United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 11-3466
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Catherine L. Taylor,
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
Tenant Tracker, Inc., also known as Result Matrix, Inc.,
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee.
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No. 11-3648
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Catherine L. Taylor,
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
Tenant Tracker, Inc., also known as Result Matrix, Inc.,
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant.
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Appeals from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
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Submitted: September 20, 2012
Filed: March 28, 2013
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Before RILEY, Chief Judge, SMITH and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
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COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
Catherine Taylor (“Taylor”) sued Tenant Tracker, Inc. (“Tenant Tracker”),
alleging that Tenant Tracker failed to adopt reasonable procedures to ensure
maximum possible accuracy of its credit reporting, in violation of the Fair Credit
Reporting Act (“FCRA”). 15 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq. The district court1 granted
summary judgment in favor of Tenant Tracker, and we affirm.
I.
Because we are reviewing a grant of summary judgment, we view the facts in
the light most favorable to Taylor. Taylor and her husband, Max Taylor, applied for
federal housing assistance with the Benton Public Housing Authority (“the Housing
Authority”) in September 2008. At the time of their application, the Taylors met the
initial income qualifications for the Section 8 Existing Housing Voucher Program
established under the Housing and Urban-Rural Recovery Act of 1983. 42 U.S.C.
§ 1437f(o). On April 7, 2010, Taylor and her husband met with Wanda Taylor
(“Wanda”)—an employee of the Housing Authority and of no relation to Taylor—to
complete a background check. Public housing agencies must screen applicants by
performing “criminal history background checks necessary to determine whether any
household member” has a history that requires the denial of assistance under federal
1
The Honorable Brian S. Miller, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.
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regulations. 24 C.F.R. § 982.553(a)(2)(I); see generally 24 C.F.R. § 982.552-554.
Taylor signed a release and provided her name, address, phone number, date of birth,
social security number, and driver’s license number. The release authorized the
Housing Authority to perform the federally-mandated screening for drug-related or
violent criminal history and for sex-offender registration.
The Housing Authority has subscribed to Tenant Tracker’s public record
reporting service since 2003, and used Tenant Tracker’s service to conduct its
criminal background check on Taylor. Tenant Tracker generated a confidential
consumer report about Taylor at 10:42 a.m. on April 7, 2010. Wanda reviewed the
report in the presence of the Taylors and made handwritten notes on the report during
the meeting. The Applicant Identification section of the report listed Taylor’s name,
her date of birth, her social security number, and her driver’s license number. The
Public and Criminal Identification section included the following language:
“WARNING: Any service NOT using fingerprint analysis has limited effectiveness
and is subject to the uniqueness and truthfulness of the applicant’s identification.
Subscriber shall use all additional identifying information to confirm accuracy.”
The Public and Criminal Identification section contained five entries. The first
two entries listed an offender named “Chantel Taylor” who was born on the same date
as Taylor. These entries indicated that “Chantel Taylor” was convicted in Florida
state court of two counts of felony aggravated child abuse in 1990. Tenant Tracker
explained that it included these entries in Taylor’s report because its records search
identified “Chantel Taylor” as a possible alias for “Catherine Taylor.”
In her deposition, Wanda stated that she immediately noticed the first name
“Chantel” and doubted whether the first two entries were attributable to Taylor.
Wanda circled the name “Chantel” and crossed out these first two entries. The third
through fifth criminal identification entries listed an offender named “Catherine
Taylor” who was born on the same date as Taylor. These entries stated that
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“Catherine Taylor” was convicted in Illinois state court of theft, forgery, and
possession of a controlled substance. The Notes subsection of these entries indicated
that the offender “Catherine Taylor” has a tattoo of the name “Troy” on her left ankle.
Wanda said that once she looked at Taylor’s ankle and confirmed that Taylor did not
have a tattoo, she “didn’t even look at the other information” listed under the
“Catherine Taylor” entries on the report. Wanda circled the tattoo notation in these
three entries and wrote “no tattoo” beside each entry.
Wanda testified that Taylor “started crying and [was] very upset” about the
criminal history entries on the report. Taylor told Wanda “that this had happened to
her before” because of her relatively common name. In fact, Taylor previously had
been confused with the thrice-convicted “Catherine Taylor” from Illinois and twice
sued other record reporting entities in federal court, alleging violations of the FCRA.
Wanda took the report to her supervisor, who observed that Taylor’s height,
weight, eye color, and hair color distinguished her from the physical descriptions of
the “Chantel Taylor” and the “Catherine Taylor” listed in the report. The supervisor
agreed that the criminal history listed in the report did not relate to Taylor. The
Housing Authority resolved the issues surrounding the report entries within
approximately five to ten minutes, and approved the Taylors’ application for Section
8 benefits that same day.
The Housing Authority sent to Tenant Tracker the additional identifying
information that Wanda had obtained during the meeting. Tenant Tracker included
this additional information about Taylor in a new records search and generated a
report that listed no criminal offense records. Tenant Tracker sent this second report
to the Housing Authority at 3:02 p.m. on April 8, 2010, approximately 28 hours after
the initial background check. The Taylors ultimately did not receive a Section 8
housing voucher from the Housing Authority because Taylor obtained employment,
and thus became ineligible.
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Taylor sued in the district court, alleging among other things that Tenant
Tracker violated the FCRA. 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b). She alleged that Tenant Tracker
“failed to adopt and follow ‘reasonable procedures’ to assure the maximum possible
accuracy of [Taylor’s] consumer credit and other personal information, as required
by the Fair Credit Reporting Act.” See 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b). Taylor claimed that
Tenant Tracker’s “publishing of such false and inaccurate information . . . caused
[her] severe humiliation, emotional distress and mental anguish.” The district court
granted summary judgment in favor of Tenant Tracker, concluding that “the law of
this circuit” is set forth in Wilson v. Rental Research Services, Inc., Civ. No. 3-96-820
(D. Minn. Nov. 10, 1997), and that Taylor’s claims failed because she presented no
evidence to show that Tenant Tracker’s reports were “technically inaccurate” or that
Tenant Tracker acted negligently in preparing the report.
II.
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to Taylor, the nonmoving party. McCullough v.
Univ. of Ark. for Med. Scis., 559 F.3d 855, 860 (8th Cir. 2009). Summary judgment
is appropriate if “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
Taylor claims that Tenant Tracker violated the FCRA by including entries in
her credit report that did not accurately reflect her own background. We need not
decide whether Tenant Tracker failed to “follow reasonable procedures to assure
maximum possible accuracy of the information concerning the individual about
whom the report relates.” 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b). Instead, we agree with Tenant
Tracker that Taylor presented insufficient evidence to show that she suffered “actual
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damages” from any violation. We therefore affirm the district court’s judgment on
this alternative ground.2
Under the FCRA, Taylor may recover for any “actual damages” that she
sustained as a result of Tenant Tracker’s negligent noncompliance with the
requirements of the FCRA. 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a)(1). Mental pain and anxiety can
constitute actual damages, Millstone v. O’Hanlon Reports, Inc., 528 F.2d 829, 834-35
(8th Cir. 1976), but emotional distress damages must be supported by competent
evidence of “genuine injury,” which “may be evidenced by one’s conduct and
observed by others.” Carey v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247, 264 n.20 (1978). The Supreme
Court in Carey held that a plaintiff must show this sort of “genuine injury” to
establish an “actual injury” that is compensable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Id. at 264.
The Court’s reasoning appeared to extend beyond § 1983, see id. at 264-65, and this
court and others have applied the requirement of “genuine injury” to claims based on
emotional harm and arising under other federal statutes. See, e.g., Fuller v. Fiber
Glass Sys., LP, 618 F.3d 858, 865 (8th Cir. 2010) (Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964); EEOC v. Convergys Customer Mgmt. Grp., Inc., 491 F.3d 790, 797 (8th
Cir. 2007) (Americans with Disabilities Act); Patterson v. PHP Healthcare Corp., 90
F.3d 927, 938 n.11 (5th Cir. 1996) (Title VII); Johnson v. Dep’t of Treasury, IRS, 700
F.2d 971, 977 & n.11 (5th Cir. 1983) (Privacy Act), abrogated on other grounds by
Doe v. Chao, 540 U.S. 614, 618, 627 n.12 (2004). We therefore agree with other
circuits that a consumer must present competent evidence of actual injury to state a
2
We do not agree with the district court that the “technical accuracy” standard
endorsed in Wilson v. Rental Research Services, Inc., Civ. No. 3-96-820 (D. Minn.
Nov. 10, 1997), states the law of this circuit. On appeal, a divided panel reversed the
district court, Wilson v. Rental Research Servs., Inc., 165 F.3d 642 (8th Cir. 1999),
that opinion was vacated, 191 F.3d 911, and the en banc court ultimately affirmed the
judgment of the district court by an equally divided vote. 206 F.3d 810. But an
affirmance by an equally divided court is not binding precedent. See Trans World
Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison, 432 U.S. 63, 73 n.8 (1977); United States v. Spector, 793
F.2d 932, 936 (8th Cir. 1986).
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claim under the FCRA. See Wantz v. Experian Info. Solutions, 386 F.3d 829, 833
(7th Cir. 2004), abrogated on other grounds by Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Burr, 551
U.S. 47, 56 & n.8 (2007); Casella v. Equifax Credit Info. Servs., 56 F.3d 469, 473-74
(2d Cir. 1995); Stevenson v. TRW Inc., 987 F.2d 288, 296-97 (5th Cir. 1993).
In Millstone, we affirmed an award of emotional distress damages under the
FCRA where the plaintiff suffered “loss of sleep, nervousness, frustration and mental
anguish” as a result of a “grossly inaccurate” consumer report. Millstone, 528 F.2d
at 834. The consumer report at issue, which this court described as “rife with
innuendo, misstatement, and slander,” claimed that the plaintiff and his wife “were
strongly suspected to be drug users by all neighbors” and that they demonstrated an
“utter lack of reasoning and judgment.” Id. at 834 & n.5. We concluded that the
evidence of emotional distress was sufficient to justify an award of punitive damages
for mental anguish. Id. at 834-35. Similar results from other circuits illustrate the
sort of evidence that is sufficient to demonstrate a genuine injury and actual damages
under the FCRA. See Cortez v. Trans Union, LLC, 617 F.3d 688, 719 (3d Cir. 2010)
(sufficient evidence of genuine injury where plaintiff suffered “severe anxiety, fear,
distress, and embarrassment,” as well as sleeplessness that required medication, and
a relative testified that the plaintiff “cried often and lost weight due to the stress
regarding her credit report over the two-year ordeal”); Stevenson, 987 F.2d at 297
(plaintiff presented sufficient evidence of genuine injury where he was denied credit
three times during a credit reporting agency’s five-month reinvestigation into his
disputed credit report, was required to explain his credit issues to a business associate
and to the presidents of two different banks, and experienced “considerable
embarrassment” as a result).
In Forshee v. Waterloo Industries, Inc., 178 F.3d 527 (8th Cir. 1999), however,
we held that the plaintiff presented insufficient evidence of emotional injury in a Title
VII case when, after she was terminated, the plaintiff said she “went home and sat and
cried about the rest of the day.” Id. at 531. Although injury may be established solely
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by a plaintiff’s own testimony, we concluded that the testimony presented “did not
identify and describe the kind of severe emotional distress that warranted” damages.
Id. The plaintiff in Forshee “suffered no physical injury, she was not medically
treated for any psychological or emotional injury, and no other witness corroborated
any outward manifestation of emotional distress.” Id. Other circuits have reached the
same conclusion on similar evidence in cases arising under the FCRA. See Cousin
v. Trans Union Corp., 246 F.3d 359, 371 (5th Cir. 2001) (plaintiff’s testimony that
seeing his inaccurate credit report made him “[v]ery upset” and “angry” held
insufficient to establish genuine injury); Wantz, 386 F.3d at 834 (testimony that the
plaintiff was “humiliated and embarrassed,” and that dealing with credit reporting
agencies was “mentally and emotionally distressful,” held insufficient to establish
actual damages); Ruffin-Thompkins v. Experian Info. Solutions, Inc., 422 F.3d 603,
610 (7th Cir. 2005) (plaintiff failed to demonstrate actual damages where she offered
conclusory statements of her emotional distress and failed to describe her injury in
any reasonable detail).
On this record, we conclude that Taylor did not present competent evidence
that she suffered actual damages under the FCRA. Taylor acknowledged in her
deposition that the only alleged harm she suffered was emotional injury. The
Housing Authority took no adverse action as a result of the report. The matter was
resolved within five to ten minutes, and the Housing Authority approved the Taylors’
application for assistance on the same day that Wanda reviewed the report.
The evidence of alleged emotional injury consists of Taylor’s testimony that
she “was very upset” and “extremely upset and embarrassed” by the entries in the
report concerning other persons named Taylor, and Wanda’s testimony that Taylor
“had started crying and [was] very upset” during their brief meeting. In our view, this
evidence is insufficient to satisfy the requirement of genuine injury and actual
damages. Like the plaintiff in Forshee, Taylor suffered no physical injury and was
not medically treated for any psychological or emotional injury. Taylor offered no
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reasonable detail about the nature and extent of her alleged emotional distress.
Although Wanda witnessed Taylor crying during the meeting, corroboration of a brief
episode of frustration and unhappiness does not establish the sort of concrete
emotional distress that is required to constitute a genuine injury and actual damages.
We therefore conclude that the district court properly dismissed Taylor’s claim under
the FCRA, albeit for reasons different than those cited in the court’s order granting
summary judgment.
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The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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