delivered the opinion of the court.
This case was prosecuted and decided in the District Court of ITumacao, where an information was presented 'against the accused, Demetrio Díaz, for the murder of Agustín Belford, alleged to have been committed on the 28th of January, 1905, in the district of ITumacao. The date of this information is the 9th of March, 1905. The accused whs formerly convicted of murder in the first degree and the punishment assessed at death. From this judgment he took an appeal to this court, and on the 20th of April, 1906, secured a reversal of the judgment prononunced against him in the court below. Mr. Chief Justice Quiñones rendered the opinion- of the court, basing the reversal on the ground that the verdict was informal, because the jury failed to name the degree of the murder of which they convicted the defendant, referring to a former decision of this court in the case of PancMto, and to other authorities.- On the 10th of May, 1906, the case was set for trial in the District Court of ITumaco, to take place on the 18th of June following.
The second trial took place on the 19th of June,, 1906. The verdict of the jury on that trial was that the accused was guilty of murder in the second degree, with a recommendation of clemency in his behalf. The trial judge gave a long and able charge to the jury, including some instructions asked *143by the defense in regard to the matter of reasonable doubt. No complaint is made of this charge, and it needs no farther notice at this time.
On the 25th'of Jane, 1906, the accased was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment at hard labor in the penitentiary, and to the payment of the costs.. On the. 25th of 'Aagnst thereafter, defendant’s coansel gave notice of appeal. On the 26th of November last the transcript of the record was filed in this coart. On the 22d of January of this year J. F. V. Ochoteco, Esq., filed an affidavit here in seeking a postponement of the hearing in the Sapreme Coart antil the last days of Febraary, alleging that an agreement existed between the fiscal of the Hnmacao district and the attorney for the defense to extend the time for the preparation and presentation of the state ment of the case antil the last days of Febraary; and that the secretary of the District Coart of Hamacao, not taking into ■account this agreement, had sent ap the record in the case, to the Supreme Coart. That it was the intention of the attorney to present the said docament within the time agreed apon between him and the fiscal. The case was therenpon set down for hearing on the 15th of Febraary, and on the 5th of Feb-raary the attorney filed in this coart a docament styled a bill of exceptions of the case (pliego de excepciones del caso). This statement gives the testimony of the witnesses in narrative form, and also sets oat two legal grounds on which the .accased seeks a reversal of the judgment — that is to say:
First. That the verdict is contrary to the evidence; and that from the facts proven the offense coaid be no greater than manslaughter.
Second. That it was an excess of rigor apon the part of the trial coart to sentence the defendant to perpetual imprisonment when the jary had recommended him to the mercy of the coart.
This statement of the case was agreed to by coansel both for The' People and the defense, and approved by the coart. The case was heard in this coart on the 15th of Febraary on *144oral argument of both, parties, no brief being filed by either party, except a short report of the fiscal covering a portion of a page presented on the 20th of December last, before the-statement of the case had been received in this court.
The first ground on which the accused seeks a reversal of the judgment requires a complete review of the testimony considered by the trial court, and on which the verdict of the-jury was based. _
The evidence introduced on the trial may be condensed from the bill of exceptions as follows:
“1. The witness Dr. Pablo Font0 Martelo, testified that he knew Agustín Belford, who died from wounds sustained on the night of the 28th to 29th of December, 1905, one in the neck and the other in the back between the ribs, and which penetrated the lungs; that the-wound in the neck was inflicted after the agressor was wounded, and the one in the back was inflicted by the agressor passing the right hand, in which he held the knife, under the left arm of the wounded man; that he has formed that conviction from the direction of the-wound, because generally a person desiring to inflict a wound in the back will adopt that position on account of the ease with which it may be done; that the wound penetrating the lung caused the death of the deceased by a process of inflammation; that the said wounds were dressed and treated, all the means known to science being” used.
“2.' The witness Ernesto Belford testified that he is the son of Agustín Belford; that Demetrio and Nicolas Gómez and Fació, passing the house of Demetrio, the latter said that he was going to bathe himself in the blood of witness’ father, who was back in the kitchen, and proceeded to give him some advice; that he did not see when De-metrio struck him, but saw them when they clinched and fell to the-ground; that he then squatted behind some pacholí bushes; that Fació said: ‘Bun, Ernesto, they will catch you!’ and that his father told him to go look for Sánchez, and that when he reached the house his father was already there; that he saw his father wounded, when they clinched; that Belford was in the kitchen of his own house; .that Demetrio Díaz came in a bad form saying insulting words; that Nicolás Gómez accompanied him; that he saw nothing in his hands; that he has a sister, Antolina Belford, who was near; that lie does not know whether Belford attacked Demetrio Díaz, or whether Diaz attacked Belfcrd, because the night was dark; that he did not see *145bis father all the time he was clinched with Demetrio, and that his father spoke to the latter in a proper manner; that at about 10 o’clock in the evening his father was tying an animal behind the kitchen; that Diaz said he was going to bathe himself in the blood of that English negro; that Diaz was accompanied by Fació and Nieholás, and that the former bade him run away; that he is sure that Nicholas. Gómez was there, and when he came out from behind the bush he was also there; that before hiding he was in the house in bed, and when he heard Diaz say what he did, he got up; that when^ Diaz made the statement about the English negro his father was outside of the house and he then went in and got a small iron rod and again went out, he does not know where; that besides Demetrio Diaz, the individual Nieholás Gómez took part in the encounter with his father; that only Diaz and Belford clinched; that his mother’s name is Felipa Diaz, and is the concubine of Demetrio Diaz; that the quarrels between Demetrio Diaz and Belford were caused by Diaz correcting his father’s children, which his father did not like; that his father used the small iron rod to carry with him on account of the dogs.
“3. The witness Nicolas Gómez testified that he knew Agustín Belford, and that the last night he saw him was the night on which he was wounded by Demetrio Díaz; that Díaz passed his house that night, said- good evening, and passed on; that about 1 o’clock in the morning the witness went out with Bonifacio Gutierrez, and on the road passed the house of Belford, and found him wounded; further on they met Demetrio Díaz who said: ‘ I have taken that small iron rod from the hands of Agustín Belford’; that when Diaz said that he ran to see if he could find one of the children of Belford, so that he might notify the justice of the peace; that he ran because he was afraid of Díaz; that Diaz had attempted to punish him before; that Belford told him that Diaz had wounded him; that Ernesto Belford was not there; that he saw Belford on the road near the house with a wound in the front part of his body; that Demetrio Díaz was about two yards away, and that he saw nothing in his hands, the night being dark; that he talked with Belford, and he told him where he was wounded, and also that Demetrio Díaz had wounded him; that when the wounded man spoke large quantities of blood come out; that he saw no weapon on Diaz, not having reached the spot where he stood.
“4. Bonifacio Gutiérrez testified that he lives in barrio de Buena Yista of Hunlacao; that he went out .to attend a rosary and had to pass the house of Belford, and when he was passing the said house he heard Demetrio Díaz say: ‘ Come here, I am going to finish kiili-ng *146you! ’ That lie continued on bis way and met Agustín standing near the house, and that he then continued to the place he started to go; that the foregoing words were spoken by Leña Verde; that when he said those words he started out to run, because he (Leña Verde)-was a man who was always saying things insulting; that he had had quarrels with Leña Verde before; that he did not see whether Leña Verde had anything in his hands; that Belford and Leña Verde were always quarreling on account of Felipa Díaz, who was the wife of Belford and lived with Demetrio Díaz, and had children by Belford; that Belford admonished Leña Verde to be quiet; that he did not see Ernest Belford, but that he did see Belford the master workman; that lie heard Demetrio as he, the witness, passed; that Belford was near the house, and that Demei.i io Diaz was attempting to hit him; that another night about two months before Leña Verde had told him (Belford) that wherever he saw him he was going to kill him.
“5. Antolina Belford, daughter of Agustín Belford, testified that the cause of her father’s death was Demetrio Diaz, and that'she knows that the said Diaz wounded her father, he told her so; that the crime was committed at night after she had gone to bed, at about 10 o-’clock; that her father reached the house with his hand on his throat, and in reply to her inquiry said that the infamous Demetrio had wounded him; that she heard Demetrio Diaz say that her father stunk like an English negro; that she knew the voice of Diaz, who lived near by, and said those words in an ordinary voice; that they all lived on the land of Felipa Diaz; that Leña Verde had lived with Felipa Diaz a year and four months; that Belford continued to live on the land of Felipa after she had gone with Leña Verde; that she lived with her mother, and Belford gave Demetrio Diaz advice, because Demetrio said so; that she heard those words the night of the tragedy, about an hour before; that she saw Ernesto Belford when he came to look for Tomás Sanchez.
“6. Tomás Sánchez testified that he was the son-in-law of Belford, and that Belford and Diaz had quarreled before, because the latter whipped his children; that Demetrio Diaz kept the wife of Belford; that Belford lived on land of Carmelo Diaz and that Demetrio Diaz also lived there; that when Felipa Diaz went with Demetrio she had not lived with Belford for sometime; that they had been separated; that he had one child in his house, but not the others, because the mother would not give them to him; that Demetrio Diaz, outside of punishing his children did not show any disrespect to Belford.
*147“7. Rafael Tirado, municipal judge, testified that he held the preliminary hearing in the ease of People y. Diaz; that he seized a small iron rod; that he made an investigation, together with the comisario of the ward' and the submarshal of the court; in the house of the accused they found a small iron rod stained with blood, and upon being asked the wife of Diaz said that Demetrio Díaz had brought it; that when Belford testified before the municipal judge it could be seen that he was very ill, and that he would die testifying everything in connection with the crime; he having testified that the said individual had come to his house, said some offensive words, and that he had gone outside himself, and that the other struck him with a knife causing him a wound; -that he clinched to defend himself and received the other wound; that the Wounded man had told him that there were present two big boys and one of them urged the other on to hit him;. that he believes he told him it was one Torres or Sánchez, ’he does not remember well; tl\at Belford stated to him that he being in his house that man came there accompanied by two individuals; that he insulted him, and that he tried to get the other to withdraw, but he would not obey him; that he attacked him, assisted by one of those individuals, and struck him a blow; that when he clinched and tried to defend himself the other gave him another blow; that the wounded man referred to Demetrio Diaz; that he spoke of another person, but that he does not remember whether his name was Sanchez or Torres,
118.. The witness Lorenzo Isern testified on the date of the crime he was in Humaeao; that he knew Agustín Belford, and that he remembers that he testified before the municipal judge, while he was seriously wounded, but that he was in his proper mind, .and that he, the witness, signed the declaration produced by authority given him by Belford.
“9. The witness Schabee testified that in January of'the last year he became acquainted with Agustín Belford, and that when the latter was wounded he called him as his pastor, because he felt he was dangerously wounded; that he told him that he came home and that there was a man outside insulting him; that he went outside and grabbed him, and before he knew it he was wounded twice.
“10. Rafael Tirado Yerrier, being recalled, testified that he seized a small iron rod, which was delivered to him at his house by the sub-marshal ; that it was the same rod; that he found on it a stain which appeared to be blood.
*148“11. Ernesto Belford, being recalled testified that he knows the iron rod presented as the same which his father took out that night, and that he always took it by the handle.
“12. Dr. Isidro A. Vidal testified that he had known Demetrio Díaz for some time, and that he examined this individual on the request of the defense, and found on his right arm a wound which was caused by a hard object, as an iron or a stick; that the wound was six or eight months old when he made the examination; that said wound may have been caused with a small rod, or sharp stick; that he could not state the day on which the wound was inflicted, but only approximately.
“13. Dr. Pablo Font Martelo, being recalled, testified that he examined Demetrio Diaz and found a wound on his right arm; that it had been five or six months since he made the examination; that the said wound was superficial; that the said wound may have been caused by a rod or any other hard, sharp object; that the wound of Belford produced but little bleeding, and that the wound in the back bled the most and caused his death.
“14. The accused Demetrio Díaz, testified that he knew Agustín Belford ,and that he lived with a woman, who was formerly the wife of the said Belford, a concubine; that he knows the rod presented to him, and that it is that of Agustín Belford; that he was going out of town, and that on passing the house of Nicolás Gómez, he told him to wait for him; that he waited, and on reaching the front of the house of Agustín Belford the latter came out to the road with that road, and without saying a word hit him with it, and they had a quarrel, and Nicholas took part in the same; that he carried no weapon, and when they clinched he took the rod and took it to his house; that he then remained in his house, and Nicolás and Facia made him flee; that he was fleeing, and wrote to Don Emilio to go and get him; that he presented himself to Don Emilio, and since then has been turned over to the courts; that he worked at the hacienda Con-stancia while hiding, and changed his name, because he heard the police were after him; that Nicolás Gómez had a knife with a horn handle, and that he tried to get him to take it, when he had the quarrel, but he would not accept it; that he did not see which was the first wound that was given; that he had a pair of pants and'a shirt which were stained with blood from the wound on his forearm; that on passing with Nicolas Gómez in front of the house of Belford the latter come out to the road and struck him a blow, and the witness fell to the ground; that he and' Belford clinched and fell to the *149ground, and then he took the rod, and saw Gómez strike (Belford) with the knife; that he carried no weapons on that night; that Bel-ford did not support his children, and had never claimed them; that he educated them', and as Belford did not work he never sent anything to support them.
“15. The witness Antonio Belford testified that she heard De-metrio Díaz say, after the crime had been committed, ‘Here compay, (godfather) take that knife and break it’; that she did not know what was done with the knife,- and heard nothing more; that Belford used a rod when he went out; that the truth was that Diaz said to Nicolás Gómez, ‘ Take that knife and throw it away. ’
“16. The witness Nicolás Gómez, being recalled, testified that he had not wounded Belfprd, who to him was a father; tliat he defended his family and saved them from the cyclone; that he reached the scene of the crime after Belford had been wounded, and that he did not see Leña Yerde there; that he was accompanied by Bonifacio.
“17. The witness Bonifacio Gutierrez, being recalled, testified that he did not see Nicolás Gómez wound Belford, and that he did not see the rod in the hands of Leña Yerde.”
From a careful consideration of the facts which must he deduced from the foregoing statement, we cannot agree that the jury were not warranted in finding a verdict of murder in the second degree. It is true, had a verdict of manslaughter been found by the jury it would not have been disturbed by this court, but certainly the facts show that the murder was committed with implied malice — that is to say, with a deliberate intention unlawfully to take away the life of the deceased, no considerable provocation appearing, and under the circumstances showing an abandoned and malignant heart. It is useless to say what would have been the decision of this court had the verdict been for murder in the first degree, a former judgment condemning the. accused to death having been set aside for informality in the verdict in the absence of a bill of exceptions, or statement of facts, showing the evidence adduced on the trial.
It is a question which has been the subject of considerable discussion as to how far an appellate court will go in reversing a judgment on the ground that the verdict of the jury is not *150supported by the evidence. A great majority of the cases' to be found in the books hold that the decision of a jury on the facts should not be disturbed on appeal. A minority of the cases have held, quite as consistently, that if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a verdict that it should be set aside on appeal. But the opinions in the cases very often fail to state how far an appellate court can proceed in considering' the weight of the evidence in criminal cases on which the verdict of the jury is based. It would perhaps be very difficult, if not impossible, to deduce from the reported cases a rule on this subject which can be considered as having been adopted by all the courts. In Florida, Texas and Illinois the courts have held that a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused in the minds of the appellate court is a sufficient reason for the reversal of a judgment of conviction. In many other States, among them Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, New York and Virginia, it may be said to be the rule established by the decisions that a judgment in a criminal case will not be disturbed on the ground that the verdict is not supported by the evidence, except in.cases where there is a total failure of evidence, or it is so weak and unsatisfactory that the necessary inference to be drawn therefrom is that the verdict is the result of partiality, passion or prejudice. The latter rule has been upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Crumpton v. United States, 138 U. S., 36. And in California it is announced as the decision of its court of last resort that only questions of law can be considered on appeal, and if there is any evidence to justify the verdict of the jury it cannot be disturbed. (People v. Williams, 59 Cal., 674; People v. Smallman, 55 Cal., 185.)
This matter is discussed, though briefly, in a note to the case of Armstrong v. The State of Florida, to be found reported in 17 Lawyers’ Reports Annotated, on page 484. We concur in the rule laid down by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case referred to above, that the weight of the evidence introduced by the State, to the extent to which *151it was contradicted or explained away by witnesses on bebalf of the defendant, are questions exclusively for the jury, and not reviewable upon error in the appellate court. If the verdict was manifestly against the weight of evidence, defendant should have moved for a new trial on that ground in the court below, but the granting or refusing of such a motion is a matter of discretion in the trial court. It may be said generally that this court will not review the decision of the jury upon a question of fact, unless it is clearly erroneous, or the result of partiality, passion or prejudice.
The second objection made by the accused to the judgment of the court below is founded on no better basis. It is true that the jury recommended the defendant to the clemency of the court, and the court sentenced him to the utmost limit of the law under the verdict which was rendered against him. The recommendation of thé jury-doubtless received due consideration by the trial judge, but he was not bound to adopt the recommendation, nor to mitigate the sentence on account •thereof. The law places upon him the responsibility of fixing-the sentence (Code of Criminal Procedure, sec. 319), and the jury’s duty is completed when it has found the defendant guilty or not guilty (Code of Criminal Procedure, sec.- 283), and in cases of this kind, indicated the degree of the crime which he had committed. (Code of Criminal Procedure, sec. 284.)
Our statute in regard to verdicts, section 283, Code of Criminal Procedure, is entirely similar to that of California as contained in section 1151 of the Penal Code of that State. In construing a verdict, containing a recommendation to mercy, similar to the one in the case at bar, the Supreme Court of California says:
‘ ‘ The verdict of the jurors was' accompanied with a recommendation to mercy. The court directed the verdict to be entered without the recommendation. There was no error in this direction. The recommendation was addressed solely to the court, and constituted no part of the verdict.” (People v. Lee, 17 Cal., 79.)
*152In this decision we entirely concur. The jury should not go outside of the law and encumber their verdicts with irrelevant matter. If questions in regard to clemency in pronouncing the sentence are to be considered by the court the Code makes provision for them, and in sections 320 and 321, Code of Criminal Procedure, directs how they are to be presented. There was no error in rendering the judgment in the record on the verdict of the jury.
Taking this view of the law and the facts disclosed by the record, the judgment of the court below should be in all things affirmed.
, ~ , Affirmed.
Chief Justice Quiñones and Justices Hernandez, Higueras and Wolf concurred.