Filed 3/18/13 McCray v. Metropolitan Transit System CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
EMANUEL McCRAY, D060802
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v. (Super. Ct. No. 37-2010-00097606-
CU-PA-CTL)
METROPOLITAN TRANSIT SYSTEM et
al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from judgments of the Superior Court of San Diego County, William R.
Nevitt, Jr., Judge. Affirmed.
Plaintiff, Emanuel McCray, appeals two judgments entered against him after the
trial court sustained without leave to amend the demurrers of defendants, Metropolitan
Transit System (MTS) and USAA Casualty Insurance Company (USAA) and others. 1
1 The first amended complaint (FAC) named dozens of additional individual and
entity defendants allegedly associated with MTS and USAA. For convenience, we refer
only to MTS and USAA. McCray has represented himself at the trial court and on
appeal.
On appeal, McCray contends the court erred because the FAC's allegations were
sufficient to withstand demurrer. We disagree, and thus affirm the judgments.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Because we review a demurrer ruling, we recite the facts alleged in the FAC.
(Moe v. Anderson (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 826, 828.)
On March 28, 2006, McCray was driving an airport shuttle when USAA's insured
caused a "t-bone[]" collision. As a result, McCray suffered severe, permanent, and
disabling injuries, including cervical spine injuries, visual impairment, and the onset of
diabetes. McCray accepted and negotiated a $600 settlement check from USAA, but at
the time of settlement, he was unaware of the severity of his injuries.
On November 13, 2009, McCray was a passenger on an MTS bus. The bus driver
was driving too fast for conditions and when he applied the brakes, McCray "was
violently ejected from his seat." McCray suffered permanent injuries including a
"possible impingement of C6 nerve root," diabetes, and vision impairment. On
November 20, 2009, McCray filed a claim for personal injuries with MTS. The
following day MTS rejected the claim, denying negligence since the bus driver had "to
break [sic] for [an] accident in front" of the bus. MTS, however, offered McCray six
monthly transit passes as a goodwill gesture in exchange for a full release of claims.
McCray brought one lawsuit against USAA and MTS. The FAC, which exceeded
100 pages, included causes of action titled as follows: (1) "Government Tort Liability"
against MTS; (2) "Common Law Fraud & Intentional Misrepresentation (And Violation
of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200, et seq.)" against MTS; (3) "Unfair Competition
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(Federal Mail Fraud) (Violation of Title 18 U.S.C. § 1341 & Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code,
§§ 17200 et seq.)" against MTS; (4) "Unfair Competition (Federal Wire Fraud)
(Violation of Title 18 U.S.C. § 1343 & Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200, et seq.)"
against MTS; (5) "Unfair Competition (Federal Mail Fraud) (Violation of Title 18 U.S.C.
§ 1341 & Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200 et seq.)" against USAA; and (6) "Common
Law Fraud & Intentional Misrepresentation (And Violation of Cal. Bus. & Pro. Code
§§ 17200 et seq.)" against USAA. (Boldface type and some capitalization omitted.)
The first cause of action claimed damages against MTS attributable to the bus
accident. The gist of the second through fourth causes of action was that MTS knew the
bus driver was negligent, and that McCray suffered serious injuries, and MTS's denial of
liability, and an offer of six monthly transit passes, was fraudulently intended to get him
to abandon his claim. The mail fraud and wire fraud counts were based on MTS's
communications with McCray through letters and a phone message. Further, the FAC
alleged the settlement offer was "part of a purposeful scheme or artifice to defraud all
health, life, property, and casualty insurers by either not paying for its victims' health care
at all or by paying well below market rates."
The gist of the fifth and sixth causes of action was that USAA committed fraud by
denying its insured's liability and settling the matter with McCray for only $600 when
USAA had superior knowledge that "an injury to the cervical spine caused by an
automobile collision could trigger the onset of symptoms of diabetes and other complex
medical complications." USAA allegedly committed unfair business practices by
"intentionally breach[ing] [its] contract with [its insured] to gain an unfair competitive
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advantage over other insurers who refrain from breaching their contracts with their
insureds."
MTS demurred to the FAC, arguing, among other things, that McCray did not
comply with the Government Claims Act (Gov. Code, § 810 et seq.),2 including the
requirement that he file his court action within six months of receiving notice of MTS's
rejection of his claim (§ 945.6, subd. (a)(1)). McCray did not oppose the demurrer, and
the court sustained it without leave to amend.
USAA moved to strike the FAC's sixth cause of action, on the ground it violated
the court's sustaining of a demurrer to the same cause of action in the original complaint
without leave to amend. The court granted the motion. USAA also demurred to the fifth
cause of action, arguing it did not allege facts to support a claim of unfair competition
under Business and Professions Code section 17200. The court sustained the demurrer
without leave to amend. The court entered judgments of dismissal for MTS and USAA.
DISCUSSION
I
Standard of Review
"On appeal from a judgment dismissing an action after sustaining a demurrer
without leave to amend, our standard of review is de novo, i.e., we exercise our
independent judgment about whether the complaint alleges facts sufficient to state a
cause of action under any possible legal theory. [Citations.] ' "We treat the demurrer as
2 Future statutory references are also to the Government Code unless otherwise
specified.
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admitting all material facts properly pleaded, but not contentions, deductions or
conclusions of fact or law. [Citation.] We also consider matters which may be judicially
noticed." [Citation.] Further, we give the complaint a reasonable interpretation, reading
it as a whole and its parts in their context.' " (Moe v. Anderson, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 830-831.) "[I]t is an abuse of discretion to sustain a demurrer without leave to
amend if the plaintiff shows there is a reasonable possibility any defect identified by the
defendant can be cured by amendment." (Aubry v. Tri-City Hospital Dist. (1992) 2
Cal.4th 962, 967.)
II
Dismissal of Claims Against MTS
McCray contends the court erred by dismissing the FAC on the ground of the
Government Claims Act. We disagree.
The California Supreme Court has recently discussed the Government Claims Act,
as follows. "Suits for money or damages filed against a public entity are regulated by
statutes contained in division 3.6 of the Government Code, commonly referred to as the
Government Claims Act. We have previously noted that '[s]ection 905 requires the
presentation of "all claims for money or damages against local public entities," subject to
exceptions not relevant here. Claims for personal injury and property damage must be
presented within six months after accrual; all other claims must be presented within a
year. (§ 911.2.) "[N]o suit for money or damages may be brought against a public entity
on a cause of action for which a claim is required to be presented . . . until a written claim
therefor has been presented to the public entity and has been acted upon . . . or has been
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deemed to have been rejected . . . ." (§ 945.4) "Thus, under these statutes, failure to
timely present a claim for money or damages to a public entity bars a plaintiff from filing
a lawsuit against that entity." ' " (DiCampli-Mintz v. County of Santa Clara (2012) 55
Cal.4th 983, 989-990.)
The statute of limitations for filing a lawsuit after rejection of a claim is six
months from the date of notice of the rejection. (§ 945.6, subd. (a)(1).) "The deadline for
filing a lawsuit against a public entity, as set out in the government claims statute, is a
true statute of limitations defining the time in which, after a claim presented to the
government has been rejected or deemed rejected, the plaintiff must file a complaint
alleging a cause of action based on the facts set out in the denied claim." (Shirk v. Vista
Unified School Dist. (2007) 42 Cal.4th 201, 209.) The "intent of the Government Claims
Act is 'not to expand the rights of plaintiffs against government entities. Rather, the
intent of the act is to confine potential governmental liability to rigidly delineated
circumstances.' " (DiCampli-Mintz v. County of Santa Clara, supra, 55 Cal.4th at
p. 991.)
McCray filed his original complaint, which is subject to judicial notice, on
August 9, 2010. The FAC alleges McCray filed a claim with MTS on January 20, 2010,
using an MTS claim form, and on January 21, 2010, MTS rejected the claim. Thus, the
pleadings showed on their face that McCray did not comply with the six-month statute of
limitations.
McCray's opening brief merely asserts the FAC alleged, "the government tort
claims notice requirements had been met." As discussed, however, the pleadings showed
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he did not comply with the six-month statute of limitations set forth in section 945.6,
subdivision (a)(1).
In his reply brief, McCray cursorily asserts MTS is estopped from raising the
statute of limitations. A "party apparently entitled to the [statute of limitation] defense
may nevertheless be estopped, under some circumstances, to invoke it." (2 Witkin, Cal.
Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Jurisdiction, § 103, p. 676; D.C. v. Oakdale Joint Unified
School Dist. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 1572, 1582 ["Case law has recognized . . . that the
doctrine of estoppel may apply to estop a public entity from blocking a section 946.6
petition due to the running of the six-month period."].) An appellant forfeits review of an
issue, however, by not raising it in his or her opening brief. (In re Marriage of Khera &
Sameer (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1467, 1478.) " 'Obvious reasons of fairness militate
against consideration of an issue raised initially in the reply brief of an appellant.' "
(Id. at p. 1477.) McCray is not exempt from appellate rules "because he is representing
himself on appeal in propria persona." (Nwosu v. Uba (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1229,
1246.)
In any event, McCray does not cite any allegations in the lengthy FAC that
arguably pertained to estoppel, and he does not assert he could amend the pleading to add
such allegations. Rather, McCray submits that "[b]y arguing the government claim was
filed 19 days beyond the six months allowed by the statute, MTS" has admitted "the
claim was timely filed." The issue, however, is not whether McCray timely submitted his
claim to MTS, but rather whether he commenced his lawsuit within six months of his
receipt of MTS's notice of rejection of the claim.
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McCray also asserts estoppel applies because MTS denied his claim "less than 24
hours upon receipt, making it improbable that an investigation was conducted." McCray,
however, cites no authority for the proposition that the speed of a public agency's claim
response, or the scope of its investigation, can subject it to estoppel on the statute of
limitations issue. "We need not consider an argument for which no authority is
furnished." (Dabney v. Dabney (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 379, 384.) We affirm the
judgment for MTS.3
III
Dismissal of Claims Against USAA
In his opening brief, McCray offers no cogent explanation for why the court's
rulings on USAA's demurrer to the FAC's fifth cause of action, and its motion to strike
the sixth cause of action, were improper. His opening brief merely asserts "the fifth
cause of action . . . incorporated an allegation of agency and was sufficient against a
general and special demurrer," and the sixth cause of action "alleged common law fraud
and intentional misrepresentation involving [USAA's] attempt to conceal from [him] that
he has sustained severe, permanent and disabling injuries," and "also incorporated an
allegation of agency that was sufficient." The brief does not discuss the elements of any
cause of action against USAA, explain why the FAC alleged sufficient facts to constitute
a cause of action, or address the court's finding it had previously sustained a demurrer to
the original complaint's sixth cause of action without leave to amend. " 'We are not
3 Given our holding, we do not consider MTS's alternative arguments that the
demurrer was also proper on other grounds.
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bound to develop appellants' arguments for them. [Citation.] The absence of cogent
legal argument or citation to authority allows this court to treat the contention as
waived.' " (Cahill v. San Diego Gas & Electric Co. (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 939, 956.)
In his reply brief, McCray argues the fifth cause of action was viable under the
unfair competition law (UCL), Business and Professions Code section 17200 et seq.
" '[Business and Professions Code] [s]ection 17200 of the UCL defines "unfair
competition" as "any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice and unfair,
deceptive, untrue or misleading advertising and any act prohibited by Chapter 1
(commencing with [Business and Professions Code] Section 17500) of Part 3 of Division
7 . . . ." Therefore, an act or practice is "unfair competition" under the UCL if it is
forbidden by law or, even if not specifically prohibited by law, is deemed an unfair act or
practice.' " (Troyk v. Farmers Group, Inc. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1305, 1334-1335.)
" ' "[Business and Professions Code] [s]ection 17200 'borrows' violations from other laws
by making them independently actionable as unfair competitive practices. [Citation.] In
addition, under [Business and Professions Code] section 17200, 'a practice may be
deemed unfair even if not specifically proscribed by some other law.' [Citation.]" . . .
"Under [Business and Professions Code] [section 17204], a private plaintiff may bring a
UCL action even when 'the conduct alleged to constitute unfair competition violates a
statute for the direct enforcement of which there is no private right of action.' " ' " (Id. at
p. 1335.)
The predicate for the fifth cause of action's Business and Professions Code section
17200 claim was title 18 United States Code section 1341, a criminal statute prohibiting
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mail fraud. The FAC alleged that beginning in or about August 2006, USAA falsely
represented to McCray in letters that USAA's insured did not cause him to suffer any
injury or damage, when it knew better, and the representations were designed to cause
him to abandon his claim.
McCray, however, cites no legal authority suggesting an insurer's denial of
liability or lowball settlement of a third party personal injury claim constitutes a "scheme
or artifice to defraud," or an intention to "obtain[] money or property by means of false or
fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises." (18 U.S.C. § 1341.) McCray was not
USAA's insured, and it was up to him to protect his own interests in negotiating with
USAA. Thus, we affirm the judgment for USAA.
DISPOSITION
The judgments are affirmed. MTS and USAA are entitled to costs on appeal.
McCONNELL, P. J.
WE CONCUR:
HUFFMAN, J.
IRION, J.
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