APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Aaron Israel Steve Carter
Carlisle, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Frances Barrow
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
______________________________________________________________________________
In the
Indiana Supreme Court
_________________________________
No. 46S03-0706-CV-253
AARON ISRAEL,
Appellant (Plaintiff below),
v.
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION,
Appellee (Defendant below).
_________________________________
Appeal from the LaPorte Superior Court, No. 46D03-0410-SC-1351
The Honorable Paul J. Baldoni, Judge
_________________________________
On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 46A03-0509-CV-421
_________________________________
June 26, 2007
Sullivan, Justice.
While an inmate at an Indiana Department of Correction (“DOC”) facility, Aaron Israel,
also known as Aaron Isby, stabbed Officer Douglas Darby in the neck with a knife. In a 1990
prison disciplinary proceeding, three years of disciplinary segregation were imposed and, rele-
vant to this case, Israel was ordered to pay $8,363.85 in restitution for Officer Darby’s hospital,
doctor, and ambulance bills. On November 20, 1996, a check in the amount of $2,800, a result
of a class action lawsuit settlement, was deposited into Israel’s inmate trust account. On No-
vember 26, 1996, the DOC withdrew $2,800.17 from Israel’s trust account for restitution pur-
poses.
Israel responded by filing a small claims action against the DOC in the Small Claims Di-
vision of the LaPorte Superior Court. His argument was that the DOC’s withdrawal of funds
from his trust account violated the terms of a written agreement he had with a prison counselor
that purported to limit the amount the DOC could withdraw from his account. The small claims
court decided the case against him.
Israel appealed. The DOC sought dismissal of the appeal on grounds that the small
claims court did not have jurisdiction to review a disciplinary decision against Israel, citing this
Court’s recent pronouncement in Blanck v. Indiana Department of Correction that “[f]or a quar-
ter-century, our Court has held that DOC inmates have no common law, statutory, or federal
constitutional right to review in state court DOC disciplinary decisions.” 829 N.E.2d 505, 507
(Ind. 2005). The Court of Appeals rejected the DOC’s jurisdictional argument, but decided the
merits in the DOC’s favor. Israel v. Indiana Dep’t of Corr., 854 N.E.2d 1220 (Ind. Ct. App.
2006) (mem.).
We grant Israel’s petition for transfer and hold that the trial court should have dismissed
Israel’s lawsuit.
At issue here is the DOC’s enforcement of its disciplinary decision that Israel pay restitu-
tion for hospital, doctor, and ambulance costs incurred by Officer Darby after Israel stabbed him
in the neck with a knife. Restitution here was a prison disciplinary sanction. It was “agency ac-
tion related to an offender within the jurisdiction of the department of correction” and, as such,
not subject to judicial review. Blanck, 829 N.E.2d at 510 (quoting Ind. Code § 4-21.5-2-5(6)).
In addition, any arrangement the DOC may have made with Israel to specify how the sanction
would be met would also have been “agency action” not subject to judicial review.
This case should have been dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
2
Shepard, C.J., concurs and Rucker, J., concurs with separate opinion. Boehm, J., dissents with
separate opinion in which Dickson, J., concurs.
3
Rucker, Justice, concurring.
In my view Blanck v. Ind. Dep’t of Corr., 829 N.E.2d 505 (Ind. 2005), was wrongly de-
cided. Indeed I joined Justice Boehm’s concurring in result opinion for that reason. But Blanck,
and the authority on which it rests, is now settled law, namely: the enforcement of prison disci-
plinary sanctions are not subject to judicial review. Id. at 510-11. I therefore concur in the ma-
jority opinion in this case.
4
Boehm, J., dissenting.
Israel was ordered to pay restitution to a prison guard whom he injured. He claims he en-
tered into a contract with the state providing for the maximum amount to be taken from his
prison account to satisfy his obligation. He later received a check for $2,800 as his share of a
damage award in a class action. That amount was applied by prison authorities to his restitution
obligation. Israel claims that (1) restitution is not an allowable sanction and (2) the seizure of his
check breached the contract. The majority holds that the seizure of the settlement check was res-
titution as a result of a disciplinary sanction and is therefore not subject to judicial review. Thus,
the majority concludes that Israel’s claim should have been dismissed for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction. I respectfully dissent.
Indiana Code section 11-11-5-3(5) (2004) provides that the Indiana Department of Cor-
rections “may impose . . . as a disciplinary action . . . Restitution . . . .” There appears to be little
merit to Israel’s contention that restitution is unavailable as a form of prison discipline. The is-
sue, however, is not the merits of Israel’s claim, but whether it is within the subject matter juris-
diction of the courts.
In Blanck v. Indiana Department of Corrections, this Court held that “inmates have no
common law, statutory, or federal constitutional right to review in state court DOC disciplinary
decisions.” 829 N.E.2d 505, 507 (Ind. 2005). That decision was based in part on Indiana Code
section 4-21.5-2-5(6) (2004), which excludes from judicial review “agency action related to an
offender within the jurisdiction of the department of correction.” Blanck alleged violation of his
rights under a statute requiring periodic review of his placement in solitary confinement. Blanck,
829 N.E.2d at 508. The trial court dismissed the claim for failure to state a claim. Id. at 507. A
three justice majority affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of Blanck’s complaint but held that
dismissal should have been based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction grounds rather than for
failure to state a claim. Id. at 511-12. Justice Rucker and I agreed with the majority that no pri-
vate cause of action was created by the statutory provisions Blanck cited. However, the dissent
argued that if there were a private right of action under those statutes, it was within the subject
matter jurisdiction of a court of general jurisdiction. Id. at 512 (Boehm, J., dissenting).
5
The majority today expands its view of the sweep of section 5(6) to eliminate court juris-
diction of any claim tangentially related to prisoner discipline. This is contrary to precedent and,
I submit, cannot be correct.
Seven years before Blanck, in Ratliff v. Cohn, 693 N.E.2d 530, 530 (Ind. 1998), this
Court addressed a juvenile’s action alleging that her placement in an adult prison by the Depart-
ment of Corrections was unconstitutional. Ratliff claimed that inattention to her serious medical
needs violated the Eighth Amendment to the Federal Constitution and that she was denied condi-
tions of reasonable care and safety in violation of her due process rights. We held that both
claims withstood 12(b)(6) dismissal. We also held these claims were within the subject matter
jurisdiction of the courts. Id. at 547. Specifically, we said:
There is nothing in [Indiana Code section 4-21.5-2-5(6)] to support the
Commissioner’s broad statement that courts lack the power of judicial review
over alleged violations of an inmate’s right to medical treatment under the Eighth
Amendment and an inmate’s constitutionally protected interests in conditions of
reasonable care and safety under the Fourteenth Amendment. The grounds urged
by the Commissioner in support of his challenge to the trial court’s jurisdiction
are insufficient to undermine the Marion Superior Court’s general subject matter
jurisdiction.
We find no lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. The trial court’s dismissal
cannot be affirmed upon such a claim.
Id. at 548 (internal citation omitted).
Israel’s claim of illegal discipline and breach of contract may have no merit. But I agree
with the Court of Appeals that these claims are within the jurisdiction of the courts. The Court
of Appeals concluded that Israel
does not ask us to review the disciplinary decision per se, but rather he asks us to
determine whether the IDOC had the statutory authority to make the decision it
did—to order restitution—and if it did, whether the IDOC breached a contractual
agreement secondary to but separate to that disciplinary decision. To the extent
that Israel’s claim adheres to these reviewable inquiries and does not exceed the
subject matter jurisdiction of this Court, we address his case.
Israel v. Indiana Dep’t of Corr., No. 46A03-0509-CV-421, slip op. at 6 (Ind. Ct. App. September
26, 2006). Israel claims that the DOC’s withdrawal of funds from his trust account violated the
terms of a written agreement he had with the DOC. There is no doubt that a common law breach
of contract claim is within the jurisdiction of Indiana state courts. If the statute identifying per-
6
missible forms of discipline creates a cause of action, that too is within the jurisdiction of the
courts. The majority reads Indiana Code section 4-21.5-2-5(6) to remove from judicial review
any claim that relates to discipline, however tenuously. So interpreted, the statute violates both
the Indiana and Federal Constitutions. The Open Courts Clause of the Indiana Constitution
states that “[a]ll courts shall be open; and every person, for injury done to him in his person,
property, or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law.” Ind. Const. art. 1, § 12. The
Clause prevents the legislature from arbitrarily or unreasonably denying access to the courts to
assert an existing statutory or common law cause of action. Martin v. Richey, 711 N.E.2d 1273,
1283 (Ind. 1999). The majority’s reading of the statute results in a statute that contravenes the
Open Courts Clause. Furthermore, under the Equal Protection Clause of the Federal Constitu-
tion, if a statute infringes upon a “fundamental right,” such as the right of access to courts, the
classification is subject to strict scrutiny analysis. Alston v. DeBruyn, 13 F.3d 1036, 1041 (7th
Cir. 1994) (citing Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 821 (1977)). It must be narrowly tailored to
effectuate a compelling state interest. Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200, 235
(1995). Even if the State’s interest in avoiding mass inmate litigation over DOC disciplinary ac-
tions is compelling, the majority’s reading of the statute insulates even illegal discipline from
judicial review and denies access to the courts to assert conventional claims such as Israel’s
breach of contract. If read this broadly, the statute is not narrowly tailored to vindicate the
state’s interest. I would read section 4-21.5-2-5(6) to restrict inmates from challenging the
DOC’s decision to choose from among permissible actions under the disciplinary statutes. The
Frivolous Claims Act is sufficient to address the state’s interest in eliminating frivolous litigation
of other claims. Unlike Blanck, Israel has alleged rights of action, and the court has general ju-
risdiction to review them, just as it did the constitutional claims advanced by Ratliff.
7
The majority’s holding today extends Blanck. Even if related to discipline, a breach of
contract claim is subject to judicial review and within the subject matter jurisdiction of state
courts. I do not suggest there is merit to Israel’s claims. They may be subject to dismissal for
failure to state a claim. They are, however, within the jurisdiction of the courts.
Dickson, J., concurs.
8