Stanley v. Walker

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Mark A. Holloway David W. Stone, IV
Indianapolis, Indiana Anderson, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR AMICUS CURIAE Michael Phelps
DEFENSE TRIAL COUNSEL OF INDIANA Bloomington, Indiana
Donald B. Kite, Sr.
Kelly R. Eskew
Indianapolis, Indiana

FILED
James D. Johnson
Evansville, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR AMICUS CURIAE May 27 2009, 3:47 pm
INSURANCE INSTITUTE OF INDIANA, INC.
Bryan H. Babb
CLERK
Kelly M. Scanlan of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
Indianapolis, Indiana tax court

______________________________________________________________________________

In the
Indiana Supreme Court
_________________________________

No. 41S01-0810-CV-539

BRANDON STANLEY,

Appellant (Defendant below),

v.

DANNY WALKER,

Appellee (Plaintiff below).
_________________________________

Appeal from the Johnson Superior Court, No. 41D01-0510-CT-00078
The Honorable Kevin M. Barton, Judge
_________________________________

On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 41A01-0610-CV-462
_________________________________

May 27, 2009

Sullivan, Justice.
 The amount of medical expenses actually paid by the plaintiff in this personal injury case
was discounted from the amount originally billed because of arrangements between the plain-
tiff‘s health insurance company and the medical service providers. The defendant sought to in-
troduce evidence of the discounted amount actually paid over the plaintiff‘s objection that Indi-
ana‘s ―collateral source‖ statute bars evidence of insurance benefits. To the extent the dis-
counted amounts may be introduced without referencing insurance, they may be used to deter-
mine the reasonable value of medical services.

Background

Brandon Stanley and Danny Walker were involved in an automobile accident in 2004.
As a result of the accident, Walker sustained injuries and received treatment from eleven differ-
ent medical providers. Walker filed a complaint against Stanley, arguing that as a result of Stan-
ley‘s negligence, Walker incurred medical expenses, lost wages, and experienced pain and suf-
fering. Before trial, Stanley admitted negligence; this case proceeded on the issue of damages
only.

During the trial, Walker, the plaintiff, introduced redacted medical bills totaling $11,570
showing the amounts medical service providers originally billed him. Stanley, the defendant,
made no objection to the introduction of the medical bills into evidence. These bills, to repeat,
showed the amounts originally billed but not the amounts totaling $4,750 that were discounted as
a result of negotiations between the medical service providers and Walker‘s health insurance
company. Neither Walker nor his insurance company is financially responsible for the amount
of the discounts. Walker‘s medical providers accepted payment from his insurance company of
$6,820 ($11,570 minus $4,750) in satisfaction of the medical bills occasioned by Stanley‘s neg-
ligence.

At the close of Walker‘s testimony, Stanley asked the trial court to admit Walker‘s dis-
counted medical bills totaling $6,820 into evidence, complete with an offer of proof. Walker ob-
jected on grounds that evidence of the discounted bills violated Indiana‘s collateral source sta-
tute, Ind. Code § 34-44-1-2, which in part prohibits the introduction of evidence of ―insurance

2
benefits‖ in personal injury cases. The court sustained Walker‘s objection. It determined that
insurance and ―anything flowing from the insurance benefit purchased by the plaintiff . . . .‖1
would thus be prohibited under the collateral source statute. The court found, in other words,
that the discounts constituted ―insurance benefits‖ paid for by the plaintiff.

The jury returned a $70,000 general verdict in favor of Walker. Stanley appealed, assert-
ing that the trial court erred when it barred introduction of Walker‘s discounted medical bills into
evidence. The Court of Appeals affirmed. Stanley v. Walker, 888 N.E.2d 222, 230 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2008).

Stanley then sought, and we granted, transfer. Stanley v. Walker, 898 N.E.2d 1226 (Ind.
2008) (table).

Discussion

I

As set forth above, both the trial court and the Court of Appeals held that it would have
violated Indiana‘s ―collateral source‖ statute for defendant Stanley to present evidence to the jury
that plaintiff Walker‘s medical providers had accepted $4,750 less than the amount they had
originally billed in satisfaction of the medical bills occasioned by Stanley‘s negligence. As such,
we begin with a consideration of the ―collateral source‖ statute and its common law predecessor,
the ―collateral source‖ rule.

At common law, the collateral source rule prohibited defendants from introducing evi-
dence of compensation received by plaintiffs from collateral sources, that is, sources other than
the defendant, to reduce damage awards. This rule held tortfeasors accountable for the full ex-
tent of the consequences of their conduct, ―regardless of any aid or compensation acquired by
plaintiffs through first-party insurance, employment agreements, or gratuitous assistance.‖ Shir-

1
App. 71.

3
ley v. Russell, 663 N.E.2d 532, 534 (Ind. 1996) (quoting Shirley v. Russell, 69 F.3d 839, 842
(7th Cir. 1995)).

The Legislature abrogated the common law collateral source rule by enacting the colla-
teral source statute. Shirley, 663 N.E.2d at 534.2 Pursuant to our collateral source statute, evi-
dence of collateral source payments may not be prohibited except for specified exceptions. See
id. The statute provides the following:

In a personal injury or wrongful death action, the court shall allow the ad-
mission into evidence of:
(1) proof of collateral source payments other than:
(A) payments of life insurance or other death benefits;
(B) insurance benefits for which the plaintiff or members of the plain-
tiff‘s family have paid for directly; or
(C) payments made by:
(i) the state or the United States; or
(ii) any agency, instrumentality, or subdivision of the state or
the United States;
that have been made before trial to a plaintiff as compensation for the loss
or injury for which the action is brought[.]

I.C. § 34-44-1-2.

The purpose of the collateral source statute is to determine the actual amount of the pre-
vailing party‘s pecuniary loss and to preclude that party from recovering more than once from all
applicable sources for each item of loss sustained in a personal injury or wrongful death action.
I.C. § 34-44-1-1(1)-(2). At the same time, it retains the common law principle that collateral
source payments should not reduce a damage award if they resulted from the victim‘s own fore-
sight – both insurance purchased by the victim and also government benefits – presumably be-
cause the victim has paid for those benefits through taxes.

An injured plaintiff is entitled to recover damages for medical expenses that were both
necessary and reasonable. See Cook v. Whitsell-Sherman, 796 N.E.2d 271, 277 (Ind. 2003).

2
The collateral source statute referenced in Shirley, I.C. § 34-4-36-1 (repealed by Pub. L. No. 1-1988, §
221), is now codified at I.C. § 34-44-1-2.

4
Thus we are confronted with the question of how to determine the reasonable value of medical
services when an injured plaintiff‘s medical treatment is paid from a collateral source at a dis-
counted rate.

Other jurisdictions have considered this issue with varying results. In one approach,
courts apply the collateral source rule to negotiated discounts on the plaintiff‘s medical care for
which the plaintiff paid consideration. See Arthur v. Catour, 833 N.E.2d 847, 853-54 (Ill. 2005)
(holding that plaintiffs may present evidence of the billed amount of their medical services and
defendants may challenge the reasonableness of the billed amount without specifying what evi-
dence the defendant could introduce to challenge the billed amount); Mitchell v. Haldar, 883
A.2d 32, 40 (Del. 2005) (holding that the plaintiff can present evidence of the billed amount as
representing the reasonable value of the medical services without addressing whether the defen-
dant was barred from introducing evidence of the discount).

Two states courts have held that the medical discounts were a collateral source, but that
they were compelled to set off the collateral source amount against an award of compensatory
damages under their respective state statutes. See Goble v. Frohman, 901 So. 2d 830, 832-33
(Fla. 2005); Slack v. Kelleher, 104 P.3d 958, 967 (Idaho 2004).

In another approach, the Ohio Supreme Court has allowed both the amount paid and the
amount billed into evidence to prove the reasonable value of medical services. See Robinson v.
Bates, 857 N.E.2d 1195, 1200 (Ohio 2006) (holding that the jury may determine that the reason-
able value of medical services is the amount originally billed, the amount accepted as payment,
or some amount in between).

II

Indiana Evidence Rule 413 provides one method of proving the reasonable value of med-
ical expenses. It reads as follows: ―[s]tatements of charges for medical, hospital or other health
care expenses for diagnosis or treatment occasioned by an injury are admissible into evidence.
Such statements shall constitute prima facie evidence that the charges are reasonable.‖ Evid. R.

5
413. By its terms, Rule 413 allows actual past medical charges to serve as prima facie evidence
that the charges are reasonable.

The purpose of Rule 413 is to provide a simpler method of proving amount of
medical expenses when there is no substantial issue that they are reasonable and
were caused by the tort. If there is a dispute, of course the party opposing them
may offer evidence to the contrary, including expert opinion. By permitting med-
ical bills to serve as prima facie proof that the expenses are reasonable, the rule
eliminates the need for testimony on that often uncontested issue. Finally, the fact
that a statement was submitted is at least some evidence that the charge is normal
for the treatment involved, and it was necessary to be performed.

Cook, 796 N.E.2d at 277-78. Thus, medical bills can be introduced to prove the amount of med-
ical expenses when there is no substantial issue that the medical expenses are reasonable.

However, in cases where the reasonable value of medical services is disputed, the method
outlined in Rule 413 is not the end of the story. See Cook, 796 N.E.2d at 277. The opposing
party may produce contradictory evidence to challenge the reasonableness of the proffered medi-
cal bills, including expert testimony. See id. Additionally, reasonableness of medical expenses
can be proven, in part, by demonstrating that the plaintiff paid the actual amounts incurred.
Smith v. Syd‘s, Inc., 598 N.E.2d 1065, 1066 (Ind. 1992). This is premised on the notion that a
plaintiff would not pay an unreasonable bill. Id. The paid bill certainly may constitute evidence
of the reasonable value of services, but it is not dispositive. See id.

The law of Indiana will allow a plaintiff to recover neither the actual amount of
medical bills charged to him nor the amount of medical bills paid by him, but ra-
ther, the reasonable and fair value of medical expenses necessarily incurred by
him. The actual amount charged to the plaintiff or the amount actually paid by
him may tend to prove the reasonable and fair value of the services rendered to
him but are not conclusive on the issue.

Chemco Transp., Inc. v. Conn, 506 N.E.2d 1111, 1115 (Ind. Ct. App. 1987) (quoting Herrick v.
Sayler, 160 F.Supp. 25, 29 (N.D. Ind. 1958)), rev‘d on other grounds, 527 N.E.2d 179 (Ind.
1988).

6
 In sum, the proper measure of medical expenses in Indiana is the reasonable value of
such expenses. This measure of damages cannot be read as permitting only full recovery of
medical expenses billed to a plaintiff. Id. Nor can the proper measure of medical expenses be
read as permitting only the recovery of the amount actually paid. Id. The focus is on the reason-
able value, not the actual charge. This is especially true given the current state of health care
pricing.

The complexities of health care pricing structures make it difficult to determine whether
the amount paid, the amount billed, or an amount in between represents the reasonable value of
medical services. One authority reports that hospitals historically billed insured and uninsured
patients similarly. Mark A. Hall & Carl E. Schneider, Patients As Consumers: Courts, Contracts,
and the New Medical Marketplace, 106 Mich. L. Rev. 643, 663 (2008). With the advent of ma-
naged care, some insurers began demanding deep discounts, and hospitals shifted costs to less
influential patients. Id. This authority reports that insurers generally pay about forty cents per
dollar of billed charges and that hospitals accept such amounts in full satisfaction of the billed
charges. Id.

As more medical providers are paid under fixed payment arrangements, another authority
reports, hospital charge structures have become less correlated to hospital operations and actual
payments. The Lewin Group, A Study of Hospital Charge Setting Practices i (2005). Currently,
the relationship between charges and costs is ―tenuous at best.‖ Id. at 7. In fact, hospital execu-
tives reportedly admit that most charges have ―no relation to anything, and certainly not to cost.‖
Hall, Patients As Consumers at 665.3 Thus, based on the realities of health care finance, we are
unconvinced that the reasonable value of medical services is necessarily represented by either the
amount actually paid or the amount stated in the original medical bill.

When dealing with a similar issue, our sister court in Ohio declared that, ―[t]he jury may
decide that the reasonable value of medical care is the amount originally billed, the amount the
medical provider accepted as payment, or some amount in between . . . . both the original bill

3
Indeed, amicus in this case, the Insurance Institute of Indiana, Inc., flatly says ―charges billed by health
care providers are effectively irrelevant to the value of the services provided . . . .‖ (Amicus Br. at 8.)

7
and the amount accepted are evidence relevant to the reasonable value of medical expenses.‖
Robinson, 857 N.E.2d at 1200-01.4 We adopt this approach.

At issue in Robinson was the application of Ohio‘s common law ―collateral source rule‖
in a personal injury action. Id. at 1196. Ohio courts had recognized the collateral source rule
since 1970. Id. at 1199. The rule prohibited a jury from being told about a plaintiff‘s receipt of
payment for the plaintiff‘s injury from a source other than the defendant. Id. The court held that
the collateral source rule was not applicable to the discounts to the medical bills because they
were not payments made by a third party to the plaintiff. Id. at 1200-01. The court did not iden-
tify either the amount billed or the discounted amount paid as the appropriate evidence to be
submitted to a jury as the reasonable value of medical expenses. Instead, the court determined
that both values were relevant evidence that should be submitted to a jury to determine the rea-
sonable value of medical services. Id. at 1200. The court recognized that, ―[b]ecause no one
pays the negotiated reduction, admitting evidence of [discounts] does not violate the purpose be-
hind the collateral-source rule. The tortfeasor does not obtain a credit because of payments made
by a third party on behalf of the plaintiff.‖ Id.

The reasonable value of medical services is the measure used to determine damages to an
injured party in a personal injury matter. This value is not exclusively based on the actual
amount paid or the amount originally billed, though these figures certainly may constitute evi-
dence as to the reasonable value of medical services. A defendant is liable for the reasonable
value of the services. We find this to be the fairest approach; to do otherwise would create sepa-
rate categories of plaintiffs based on the method used to finance medical expenses. See Robin-
son, 857 N.E.2d at 1200 (discussing how its rule avoided the creation of separate categories of
plaintiffs based on individual insurance coverage).

4
During the time at issue in Robinson, Ohio‘s collateral source rule excluded evidence of benefits paid by
a collateral source. 857 N.E.2d at 1199-1200. Thus, the Ohio Supreme Court‘s decision was rendered
under a collateral source rule different from our collateral source statute. However, we find nothing in its
ruling inconsistent with the operation of our collateral source statute.

8
 Given the current state of the health care pricing system where, to repeat, authorities sug-
gest that a medical provider‘s billed charges do not equate to cost, the jury may well need the
amount of the payments, amounts billed by medical service providers, and other relevant and
admissible evidence to be able to determine the amount of reasonable medical expenses. To as-
sist the jury in this regard, a defendant may cross-examine any witness called by the plaintiff to
establish reasonableness. The defendant may also introduce its own witnesses to testify that the
billed amounts do not represent the reasonable value of services. Additionally, the defendant
may introduce the discounted amounts into evidence to rebut the reasonableness of charges in-
troduced by the plaintiff. We recognize that the discount of a particular provider generally aris-
es out of a contractual relationship with health insurers or government agencies and reflects a
number of factors – not just the reasonable value of the medical services. However, we believe
that this evidence is of value in the fact-finding process leading to the determination of the rea-
sonable value of medical services.

The collateral source statute does not bar evidence of discounted amounts in order to de-
termine the reasonable value of medical services. To the extent the adjustments or accepted
charges for medical services may be introduced into evidence without referencing insurance,
they are allowed.

III

In accordance with Rule 413, Walker introduced his original medical bills as prima facie
evidence of the reasonable value of medical services. He presented billing statements showing
gross charges of $11,570.5 Stanley attempted to introduce evidence representing that ―other
amounts of money actually represent the reasonable amount [for the medical expenses] . . . .‖
(App. 69.) Stanley argues that he was entitled to demonstrate that the amounts paid and accepted
by Walker‘s medical providers contradicted Walker‘s prima facie evidence of reasonable medi-

5
This Court has previously decided that ―statements‖ are equivalent to ―bills‖ or ―charges.‖ Cook, 796
N.E.2d at 277. By one definition, a ―statement‖ shows the balance due. Id. ―[Rule 413‘s] reference to
‗statements of charges‘ is in this sense.‖ Id.

9
cal expenses. As discussed above, when there is a dispute as to the prima facie evidence of the
reasonable cost of medical expenses, the opponent may introduce contradictory evidence.

Stanley conceded that he ―[could not] ask Mr. Walker the amount of the expenses that
were paid by [Anthem], that‘s the collateral source.‖ (App. 66.) Instead, Stanley contends that
he wanted to enter into evidence the amount that two parties have agreed to as ―reasonable‖ as
evidenced by the discounts. Stanley wanted to submit evidence to the jury that would show that
the amount accepted in satisfaction of the medical charges totaled $6,820, that is, $4,750 less
than the $11,570 originally billed. Because Stanley sought to do so without referencing insur-
ance, his evidence should have been admitted. The jury was instructed that:

The proper measure of damages for medical services is the reasonable and
fair value of medical expenses necessarily incurred by a Plaintiff. As such, the
proper measure of damages for medical services is not the actual amount of medi-
cal bills charged to a Plaintiff nor the amount of medical bills paid by a Plaintiff.

Statements of charges for medical, hospital or other health care expenses
for diagnosis or treatment occasioned by an injury constitute prima [facie] evi-
dence that the charges are reasonable and fair.

App. 132.

The first two sentences of this instruction were perfectly proper. But the third sentence
was not. As just noted, the trial court should have allowed Stanley‘s evidence of the discounted
amount actually paid. To the extent that the trial court included in the instruction reference to the
amount initially billed as evidence of reasonable and fair value, it should also have referred to
the discounted amount actually paid (after having earlier allowed that amount to have been ad-
mitted into evidence).

Conclusion

Because the amount at issue constitutes such a small percentage of the overall damages
award, we affirm the judgment and remand this case to the trial court with orders to reduce the

10
damage award by $4,750. If Walker will not accept this remittitur, he is free to retry the issue of
damages before another jury.

Boehm, J., concurs with a separate opinion in which Shepard, C.J., joins.

Dickson, J., dissents with a separate opinion in which Rucker, J., concurs.

11
12
Boehm, Justice, concurring.

I concur in the majority opinion. I write separately to respond to some points that Justice
Dickson makes.

First, and obviously, we hold today only that the discounted price actually paid for medi-
cal services is admissible evidence as to the reasonable value of those services. We do not hold
that it is conclusive. Evidence Rule 413 provides that the bills for a medical service are admissi-
ble and are ―prima facie evidence‖ of the reasonable price for the service. Prima facie evidence
is not conclusive and may be rebutted by other evidence. The issue thus is simply whether the
discounted prices from sticker prices for today‘s medical services are relevant under the Rules of
Evidence. I think it is obvious that they are, because they reflect the amounts that the providers
are willing to accept for their services. As we all know, most but not all Americans have some
form of employer or group based health insurance. See Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D.
Proctor & Jessica C. Smith, U.S. Census Bureau, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Cover-
age in the United States: 2007 at 19 (2008), available at
http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/p60-235.pdf (―The percentage of people covered by em-
ployment-based health insurance [was] 59.3 in 2007 . . . .‖). And, as the majority opinion ex-
plains, many of these plans include prices that are not trivially discounted from the stated price
that is rarely collected. Transactions at these discounted prices presumably constitute the majori-
ty in the market for any service provided by physicians or hospitals, and in any case constitute a
sizable share of all transactions. Because these discounted prices are the bulk of all pricing for a
given service, I cannot conclude that they are irrelevant to determining the reasonable price of
that service.

Second, some managed health care programs confer some or all of the benefits to health
care providers that Justice Dickson identifies as hidden additions to the discounted price to reach
the real reasonable value of the services provided. But some of these—prompt payment and
avoiding collection costs—are provided by credit card companies for relatively insignificant
charges compared to the discounts from sticker price for many health care services. I do not be-
lieve the most important of these—access to a large population—is properly considered as a ben-
efit conferred by the third party on the health care provider. Rather, it is something the insured
and the insurer have arranged to pool their bargaining power against the provider, and the pro-
vider has agreed to sell at that bargained price. Moreover, many, including many of the largest
insurers, do not control the insured‘s selection of the provider. By obtaining reduced prices for
their insureds, they encourage the insureds to choose a participating provider, and by presenting
this large pooled bargaining power, they obtain lower prices from the providers. But that does
not suggest that these prices are not reasonable. To the contrary, because the majority of transac-
tions occur at those prices, unless the providers are mispricing their services, these prices should
be those that provide a reasonable compensation to the provider.

Third, Justice Dickson identifies a number of complexities he sees in establishing the rea-
sonable price for the service if we do not take the sticker price as conclusive by holding inad-
missible evidence of the discounted price. But if we were to choose between the sticker price
that most people do not pay and the discounted price that most people do pay, we should hold
that the sticker price is to be excluded from evidence as the less realistic evidence of the reason-
able value of these services that the real market for them reflects. Cf. James McGrath, Over-
charging the Uninsured in Hospitals: Shifting a Greater Share of Uncompensated Medical Care
Costs to the Federal Government, 26 Quinnipiac L. Rev. 173, 185 (2007) (noting that health care
payment systems have rendered hospitals‘ list prices ―relatively meaningless‖).

Shepard, C.J., joins.

2
Dickson, Justice, dissenting.

The majority holds that defendants in personal injury cases may introduce evidence of
reduced amounts actually paid and accepted to satisfy accounts for medical services under ar-
rangements between a plaintiff's insurer and the medical service providers "[t]o the extent the
discounted amounts may be introduced without referencing insurance." I believe this new rule
contravenes the express requirements of the collateral source statute, Ind. Code § 34-44-1-2, and
is also unfair and undesirable judicial policy.

Although only four thousand or so dollars is actually at stake in this appeal, the majority's
decision impacts more than just the calculation of medical expense damages that an injured
plaintiff is entitled to receive from a defendant whose wrongful acts caused the injury. The
amount of reasonable medical expenses incurred by a plaintiff is an important factor that influ-
ences juries in their assessment of additional general damages. As a plaintiff's medical expenses
increase or decrease, a corresponding effect on the award of general damages is often observed.1
It is thus not surprising that the amici curiae Defense Trial Counsel of Indiana and Indiana Trial
Lawyers Association are strongly asserting opposing views.

The Collateral Source Statute

The new rule established today, in my opinion, contravenes the express provisions of the
collateral source statute, which should control this case. The collateral source statute states:
Sec. 2. In a personal injury or wrongful death action, the court shall allow the admission
into evidence of:
(1) proof of collateral source payments other than:
(A) payments of life insurance or other death benefits;
(B) insurance benefits for which the plaintiff or members of the plaintiff's
family have paid for directly; or
(C) payments made by:
(i) the state or the United States; or
(ii) any agency, instrumentality, or subdivision of the state or the

1
This practical reality finds additional confirmation from the defendant's assertion that "it's likely the
jury's verdict of $70,000 was influenced by the level of medical expenses it erroneously believed Walker
had incurred." Br. of Appellant at 8.

1
 United States;
that have been made before trial to a plaintiff as compensation for the loss
or injury for which the action is brought;
(2) proof of the amount of money that the plaintiff is required to repay, including
worker's compensation benefits, as a result of the collateral benefits received; and
(3) proof of the cost to the plaintiff or to members of the plaintiff's family of col-
lateral benefits received by the plaintiff or the plaintiff's family.

Ind. Code § 34-44-1-2 (emphasis added). Creating an exclusion from the common law collateral
source rule, the statute expressly allows evidence of certain collateral source payments, but ex-
plicitly declines to extend this admissibility to payments in the form of "insurance benefits for
which the plaintiff or members of the plaintiff's family have paid for directly." Id. § 34-44-1-
2(1)(B).

The defendant's appellate claim is that the trial court erred in excluding his evidence of-
fered to show the "adjustments to the [plaintiff's] medical bills." Br. of Appellant at 9. The re-
fused evidence consisted of an assortment of hospital and medical bills and statements of account
revealing the amount of contractual write-offs resulting from the plaintiff's insurance coverage
(Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield) and the amounts actually paid in full satisfaction of the medi-
cal bills by Anthem. Appellant's App'x at 73-86. The plaintiff testified that he had paid the An-
them insurance premiums. Id. at 56.

The collateral source statute expressly declines to authorize the admission of evidence of
payments in the form of "insurance benefits for which the plaintiff or members of the plaintiff's
family have paid for directly." Ind. Code § 34-44-1-2(1)(B). The trial court's exclusion of the
defendant's evidence in this case was thus consistent with the statutory requirements. The rule
pronounced by today's opinion, which invites admission of "discounted amount[s] actually paid,"
Maj. slip op. at 2, seems diametrically opposed to the statute's clear and unequivocal language.
Statutory modification or nullification is best left to the General Assembly.

I also dissent to express my disagreement with the majority's statement that the collateral
source statute abrogated the common law collateral source rule. Supra at 4. The statute contains
no words expressly abrogating the common law collateral source rule. Rather, the statute's pre-
cise language appears to create a limited exception to the common law rule, which is otherwise

2
left intact. From the statute's "the court shall allow" and "other than" language, I understand the
statute merely to modify the common law rule to allow the admission of some collateral source
payments but to deny this admission to life insurance, other death benefits, insurance benefits
paid for by the plaintiff and the plaintiff's family, and government payments, thus leaving the
common law rule in place as to these. The statute establishes a carefully crafted exception to the
rule that narrowly allows only collateral source payments "other than" payments of benefits con-
ferred from a plaintiff's own insurance or from government payments.

This interpretation of the collateral source statute seems conclusively governed by our
well-established jurisprudence for determining the impact of a statute on existing common law:
When the legislature enacts a statute in derogation of the common law, this Court pre-
sumes that the legislature is aware of the common law, and does not intend to make any
change therein beyond what it declares either in express terms or by unmistakable impli-
cation. In cases of doubt, a statute is construed as not changing the common law.

Bartrom v. Adjustment Bureau, Inc., 618 N.E.2d 1, 10 (Ind. 1993) (internal citations omitted). In
line with this bedrock principle, this Court consistently construes statutes in derogation of the
common law strictly and applies them narrowly in a variety of contexts. See, e.g., Dunson v.
Dunson, 769 N.E.2d 1120, 1124-25 (Ind. 2002); McKnight v. State, 658 N.E.2d 559, 562 (Ind.
1995); McQuade v. Draw Tite, Inc., 659 N.E.2d 1016, 1018 (Ind. 1995); Ind. State Highway
Comm'n v. Morris, 528 N.E.2d 468, 473 (Ind. 1988); Loftus v. State, 222 Ind. 139, 143-44, 52
N.E.2d 488, 490 (1944).

Given the controversial and significant evidentiary issues involved in the collateral
source rule and any modification thereof, I am convinced the General Assembly carefully ba-
lanced strongly asserted competing interests and crafted statutory language to reflect a legislative
intent to delicately modify but not abrogate the common law rule.2

2
There is unfortunate language in Shirley v. Russell, in which this Court unanimously but gratuitously
commented that the collateral source statute "abrogated the common law collateral source rule." 663
N.E.2d 532, 534 (Ind. 1996). I am now convinced that this statement was both mistaken and unnecessary.
Shirley involved a wrongful death action in which there was evidence that a decedent and his widow fo-
rewent a substantial portion of their pension in consideration of a survivor benefit. This Court found that
the survivor annuity payment, "though perhaps not insurance for tax or regulatory purposes, has sufficient
hallmarks of insurance to be deemed such for purposes of the new collateral source rule statute," and was
therefore "not admissible in [the] estate's wrongful death claim." Id. at 536 (citing Ind. Code § 34-44-1-

3
 As to the defendant's sole appellate claim that the trial court erroneously excluded his
evidence of discounted payments for medical services, I believe that the trial court properly fol-
lowed the collateral source statute and that the resulting judgment should be affirmed.

Unfair and Undesirable Judicial Policy

I also oppose the new rule because it is incomplete, misleading, and unfair, and will add
layers of complexity, time, and expense to personal injury litigation, impairing the efficient ad-
ministration of justice.

The majority acknowledges that the proper measure of medical expense damages for a
personal injury plaintiff is the reasonable value of such expenses but concludes that the complex-
ity currently surrounding the state of health care pricing systems3 favors giving defendants new
tools, namely the evidence of discounted payments for such services, to challenge the plaintiff's
evidence of presumptively reasonable medical expenses under Indiana Evidence Rule 413.

The new rule fails to take into account, however, that these contractual discounts confer
significant benefits upon medical service providers in addition to just the cash received in dis-
counted payments. In exchange for medical services, providers receive not only the insurer's
payments, but also the pecuniary value of numerous additional benefits, among which are
prompt payment, assured collectability, avoidance of collection costs, increased administrative
efficiency, and significant marketing advantages.

2(1)(B)). The application of the statute in Shirley is thus entirely consistent with the trial court's decision
to exclude the discounted insurance benefit payments in the present case.
3
The majority opinion, the concurrence, and this dissent discuss information from resources that are not
part of the record of proceedings of this case. Indiana Code of Judicial Conduct Rule 2.9(C) declares that
judges "shall not investigate facts in a matter independently, and shall consider only the evidence pre-
sented and any facts that may properly be judicially noticed." And Comment [6] explains that this prohi-
bition "extends to information available in all mediums, including electronic." I understand this Rule's
reference to the "facts in a matter" to mean the specific facts relating to the incident upon which a lawsuit
is based, but that the Rule does not restrain appellate consideration of other general information helpful to
the function of appellate courts in statutory interpretation and the advancement determination of common
law.

4
 It is widely recognized that, by agreeing to reduced rates, providers gain significant ad-
ministrative and marketing advantages, "including a large volume of business, rapid payment,
ease of collection, and occasionally advance deposits." Lawrence F. Wolper, Health Care Ad-
ministration: Planning, Implementing, and Managing Organized Delivery Systems 553 (4th ed.
2004); see also, e.g., Arnold Birenbaum, Managed Care: Made in America 22 (1997) ("[Dis-
counting] guarantees the hospital that a certain number of beds will be occupied."); William O.
Cleverley & Andrew E. Cameron, Essentials of Health Care Finance 301 (6th ed. 2006) (dis-
counting attracts new blocks of patients); Steven R. Eastaugh, Health Care Finance: Economic
Incentives and Productivity Enhancement 97 (2006) ("PPOs [preferred provider organizations]
have an intuitive appeal as a mechanism for attracting fixed blocks of business. . . . Taking on
PPO patients is analogous to taking credit card business in that you absorb the 3, 6, or 9 percent
discounts in hopes of increasing the volume of new users to the hospital. . . . Generating new
sources of revenues and new users of the hospital . . . is the desideratum."); Shahram Heshmat,
Framework for Market-Based Hospital Pricing Decisions 10 (1993) ("In return for obtaining pre-
ferred status (which is designed to increase the volume of business), providers make their servic-
es more attractive to payers through means such as discounting . . . ."); Peter R. Kongstvedt, The
Managed Health Care Handbook 32 (4th ed. 2001) ("[A] PPO may commit to pay all clean
claims submitted by its providers within 15 days of submittal in return for a larger discount from
charges."); Rockwell Schulz & Alton C. Johnson, Management of Hospitals and Health Services:
Strategic Issues and Performance 40 (2003) ("The advantage to the [provider] in joining a PPO is
access to more patients while retaining [a fee-for-service payment mechanism]."); Paul B. Gins-
burg, The Dynamics of Market-Level Change, 22 J. Health Pol. Pol'y & L. 363, 371 (1997)
("Managed care plans have pursued a number of strategies," including "to take advantage of
scale economies in marketing and administration, and to increase market power in relation to
both purchasers and providers."); Robert J. Kulak, Preferred Provider Organizations: On the
Cutting Edge of Medical Delivery System Change, 2 Benefits Q. 4, 4-5 (1986) (in return for
agreeing to provide services at previously negotiated rates, "providers can expect an increase in
their market share, prompt payment and a reduction of administrative detail").

Even the Amicus Defense Trial Counsel of Indiana, which supports the defendant in this

5
case, acknowledges that:
Discounted fee arrangements between healthcare providers and insurers are for their mu-
tual benefit. Providers "discount" from their "customary rate" for managed care patients
for a reason – to be included on a list of preferred network providers from which the ma-
naged care plan members are permitted to obtain healthcare without prior approval from
the insurance company. Thus, providers bargain for a large panel of patients who are, to
some extent, directed to them by the insurance company in exchange for discounting or
writing-off their "customary" rates. The insurance company essentially obtains a bulk
discount on medical services for the plan members. The insurers pass their savings onto
the plan members in the form of lower premiums, which helps them attract more custom-
ers, representing even more potential business for providers.

Br. of Amicus Curiae Defense Trial Counsel of Indiana in Supp. of Appellant's Pet. for Transfer
at 9-10 (internal citation omitted).

As recognized by the Virginia Supreme Court, "amounts written off are as much of a
benefit for which [the plaintiff] paid consideration as are the actual cash payments made by his
health insurance carrier to the health care providers." Acuar v. Letourneau, 531 S.E.2d 316, 322
(Va. 2000).

The majority acknowledges that other jurisdictions "have considered this issue with vary-
ing results." Supra at 5. Other observers, however, have more precisely recognized "the clear
majority view" as that which permits injured plaintiffs "to claim and recover the full amount of
[their] reasonable medical expenses for which [they were] charged, without any reduction for the
amounts apparently written off by [their] healthcare providers pursuant to contractually agreed-
upon rates with [their] medical insurance carriers." Lopez v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 129 P.3d 487,
496 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2006) (emphasis added). Similarly, Professor Dobbs explains, "In line with
the basic measure of damages—the reasonable value of the medical services rendered—most
courts passing on the issue in recent years have made rulings that permit the plaintiff to prove all
of the reasonable medical charges, even though some of those charges were waived by the pro-
vider."4 2 Dan B. Dobbs, The Law of Torts § 380, at 132-33 (2001 & supp. 2005) (emphasis

4
The bulk of courts appear to agree that reduced payments under arrangements between a plaintiff's in-
surer and the medical service providers are not admissible as evidence of reasonableness of the medical
services because they constitute a collateral source. Acuar v. Letourneau, 531 S.E.2d 316, 321-23 (Va.
2000); see, e.g., Baptist Healthcare Sys., Inc. v. Miller, 177 S.W.3d 676, 683-84 (Ky. 2005); Onusko v.

6
added). This dominant view comports with the fundamental purpose of the common law colla-
teral source rule: "to prevent a tortfeasor from deriving any benefit from compensation or in-
demnity that an injured party has received from a collateral source." Acuar, 531 S.E.2d at 322.
"[T]he focal point of the collateral source rule is not whether an injured party has 'incurred' cer-
tain medical expenses. Rather, it is whether a tort victim has received benefits from a collateral
source that cannot be used to reduce the amount of damage owed by a tortfeasor." Id.

Thus, if we authorize consideration of the amount of discounted payments as evidence of
the reasonable value of a plaintiff's medical services, juries will receive a distorted, misleading,
and incomplete picture unless they are also able to consider the pecuniary value of all the bene-
fits conferred upon health care providers in their symbiotic exchange with medical insurers.
While today's new rule does not foreclose the admission of such essential evidence, its gathering
and presentation will significantly burden both injured plaintiffs and efficient judicial administra-
tion. A new level of discovery will be needed to determine and quantify the value to providers.
Plaintiffs will be required to expend considerable resources to marshal and present such evi-
dence, thereby prolonging trials. New appellate issues will result. Not the least of these will be
the challenge of devising a methodology to implement the majority's caveat that discounted
amounts may be introduced only if done "without referencing insurance." Supra at 2, 9. Re-
gardless of the technique used, it seems virtually impossible to deceive the common-sense infe-
rence of juries that insurance is the source of any discounted amounts paid to satisfy medical care
accounts.

This all seems very unnecessary. Under today's new rule, the existence and extent of any
improvement to the accuracy of verdicts seems overwhelmed by the significant probability of
incompleteness, confusion, and resulting unfairness, all further compounded by detrimental ef-

Kerr, 880 A.2d 1022, 1024-25 (Del. 2005); Bozeman v. Louisiana, 879 So.2d 692, 704-05 (La. 2004)
(embracing this rule "for plaintiffs who have paid some consideration for the collateral source benefits");
Covington v. George, 597 S.E.2d 142, 144 (S.C. 2004); Hardi v. Mezzanotee, 818 A.2d 974, 985 (D.C.
2003); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Frierson, 818 So.2d 1135, 1139-40 (Miss. 2002); Koffman v. Leichtfuss,
630 N.W.2d 201, 209-10 (Wis. 2001); Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Anderson, 976 S.W.2d 382, 384-85
(Ark. 1998) (addressing gratuitous and discounted medical services); Goble v. Frohman, 848 So.2d 406,
410 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2003); Olariu v. Marrero, 549 S.E.2d 121, 123 (Ga. Ct. App. 2001); Brown v.
Van Noy, 879 S.W.2d 667, 676 (Mo. Ct. App. 1994). Cf. Bynum v. Magno, 101 P.3d 1149, 1160-62
(Haw. 2004).

7
fects on the fair and efficient administration of justice. These negative aspects can easily be
avoided, without sacrificing fairness and justice, by recognizing that when medical providers
agree to accept discounted amounts, the extent of the discount presumably reflects the value of
the tangible and intangible benefits the providers receive in return.

For these reasons, I favor adherence to the common law collateral source rule, as narrow-
ly modified by Indiana's collateral source statute, both of which were properly applied by the tri-
al court in this case.

The Jury Instruction Correctly Stated the Law

I also disagree with the majority's observation that it was improper to instruct the jury
that "[s]tatements of charges for medical, hospital or other health care expenses for diagnosis or
treatment occasioned by an injury constitute prima [facie] evidence that the charges are reasona-
ble and fair." Supra at 10. This instruction closely tracks Rule 413, which provides: "State-
ments of charges for medical, hospital or other health care expenses for diagnosis or treatment
occasioned by an injury are admissible into evidence. Such statements shall constitute prima fa-
cie evidence that the charges are reasonable." Ind. Evid. R. 413. I do not think a trial court errs
by accurately instructing a jury as to what this Court's own rule establishes, especially when the
record reflects no objection at trial by the defendant, when the defendant does not challenge the
instruction on appeal, when the defendant agrees that the instruction accurately recited Rule 413,
and when the defendant approvingly describes the instruction as "the proper measure of damag-
es." See Br. of Appellant at 1, 6, 11.

"Statements of Charges" in Evidence Rule 413

Finally, to the extent the majority in its footnote 4 implies that "statements of charges" in
Rule 413 are merely equivalent to "a financial account showing a balance due," I disagree. This
Court mentioned this "[o]ne definition of 'statement'" only in passing when deciding that Rule
413 does not allow the admission of "future estimates of costs." Cook v. Whitsell-Sherman, 796
N.E.2d 271, 277 (Ind. 2003). Cook did not hold that Rule 413 allows admission of statements of

8
a remaining balance due after discounted payments, and such a holding would be inconsistent
with Rule 413's purpose.

The measure of damages for medical services is not the actual expenses incurred, nor is it
the actual amount paid for such services, but is instead the reasonable value of the medical ser-
vices rendered. As we noted in Butler v. Indiana Department of Insurance:
Under well-established principles of Indiana tort law, the extent of recovery by an injured
plaintiff for medical expenses depends not upon what the plaintiff paid for such services
but rather their reasonable value. Brosnan v. Sweetser, 127 Ind. 1, 9, 26 N.E. 555, 557
(1891); see also Penn. Co. v. Marion, 104 Ind. 239, 3 N.E. 874 (1885) (gratuitous medi-
cal services); City of Indianapolis v. Gaston, 58 Ind. 224 (Ind. 1877) (same); Herrick v.
Sayler, 160 F. Supp. 25, 27-30 (N.D. Ind. 1958) (collecting cases and finding it "apparent
that the law of Indiana will allow a plaintiff in a personal injury action to recover . . . the
reasonable and fair value of medical expenses").

904 N.E.2d 198, 202 (Ind. 2009). Given that plaintiffs must prove the reasonableness and neces-
sity of medical expenses, Rule 413 operates to simplify proof, obviating the expensive and time-
consuming practice of calling witnesses to testify on issues that distract from principal matters at
trial and substituting a statement of charges as prima facie proof of the reasonable value of med-
ical service expenses. Cook, 796 N.E.2d at 277-78. I therefore disagree with the majority's im-
plication that "statements of charges" in Evidence Rule 413 refers to a statement showing the
balance due after receipt of an insurer's discounted payment pursuant to a pre-existing insurer-
provider agreement.

Conclusion

For the reasons expressed above, I dissent. But since the majority has chosen a new path,
I find not unreasonable the procedural template implied and approved by the actual holding in
today's majority opinion. The discounted medical expenses actually paid by the plaintiff's insur-
er are considered post-verdict, without the jury's general damage assessment having been conta-
minated with such information and the almost inevitable resulting implication that the plaintiff
received insurance benefits. This avoidance of toxic evidence is parallel to the pro tanto post-
verdict adjustment procedure we have approved when a plaintiff has received a pre-verdict par-
tial settlement. See, e.g., Morris, 528 N.E.2d at 473-74.

9
Rucker, J., concurs.

10