you as a condition of the receipt or release, thought of and agreed to at tbe time, but not expressed in the writing.
That is, the writing must be taken as containing the very *150words the parties intend to use to express what was agreed to at the time, and all the conditions of the agreement.
Fraud will not be presumed, but must be established by-proof. The burden of proof is on the plaintiff to establish fraud. If it has been proved that the defendant practiced deception upon the plaintiff and by that means obtained the receipt, the receipt is of no value. Such fraudulent practice must be proved by satisfactory evidence. The receipt cannot be avoided on the ground ■ that Dr. Poppleton apprehended danger of an action. He was not bound to state that he feared an action. It would be no fraud or deception for him to remain silent as to his • reasons for wanting the receipt.. If the jury believe that the receipt was fairly or honestly obtained, and Williams, the plaintiff, suspected, when asked for the receipt, that defendant (Poppleton) feared an action for malpractice, and desired the receipt on that account, that of itself is decisive of the case.
If you find that such was the case, then the transaction at the time of executing the receipts was a full and final settlement of all that is involved in this action.
You are to decide upon every question of fact involved in the case, and upon every question you should be governed by the evidence that has been given on the trial.
The jury returned a verdict of $900 for plaintiff.
After the verdict was rendered in this cause, the defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which, being argued and submitted, was taken finder advisement. The following-opinion was filed:
Upton, J.The plaintiff having recovered a verdict for $900, the defendant moved for a new trial, assigning insufficiency of the evidence; that the verdict is against law; and errors of law, committed on the trial. Although the verdict was probably the result of compromise of conflicting opinions in the jury room, and the amount is inconsiderable compared with the amount claimed, I think there was some evidence *151tending to sustain tlie finding of this amount.(c) I am less inclined to review the facts, because both parties voluntarily accepted a juror after he had declared that he had formed an opinion on the merits oí the ease. I consider such practice open to criticism; and I think after a party has voluntarily submitted his case upon the chance or probability of such juror’s being for him, he should present a very clear case, if lie asks relief on the ground of insufficiency of the evidence.
One of the errors of law assigned, refers to tho proceedings relating to the written release or receipt. On the trial the defendant produced in evidence Ms own receipt in full of all demands, and a receipt of the same date signed by the plainliif, as follows:
“Keeeived February 25th, 1869, payment in full for Dr. Edgar Poppleton, and settlement is hereby acknowledged, and that said Poppleton has fully paid me all dues and demands that I have against him of whatsoever nature or kind to date, the payment being two hundred dollars!
Lyman Williams,”
The court permitted the plaintiff to offer evidence that the defendant had admitted that this cause of action was not mentioned on occasion of executing the receipts. And the plaintiff being a witness, Ms counsel asked him to state the circumstances under which the receipt was given, claiming the answer for the purpose of showing, both that tho subject matter of this action was not included in the settlement then made, and that the plaintiff w~as misled by the defendant. The defendant objected, that a receipt can not be disputed by parol except as to the consideration or amount received; that fraud or mistake should be plead; and that the language of the instrument being clear and explicit, and its construction not doubtful, proof of surrounding circumstances was not admissible to vary or change its meaning.
*152The objection was overruled, and tbe plaintiff testified, in substance that the subject of this action bad never previously been mentioned between tbe parties; that tbe defendant was excited when be came; that be proposed to remit bis claim of about $300 for medical attendance, because tbe plaintiff was poor, leaving it optional with tbe plaintiff to pay him $100 at some future time, if tbe plaintiff should become able. Tbe plaintiff said be thought at tbe time it was probable that tbe defendant was doing this from fear of being sued for malpractice; but nothing was said on" tbe subject; that tbe whole matter was done hastily; that it was directly after tbe verdict in tbe case of Williams v. East, in which case tbe defendant’s mode of treating plaintiff’s case was first criticised.
On tbe trial I was not entirely confident of tbe admissibility of this evidence under tbe pleadings.
Had tbe answer specifically alleged, that tbe plaintiff bad for a valuable consideration executed a release of this cause of action, and bad tbe replication merely denied tbe execution of such a release, making no" allegations of fraud or mistake, .1 should unhesitatingly have ruled out all evidence tending to show misrepresentation, imposition or mistake. But these pleadings, when divested of surplusage, amount to this; tbe defendant asserts that tbe parties have made a settlement which includes this alleged cause of aetion; and tbe plaintiff denies having settled this subject matter. A receipt or release is produced which does not specifically mention this subject. I am not prepared to say tbe plaintiff was called upon to reply more specially or specifically than be has. Nor to bold that be is not entitled, under bis denials, to show by parol, if be can, that tbe writing was not intended to include this subject matter, by showing tbe circumstances under which it was made. And if those circumstances indicate that be was deceived or mistook tbe nature of tbe transaction, I think be was authorized to lay them before tbe jury, fo enable them to judge whether be voluntarily assented to a release of tbe subject matter of this action. Tbe plaintiff undoubtedly bad a right to show *153tlie surrounding circumstances, to rebut the conclusion that this claim was included in the release, (d)
And it is difficult, if not impossible, to separate the circumstances that would tend to show that he did not voluntarily assent to release this claim, from those that might show that lie was unduly influenced or deceived.
Exceptions were taken by the plaintiff to some of the rulings on the admissibility of testimony; but the only exceptions that are urged upon the argument, are those taken to the rulings which excluded the evidence of other surgeons, as to the reputation of the defendant, and refused to permit them to pronounce upon the question whether the defendant is a skillful surgeon.
Upon more mature consideration, I am satisfied of the correctness of these rulings.
Although in form, the latter question purported to ask witness what he knew of his own knowledge of the skill of the defendant, it in reality asked for-the opinion of the witness. It virtually puts the witness in the place of the jury, so far as to call upon Mm to pass upon the facts that have come under his observation, and having drawn from his own observations, conclusions of fact, it asks Mm to express the opinion which he predicates upon those facts. The witness was certainly permitted to go as far in this direction as the rules of evidence can tolerate. And when, after detailing cases in which he had seen the defendant operate, he was permitted, without objection, to express Ms opinion as to whether the operations were skillfully performed, I think as much latitude was given as can be permitted in such cases.
The motion for a new trial must be denied.
The defendant treated the limb during some months, and it was not amputated until after ho ceased to treat the case. Some of the testimony of experts tendedlo show that amputation should have been resorted io a considerable time before the defendant ceased to treat the case, if the plaintiffs sufferings wero improperly and unnecossarily prolonged, the $900 may have been a reasonable compensation.
2 Metc. 283; 5 Gill. 437.