dissenting.
The social importance of the question which has come again before us in connection with the interpretation and scope of § 2 of Act No. 229, approved May 12, 1942, insofar it provides “may be recognized by voluntary action” when referring to the children born out of wedlock prior to the taking effect of said Act, moves me to set forth the grounds of my dissent in this case.
When Act No. 229 was enacted § 2 read as follows:
“Children born out of wedlock prior to the date this Act takes effect, and who lack the qualifications of natural children according to previous legislation, may be recognized for all legal purposes by the voluntary action of their parents, and in their default, by that of the persons having the right to inherit therefrom. These children will be legitimized by the subsequent marriage of the parents, to each other.” (Italics ours.)
On May 12, 1945, the following paragraph was added to said Section by Act No. 243 of that date:
“In case the children referred to in this Section are not recognized by The voluntary action of their parents, and in default of the latter, by that of the persons having the right to inherit therefrom, said children shall be considered as natural children for the sole purpose of bearing the surname of their parents. *416The action for this recognition shall be prosecuted in accordance with the procedure fixed by the .Civil Code of Puerto Rico for the recognition of natural children; It being understood, however, That such ■ a recognition shall only have the scope herein expressed.”
In the case of Correa v. Heirs of Pizá, 64 P.R.R. 938, this Coürt held on May 9, 1945 that the voluntary action contemplated by § 2 of the above-mentioned Act, read in the light of § 125 of the Civil Code (1930 ed.), requires that the recognition be made in a birth certificate, a will, or in any other public instrument. This Court said:
“When § 2 is read in the light of § 125 of the Code, it is obvious that the acts and statements of the father subsequent to 1942 described in the complaint herein admitting parenthood are not the ‘voluntary action’ contemplated by § 2. Voluntary action, as § 125 indicates, means execution by the father of a birth certificate, deed, or other public instrument. The allegations of the complaint might well have entitled the plaintiff under § 125 to force her father to recognize her involuntarily as his natural child pursuant to a judicial order to that effect, if she had not béen an adulterous child. But § 2 of Act No. 229, in providing for possible recognition of adulterous children who, like the plaintiff, were born prior to May 1942, limits this to recognition by voluntary action only, ivithin the meaning of that phrase in § 125 (Actas del Senado, supra; Muñoz Morales, supra). This requires a recordation, will, or other public instrument by the father. And that did not occur here.” (Italics ours.)
I think that the doctrine laid down in Correa v. Heirs of Pizá, supra, and followed in Cruz v. Andrini, 66 P.R.R. 119, and Fernández v. Heirs of Fernández, 66 P.R.R. 831, should be overruled and a new construction and scope given to the phrase by voluntary action to the effect that under subdivisions 1 and 2 of paragraph 3 of § 125 of the Civil Code, 1930 ed.1 which establish, respectively, that the father is obliged *417to recognize the natural child (1) when there exists an indubitable statement in writing of the father wherein he expressly acknowledges his paternity and (2) when the child has uninterruptedly enjoyed the condition of a natural child! of the defendant father justified by acts of the same father or of his family, the recognition resulting from an action brought by the child thereunder is by voluntary action, within the scope and purpose of § 2 above mentioned.
In the decision in Correa v. Heirs of Pizá this Court gave a restrictive construction to Act No. 229. By holding that the phrase voluntary action means the execution by the father’ of a birth certificate, deed or any other public instrument, as; provided in paragraph 2 of 125 of the Civil Code, it included in § 2 of Act No. 229 a limitation not contained therein. In so doing it lost view of the unquestionable and. true fact that under the first two subdivisions of the third paragraph of § 125, —indubitable written statement and possession of the status — the acts of the father, to entitle the natural child to bring a judicial action for his recognition, must be, and actually and in law are, so voluntary and spontaneous as those that for the recognition under the second paragraph of said Section may be made by the father in a birth certificate or in a public instrument.
The phrase voluntary recognition is not covered by :§ 125. Recognition in a birth certificate or public instrument has; been so characterized because in the second paragraph of this Section it is provided that “The natural child may be ree-*418■ognized by the father and mother conjointly or by one of them only either in the record of birth or in the testament or in any other public instrument.” (Italics ours.)
The adjective forced has been given to recognition in cases of indubitable written statement and possession of the condition of natural child because in the third paragraph of :said Section it is provided that “The father is obliged to recognize the natural child: (1) When there exists an indubitable statement in writing of the father wherein he expressly acknowledges his paternity; (2) Where the child has uninterruptedly enjoyed the„ condition as of a natural child of the defendant father justified by acts of the same father or of his family; (8) When the mother was known to Tiave lived in concubinage with the father, both during her .pregnancy and at the time of the birth of the child; (4) "When the child may present any authentic evidence of his paternity.” (Italics ours.) However, the term forced recognition is not an exact phrase to characterize the legal acts from which arises a voluntary and spontaneous recognition previously given by the father to the child through an indubitable written statement and possession of status. These recognitions although lacking the elements of solemnity that characterizes the express recognition in a birth certificate or by public instrument, constitute acts so voluntary and spontaneous as the latter, that only require ratification by judicial declaration. The recognition in a birth certificate or public instrument is solemn besides spontaneous; the recognition by indubitable written statement of the father in which he expressly acknowledges the paternity of the child and by the uninterrupted possession of the status of a natural child justified by acts of the father or of his family, are recognitions by voluntary action, although they may lack the requisite of solemnity.
In cases in which the recognition is made in a birth certificate or public instrument, there is no need of any further *419determination for it to have immediate effects; recognition by the indubitable statement in writing of the father and by the uninterrupted possession- of the status of natural child requires confirmation by the courts, but it does not lose the character of voluntary recognition because of this requirement. Commentators to the Spanish Civil Code, such as Manresa and Scaevola, studying $ 135 of the Spanish Civil Code equivalent in part to § 125 of our Code, agree in that the cases of recognition by indubitable written statement of the father and by' uninterrupted possession of the status of natural child do not carry with them an investigation of the paternity as they only impose upon the father, the ratification of his prior recognition.
Manresa in his Comentarios al Código Civil Español, Vol. 1, pp. 600-1, states:
“The framers of the Code, as we have stated, must have submitted themselves to the Ley de Bases, and therefore have rejected the free investigation of the paternity. The cases of forced recognition which are set forth in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Section do not comprise it because in general the father is only compelled by them to ratify his previous recognition expressed in a private document or by the acts constituting possession of the status of a natural child: it being in the last instance a mere enlargement of Article 131 in which the forms of acknowledgment are established. To those provided therein there must now be added the private document and the acts of family life which imply the same fact. Therefore, the Article does not apart itself from the Ley de Bases, nor from the tradition of our law in which the recognition of the father had to be spontaneous, voluntary, and legally made and proved. All these requirements are found in the true fact of the previous recognition, which the child has only to present in order that its authenticity be ratified by the courts.” (Italics ours, except the word “fact”.)
And Scaevola, Civil Code, Vol. Ill, pp. 181-2, states the following:
*420“The Spanish Code, inspired in the national precedents, does not expressly forbid the investigation of the paternity but does not authorize it either, since what it does is to permit the judicial declaration of the paternity when it has already been ez-trajudicially established as is shown by the first and second paragraphs of the article.
“The first paragraph provides that there exist an indubitable written statement of the father 'in which he expressly recognizes his paternity, and indeed such precept cannot be conceived without bearing in mind the prejudice and suspicion with which the lawmakers of all countries have looked on all matters concerning natural children. When the father has recognized the child, not in an implicit manner but in an express one, and not by virtue of any writing, but by one that is unquestionable, that is, which gives no place to doubt, why compel the child to institute an action to obtain what is certain and unquestionable ? This provision of the Article is most burdensome and unfavorable for the child who, the father being alive or there being a person to represent him pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 137, must bring his action against the heirs of the alleged father. Why is the child bound to bring an action against them for the purpose of obtaining ivhat had already been established? Why this double recognition, that is, the forced one after the voluntary one?
“The provisions of the second paragraph merit similar objections. Why must the child prove the paternity when said paternity appears from direct acts of the father or of his family? Why a new justification of his natural filiation, if the child — the Code starts on this assumption — is enjoying the uninterrupted possession of such civil status? What more express recognition is desired than the conduct of the principal and directly interested person? To permit the investigation of the paternity as is done by the Code in the first two paragraphs of this Article, when said paternity has already been shown, is equivalent to denying indirectly such right, since in both cases the recognition is left at the caprice and will of the father. The person who leaves a writing expressly recognizing the paternity of a natural child or keeps the child in his house feeding and educating him, shows that he is not a wicked person and it can be asserted that sooner or later he would have recognized the child in any of the manners set forth in Article 131. It is not, therefore, against these parents that the inquiry should be per*421mitted but against those who, having such character, due to their vicious and perhaps criminal conduct have deliberately-abstained from falling within any of the two subdivisions of the Article.” (Italics ours.)
The term forced recognition, used to denote the character of the recognition in eases in which there éxists an indubitable written statement by the father or the possession of the status, is in my judgment only a caption that does not fully express the true nature and character of the previous recognition which those acts, voluntarily and spontaneously made, carry with them. The caption, however, cannot affect — but rather requires as a condition precedent for its being solemníñed and affirmed by the Court — the voluntary character of the acts from which flows the recognition. This is the reason for the question of Seaevola “why that double recognition, that is, the forced one after the voluntary one?”
The Supreme Court of Spain in its judgment of June 26, 1908, 95 Jurisprudencia Civil 1021, establishes, as Manresa and Seaevola do in their Commentaries, that the possession of the status to which subdivision 2 of § 135 of the Spanish Civil Code refers, consists “in the public concept in which a child is had in connection with his natural father, when this concept is formed by direct acts of the father or of his family that shoiv a true recognition fully voluntary, free, and spontaneous, since the Code does not authorize the investigation of the paternity, except as provided in the Penal Code, nor imposes such recognition against the will of the father without, apart from this, it being necessary to make it so ostentatiously as if he were a legitimate child, taking into account the views and considerations which might exist in the social relations; therefore the mission of the courts, within this doctrine, is reduced to weighing in each case the kind, importance, and scope of the acts of recognition attributed to the natural father or his family.” (Italics ours.)
*422A similar holding had been made in the Judgments of May 21, 1896, 79 Jurisprudencia Civil 1045; November 7, 1896, 80 Jurisprudencia Civil 503; of December 31, 1902, in which it declared that “the Civil Code does not establish the rights of natural children in connection with the father on the basis of the investigation and proof of the paternity but only on that of their recognition whether the latter is made in accordance with subdivision 1 of § 135, qr arises from the uninterrupted possession of the status,” and that “to consider the validity of the recognition - the law requires direct acts arising out of the will of the person to whom the paternity is attributed.” (Italics ours.) 94 Jurisprudencia Civil 810; and of March 26, 1904, 97 Jurisprudencia Civil 695.
This concept was ratified by Judgments of March 26, 1904, 97 Jurisprudencia Civil 695; of July 5, 1906, 105 Ju-risprudencia Civil 58; of October 16, 1906, 195 Jurispru-dencia Civil 382; and of October 12,1907,108 Jurisprudencia Civil 558, in which said Court held that:
“The rights of natural children in connection with the father should be established, not on the presumption or proof of paternity the investigation of which is not authorized by law, but on the basis of the recognition whether express or derived from the uninterrupted possession to which case 2 of Article 135 of the Civil Code refers:
“This possession of status, consisting- in the public concept in which a child is held with respect to the natural father, is to be necessarily revealed, according to the doctrine of the Supreme Court, by direct acts which show with evidence the spontaneous and free will of the father or of his family, as the case may be, to have as natural child the one who seeks his recognition and fully proves the uninterrupted possession of status, that is, that the child has constant and uninterrupted relations with the father as such child, it being unlawful to confuse acts which may show more or less the presumption or conviction in which a person is of his paternity concerning natural children, with 1 those which show his intention to place those children in the 1 possession of such status: 0
*423“The acts attributed to the father should be characterized according to the circumstances of each case in order to define, on the basis thereof, the uninterrupted possession of the status of natural child.” (Italics ours.) See also Judgment of May 26, 1920, 150 Jurisprudencia Civil 404.
The case of Correa v. Heirs of Pizá, supra, excludes from the term “voluntary action” used in § 2 of the above-cited Act No. 229, the recognition by judicial action although the latter necessarily depends and is grounded on previous acts of voluntary recognition of the father. We have seen how the commentators in referring to the so-called forced recognition see, in the very entrails of the acts generating the right to recognition which the natural child has, a voluntary recognition in which there is lacking only the requirement of solemnity. And how the Supreme Court of Spain, in defining the scope of the actions grounded on the indubitable written statement and possession of status, also predicates the exercise of such actions on the voluntary and spontaneous acts of previous recognition on the part of the father. The decisions of this Court prior to the approval of Act No. 229 2 to the effect that the acts of recognition by an indubitable written statement and possession of status which lack the requirement of solemnity and authenticity, do not have their desideratum until there is a final judgment in an action brought for that purpose; that the uninterrupted possession of the status of natural child is not enough, of course, for the enjoyment of the rights acquired as a result of the authentic and genuine recognition of the natural filiation; that without some aet which in an authentic manner discloses the will of the father to give the child such status, the child is *424only entitled to a right of action to compel the father to confer him such status, does not militate against the doctrine that I advocate as to the scope of the term “voluntary action” used in the Act under consideration.
I make this assertion because none of the decisions prior to the approval of Act No. 229, despite applying the caption of forced recognition to the cases grounded on the existence of an indubitable written statement and possession of status, denies that in such eases the recognitions are predicated on previous, voluntary and spontaneous acts, which are indispensable circumstances for the exercise of the action, as maintained by the commentators to the Spanish Civil Code and the Supreme Court of Spain. If this be so, how can we limit the phrase “by voluntary action” contained in § 2 of Act No. 229 to the recognition in a birth certificate or public instrument, when the action of the father or of his family is and must be so voluntary and spontaneous'in the cases of an indubitable written statement and possession of status as in the former ones?
The lack of solemnity in the recognition by indubitable written statement and possession of status does not affect, and does not prejudice, in any way the voluntary and spontaneous character of the previous acts of recognition that is subsequently ratified by the court in a declaratory judgment. By such ratification only the lack of solemnity of said acts is supplied but not their voluntary and spontaneous character, which is an indispensable requisite for the ratification. In the absence of any indication in § 2 of Act 229 to limit the scope of the term “voluntary action” used therein to indicate the cases in which the children born prior to its effective date and who lacked the condition of natural children pursuant to prior legislation, may be acknowledged by their parents — or by the persons entitled to the inheritance — said Act should be construed in a liberal, not restrictive manner and not in the light of the caption given to the forms of acknowledgment *425contained in § 125 of the Civil Code, but rather in the light of the voluntary condition of the previous acts, which determine the recognition and give rise to the right that said recognition be declared in accordance with the commentators and the decisions of the Supreme Court of Spain, so frequently cited in the study of our Civil Code that they have become a part, by adoption, of our legal system; and if in our previous decisions we did not fathom the “voluntary” condition of the previous acts of recognition contemplated by subdivisions 1 and 2 of the third paragraph of § 125, it is imperative, in construing a statute so important socially as Act No. 229, that we go to the roots of § 125 of the Civil Code to measure, in all the extent of the social justice which it pursues, the legislative action in enacting Act No. 229. “The decisions cannot remain extraneous to the functions of public law and the influence of the social environment” — Judgment of the Supreme Court of Spain of November 21,1934, 216 Jurispru-dencia.Civil 91 — in which, focusing the historical moment of Spain after it became a republic on December 9, 1931 with relation to the judicial function in the interpretation of legislation relative to filiation, said Court stated:
“Whereas, even without accepting all the conclusions propounded by the advocates of the so-called historical-evolutive method of construction of legal norms, it may be admitted today as a highly praised and generally accepted doctrine that grammatical and logical elements are not sufficient to fully carry out the constructive function, for if the law must be in contact with the necessities of real life, which constitute the reason for its being, the results that may be obtained from those two classic elements must be reinforced and controlled by the application of the so-called sociological element formed by that series of factors ideological, moral, and economic — which reveal and shape the necessities and the spirit of the community in each historical moment; and although it is true that these elements, apart from the fact that they can never authorize the interpreter to modify or not to apply the rule but only to mitigate it up to where the contents of the text involved permits, require *426in their use much skill and prudence to avoid the risk of arbitrariness present when submitting to the subjective view of a judge evaluations as delicate as those of the moral conscience of a people, it must be acknowledged that their application is more certain and decisive when there are involved, not states of consciousness which are still nebulous and in the process of formation, but tendencies or ideas which have already penetrated in the system of positive legislation or have received their acknowledgment in an unequivocal manner in the supreme law of. the State.”
The judicial action, that under the first subdivision of paragraph 8 of § 125 of our Civil Code referring to the indubitable written statement of the father expressly recognizes the paternity and under the second subdivision of said third paragraph referring to the possession of the status, is not directed to the investigation of the paternity but merely to the obtention of a declaratory judgment of the previous voluntary and spontaneous recognition which, as it lacks the solemnity of the recognition in a certificate of birth or public instrument, makes such declaration necessary. In that sense, said subdivisions 1 and 2 are distinguished from subdivisions 8 and 4 following, which respectively impose on the father the obligation to recognize the child “when the mother was known to have lived in concubinage with the father, both during her pregnancy and at the time of the birth of the child” and “when the child may present any authentic evidence of his paternity,” in that the latter do not require the previous voluntary and spontaneous acts of the father, that are qualifications of the indubitable written statement and of the possession of status under subdivisions 1 and 2. Consequently, it is to the recognition imposed on the father under subdivisions 8 and 4 that may be applied the caption of forced recognition, as the latter follows a judicial investigation of the paternity, a thing which does not occur under subdivisions 1 and 2.
The amendment introduced to § 2 of Act No. 229, now under our consideration, by Act No. 243 of May 12, 1945, to *427the effect that the children to which said Section refers, who were not recognized by the voluntary action of their parents and in default of these by that of the persons entitled to their inheritance, shall be considered natural children to the sole effect of using the surname of their parents, and that the action for such recognition shall be prosecuted in accordance with the procedure fixed by the Civil Code for the recognition of natural children, is, in my judgment, applicable to those cases included in subdivisions 8 and 4 of $ 125, which are the true cases of forced recognition and not to those of subdivisions ' 1 and 2 already mentioned. The fact that said amendment, by addition, was approved, on May 12, 1945, that is, three days after the decision in the case of Correa v. Heirs of Pizá, fails to indicate that the Legislature approved the amendment in the light of the latter decision, as appears suggested in the case of Cruz v. Andrini, supra.
The date of the enactment of the amendment as it appears in the Laws of 1945, pp. 814 and 815, does not refer to the approval by the Legislature but to the approval by the executive power which is when it becomes law. The amendment was approved in the ordinary session of the Legislature of 1945 which ended its sessions on April 15th, and not subsequent to May 9th. The intention of the lawmaker in approving the bill cannot therefore the inferred from the implications of the case of Correa nor the scope of said amendment can be applied to the cases of recognition based on an indubitable written statement or the possession of status.
For the reasons stated, since the lower court dismissed the three causes of action predicated on the recognition of the plaintiff by voluntary action of his predecessor in interest through acts performed by him up to his death on May 1, 1946, as well as by the acts of his heirs — as according to the stipulation of the parties the alleged recognition was not set forth in a birth certificate or in a will or in any other public instrument — I am of the opinion that the judgment appealed *428from should be reversed and the case remanded to the lower court so that the latter try on its merits the declaratory action instituted by the plaintiff for the purpose of giving solemnity to the previous recognition which she alleges to have received by the voluntary action of her predecessor in interest and his heirs.
The third paragraph of § 125 of the Civil Code (1930 ed.) equivalent in part to § 135 of the Spanish Civil Code, provides: “The father is obliged to recognize the natural child:
*417“When there exists an indubitable statement in writing of the father wherein he expressly acknowledges his paternity.
“2. Where the child has uninterruptedly enjoyed the condition as of a natural child of the defendant father justified by acts of the same father or of his family.
“3. When the mother was known to have lived in concubinage with the father, both during her pregnancy and at the time of the birth of the child.
“4. When the child may present' any authentic evidence of his paternity.”
Amsterdam et al. v. Puente et al., 16 P.R.R. 527; (citing dual et al. v. Bonafoux et al., 15 P.R.R. 545; Puente et al. v. Puente et al., 16 P.R.R. 556; Matienzo v. Morales et al., 16 P.R.R. 553; Rijos v. Folgueras et al., 16 P.R.R. 593; Calaf et al. v. Calaf, 17 P.R.R. 185; Rivera v. Cámara, 17 P.R.R. 503; Peñagarícano v. Peñagarícano et al., 19 P.R.R. 472; Figueroa v. Díaz et al., 19 P.R.R. 683 and 20 P.R.R. 270; González et al. v. López et al., 19 P.R.R. 1056 and López v. López et al., 28 P.R.R. 766.