(dissenting):
I dissent.
In all respect, I must express my disagreement with my brothers’ restrictive view of the evidence in this record and their conclusion that the lesser included offense of wrongful appropriation was not placed in issue. Intent is purely a mental phenomenon and when, as in this instance, the evidence is wholly circumstantial, I am of the view that we must look to all the facts in order to determine whether any reasonable inference of the intent temporarily to deprive an owner of his property is excluded. That is my understanding of our holding in United States v Brookman, 7 USCMA 729, 23 CMR 193, to which the Chief Judge adverts, and under the standard laid down in that case, it clearly appears that we should order reversal here.
The accused was arraigned and tried upon charges of absence without leave, in violation of Uniform Code of Mili*174tary Justice, Article 86, 10 USC § 886, and four specifications of larceny, in violation of Code, supra, Article 121, 10 USC § 921. He pleaded guilty to a count of larceny which averred the theft of another soldier’s camera and not guilty to the remainder of the charges. He was nonetheless convicted of all charges and specifications and sentenced to bad-conduct discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor for one year. Intermediate appellate authorities affirmed, and we granted accused’s petition for review on the issue whether the law officer should have instructed the members of the court-martial concerning the lessor included offense of wrongful appropriation with respect to each contested specification of larceny.
The transcript of testimony discloses that the accused left his station at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, and went to the nearby town of Sierra Vista. After visiting a bowling alley, he entered an automobile parked on a used car lot and went to sleep. Approximately thirty minutes later, he woke up, found the vehicle’s keys, and drove it back to his barracks. There, he began to load his belongings in it. A superior noncommissioned officer observed his actions, asked for the car keys, and removed the distributor rotor in order to immobilize the vehicle. Accused informed another enlisted superior that he had borrowed the car from a female acquaintance. The automobile bore an Illinois license tag. At the time accused took it from the used car lot, he had already executed a voluntary statement confessing to the camera theft to which he ultimately pleaded guilty.
Accused was restricted to the limits of his company area. Nevertheless, on the evening of May 20, he departed once more for Sierra Vista. According to his pretrial statement, he entered a 1961 Chevrolet sedan and “laid down for five or ten minutes.” The keys were in the ignition, and accused drove the car away. He “started for” El Paso, Texas. En route, the automobile — a new vehicle — burst a radiator hose and overheated. Accused was towed to a nearby service station. There, he was informed that the car motor was severely damaged and that “the best thing to do was to call the man I got it from.” Accused obtained the automobile’s warranty book from the glove compartment. It bore both the owner’s name and that of the selling dealer. He handed it to the station attendant and “told him to call the garage and have them come and pick up the ear.”
Continuing his unauthorized odyssey, accused fell in with a civilian and hitchhiked to Deming, New Mexico. There, the two men took a parked 1959 sedan bearing Texas license plates and drove on to El Paso. Accused stated that he intended to go no further, but his companion persuaded him to continue, their ultimate destination apparently being Pennsylvania. They were apprehended in Dickens, Texas. A search of the vehicle disclosed a New Mexico license plate under the front seat. When the ear was stopped, accused’s companion was driving and identified himself by producing a dishonorable discharge certificate.
After the foregoing evidence was adduced, the law officer advised the court of the elements of the offenses charged, the principles of certain affirmative defenses, and gave the mandatory charge. The president of the court-martial specifically inquired whether there were any lesser included offenses involved, and the law officer replied that none had been placed in issue.
We have many times pointed out that the only distinction between larceny and wrongful appropriation is the specific intent involved. Code, supra, Article 121; United States v Geppert, 7 USCMA 741, 23 CMR 205; United States v Owens, 11 USCMA 88, 28 CMR 312. And whether the lesser included offense of wrongful appropriation is in issue depends in this case upon whether the members of the military jury might reasonably infer from the circumstances that accused intended only temporarily to deprive the owner of his vehicle rather than permanently to appropriate it to his own use. In short, the totality of the circumstances must exclude any rational possibility that accused intended — personally and specifically — that the owner not suffer a *175permanent loss. And, as we said in United States v Brookman, supra, at page 732:
. A vehicle can be taken for a limited purpose and thereafter be left at a place different from that of its taking without subjecting the taker to a charge of larceny. The surrounding circumstances, however, must indicate that the taker intends, and could reasonably expect, others to return the vehicle to the owner. See State v Ward, 19 Nev 297, 10 Pac 133.”
Evaluating the facts presented in the record before us, it seems clear beyond cavil that wrongful appropriation was placed in issue. Indeed, it is incongruous to hold that offense raised with respect to one automobile and not with respect to the other two vehicles, for the entire record discloses a consistently repetitive pattern of attempts to secure a wholly temporary means of transportation away from Fort Huachuca. Thus, the first automobile, which accused stated he “borrowed,” was succeeded by the second when the former was immobilized by his superiors. And the third was taken only when the second was rendered useless by mechanical difficulties. Moreover, it is significant to me, with regard to the second vehicle, that accused himself presented the car’s warranty book to the service station operator and directed him to call the automobile dealer who had sold the car to its real owner. Surely, it would be proper for the court members to infer from this circumstance that “the taker intends, and could reasonably expect, others to return the vehicle to the owner.” United States v Brookman, supra, at page 732.
There is simply no other reason for an accused to make such arrangements, for a thief would not normally care whether the owner recovered his property. Of course, this is not to say that the court members must have accepted this version of the incident, but it should have been allowed to consider the evidence in light of proper instructions with regard to the lesser offense.
Finally, the third vehicle, taken in Deming, New Mexico, was, according to the accused, originally obtained only for a trip to El Paso. True it is that he was apprehended at a point beyond that city, but he stated that he was persuaded to go on by his passenger who, indeed, was driving the car at the moment of their apprehension. Once more, I suggest that the accused’s conduct is such that the jury could fairly have inferred that he was availing himself of nothing more than a way to transport himself to Texas and could have rejected the idea that he sought permanently to take the automobile.
That the jury might have taken such a view of the proof before them is reinforced by the president’s unusual inquiry concerning the existence of lesser offenses to the larceny charges. From his question to the law officer, it would seem that at least one member of the court entertained some misgivings concerning the status of accused’s mind at the time of his takings and, in light of the evidence outlined above, I would conclude that the fact finders should have been permitted to measure his guilt by consideration both of the offenses charged and the lesser crimes of wrongful appropriation.
For the foregoing reasons, it is apparent that I would set aside the decision of the board of review. When my brothers affirm, I believe they in reality apply a measure which should be reserved for determining the sufficiency of the evidence rather than to conclude whether a lesser included offense is in issue. Were the former question before us, I would not hesitate to join with them. Unfortunately, it is the latter issue which we resolve, and I believe they err when they state that there is not in this record some evidence from which the military jury could have concluded that accused intended temporarily to deprive the various owners of their respective automobiles. In short, it is the intent and not the number of cars taken that should govern our resolution of the case.
I would reverse the decision of the board of review and remand the case with direction to approve the lesser of*176fense of wrongful appropriation under each count alleging theft of an automobile or to order a rehearing regarding these charges.