NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 12-3696
___________
MEI CHEN,
a/k/a Mei Mei Lin
a/k/a Mei Hua Chen
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Mei Chen,
Petitioner
____________________________________
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
(Agency No. A089-250-759)
Immigration Judge: Honorable Rosalind K. Malloy
____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
March 13, 2013
Before: SCIRICA, VANASKIE and COWEN, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: March 26, 2013 )
_________
OPINION
_________
PER CURIAM
1
Via a petition for review, Mei Chen challenges a Board of Immigration Appeals
(BIA) order of removal that denied her applications for relief. For the following reasons,
we will deny her petition.
Chen is a citizen of the People‘s Republic of China, hailing from Fujian Province.
Using a fraudulent passport, she entered the United States in 1999. Many years later,
following the birth of her first child and during her second pregnancy, Chen filed an
application for asylum and related relief, claiming that she feared persecution in her
native China based on her violation of the one-child policy and her conversion to
Christianity since arriving in the United States. An Immigration Judge (IJ) denied the
application, concluding—on the basis of an inconclusive evidentiary record and in light
of agency and Circuit case law—that Chen had not met her burden of proof.
Chen appealed. The BIA affirmed in a thorough opinion, holding that Chen‘s fear
of persecution was not objectively reasonable. Turning first to Chen‘s Christianity claim,
the BIA pointed to a lack of factual development and a wide spectrum (in terms of both
locality and variety) of tolerated religious practices in China, compounded by Chen‘s
lack of firsthand experience as a practicing Christian in her country of citizenship. With
regard to Chen‘s one-child claim, the BIA noted, first, that Chen had not persuasively
shown that her children would be considered Chinese nationals for the purpose of the
one-child policy. Second, even if Chen‘s children would be considered Chinese
nationals, record evidence supported the IJ‘s conclusion that they would not be counted
under the policy so long as they were not added to the household registration. The BIA
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also questioned whether Chen had actually violated the policy to begin with. Finally,
even assuming that Chen had violated the policy and that her children would be counted
under it, Chen had not shown that the measures taken against her would likely rise to the
level of persecution. Because Chen had failed to satisfy the burden of proof required to
obtain asylum relief, her withholding of removal claim necessarily failed, too.1
Chen now seeks review from this Court. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(a) to review the BIA‘s decision, looking to the IJ‘s opinion only to the extent that
the BIA deferred to it. Factual findings are evaluated under the ―substantial evidence‖
standard: we may reverse them only if no reasonable fact finder could make that finding
on the administrative record. See Malik v Att‘y Gen., 659 F.3d 253, 256 (3d Cir. 2011);
see also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B) (―[T]he administrative findings of fact are conclusive
unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.‖).2
―So long as the BIA‘s decision is supported by ‗reasonable, substantial, and probative
evidence on the record considered as a whole,‘ we will not disturb [its] disposition of the
case.‖ Chavarria v. Gonzalez, 446 F.3d 508, 515 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting INS v. Elias-
Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992)).
Because Chen did not claim to have suffered persecution in the past, she applied
1
Chen waived consideration of her Convention Against Torture claim on appeal.
2
Chen suggests that we should review, in part, for an abuse of discretion. See Pet‘r‘s Br.
7. However, she does not challenge any agency decision, such as a denial of a motion to
reopen, that would be subject to that standard. See, e.g., Oliva-Ramos v. Att‘y Gen., 694
F.3d 259, 270 (3d Cir. 2012).
3
for asylum on the basis of a well-founded fear of persecution if she were to be removed
to China. See Dong v. Att‘y Gen., 638 F.3d 223, 228 (3d Cir. 2011). The BIA
determined that Chen‘s fear was not objectively reasonable, and we find its conclusion to
be supported by substantial evidence.
Chen argues that the BIA erred with regard to her religion claim because ―the
Chinese government will not allow her to freely practice her religion.‖ The BIA
correctly dismissed this claim as speculative, observing that it was ―not clear which
church she would attend in China or whether the government would become aware of her
religious convictions.‖ See Dieng v. Holder, 698 F.3d 866, 872 (6th Cir. 2012)
(emphasizing that fear of future persecution cannot be based on ―speculative
conclusions‖). The BIA acknowledged that the 2007 Religious Freedom Report on
China indicates that religious repression can and does occur, especially with regard to
unsanctioned groups and their leaders, but indicated that the report also stresses the
―regional‖ variations in treatment of these groups. While abhorrent, not all ―harassment
and discrimination‖ necessarily rises to the level of ―persecution‖ contemplated by the
asylum statute. See Wong v. Att‘y Gen., 539 F.3d 225, 236 (3d Cir. 2008). We therefore
conclude that the record does not compel a contrary outcome. See also Chen v.
Gonzales, 470 F.3d 1131, 1137–38 (5th Cir. 2006) (discussing the 2003 Religious
Freedom Report in the context of a very similar claim).
Chen‘s one-child claim is more troubling, but we ultimately find that substantial
4
evidence supports the BIA‘s conclusion. Chen argues that she has satisfied the three-
pronged standard for such a claim set out by Matter of J-H-S-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 196 (BIA
2007): ―the details of local family planning policies, proof that an alien violated such
policies, and evidence that local enforcement efforts against the violation will rise to the
level of persecution.‖ Id. at 201.3 She points to her submission of ―evidence establishing
the details of the local family planning policy,‖ evidence tending to show a ―violat[ion
of] the policy,‖ and evidence that the response to her violation would be either forced
sterilization or economic penalties so severe as to constitute persecution. Chen also
suggests that the BIA failed to consider certain evidence before it, and was derelict in
declining to credit her evidentiary submissions. But the BIA specifically determined that
she had not met the J-H-S- test, pointing to conflicting information in the administrative
record, including uncertainty over whether Chen had actually violated China‘s family
planning policies based on her agricultural registration and the five-year stretch
separating the births of her children. And even if Chen was in violation of the policy, the
BIA concluded that the evidence she submitted—letters from persons whose stories,
while alarming, did not precisely mirror her situation; statements from village committees
and other Chinese government sources that were unauthenticated—did not counterweigh
evidence suggesting that whatever penalty she might draw for her violation would not
3
Chen does not challenge the validity of the J-H-S- formulation, but we note that several
of our sister Circuits have approved it. See, e.g., Shao v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 138, 157
(2d Cir. 2008); Wang v. Keisler, 505 F.3d 615, 623–24 (7th Cir. 2007). We have
discussed J-H-S- on several occasions, albeit not in a precedential opinion.
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amount to persecution.4 As the Government points out, even if we disagreed with the
BIA under a de novo standard of review, under the ―substantial evidence‖ standard we
must leave the agency‘s findings undisturbed unless a reasonable fact finder would be
compelled to conclude to the contrary. See Jarbough v. Att‘y Gen., 483 F.3d 184, 191
(3d Cir. 2007). The record does not compel a contrary outcome here.
Because we determine that the BIA‘s asylum decision was supported by
substantial evidence, it necessarily follows that Chen has not satisfied the ―more
demanding‖ standard of obtaining withholding of removal relief. Valdiviezo-Galdamez
v. Att‘y Gen., 663 F.3d 582, 591 (3d Cir. 2011). Thus, the petition for review will be
denied.
4
Chen specifically assails the agency‘s decision to give less weight to some of her
submissions, arguing that her credibility should extend to the contents of her evidentiary
proffer. She cites no cases for this proposition. Of course, an alien‘s credibility can be
closely tied to the materials she submits, but an otherwise-credible person can
nevertheless submit fraudulent, questionable, or unauthenticated documents without
herself being deemed dishonest. Cf. Corovic v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 90, 97–98 (2d Cir.
2008) (discussing test used to associate alien‘s submission of a fraudulent document with
his lack of credibility).
6