(dissenting):
I dissent.
As my brothers note, the charges of housebreaking and larceny, of which the accused was convicted by special court-martial, occurred off post and in the civilian community, and were committed by the accused while in an off-duty status. The residence involved was that of another serviceman. It is this latter circumstance, the theft from another serviceman, coupled with the fact that the accused learned through their common association as members of the armed forces that the victim would be away for the weekend, which the majority contend is sufficient to clothe a court-martial with jurisdiction to try this accused. Footnotes 14 and 19 of O’Callahan v Parker, 395 US 258, 23 L Ed 2d 291, 89 S Ct 1683 (1969), are cited in support of their view. I disagree.
The essence of the holding in O’Callahan v Parker, supra, is contained in the following statement from O’Callahan:
“We have concluded that the crime to be under military jurisdiction must be service connected, lest ‘cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger,’ as used in the Fifth Amendment, be expanded to deprive every member of the armed services of the benefits of an indictment by a grand jury and a trial by a jury of his peers. The power of Congress to make ‘Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces,’ Art. I, § 8, cl. 14, need not be sparingly read in order to preserve those two important constitutional guarantees.” [Id., 395 US, at page 272.] [Emphasis supplied.]
The critical question in this case is whether the offense of which the accused was convicted, including the circumstances surrounding its commission, was “service connected.” The term “service connected” was not precisely defined in O’Callahan; rather, the Court, in its determination that O’Callahan’s offenses were not “service connected” listed a number of factors which were not present in that case, implying thereby that court-martial jurisdiction might properly attach in those cases where one or more of these circumstances was found. Of particular importance to this case is the Court’s finding, in O’Callahan, that the person attacked by O’Callahan was not performing any duties relating to the military.
In the case at bar, the owner of the stolen property and the resident of the house which was improperly entered was a serviceman. In that capacity, while he may be said to have duties relating to the military, the offenses were not directed against him personally, and, therefore, did not affect him in the performance of his military duty. Rather, the offenses were perpetrated against his off-base residence and personal property. The distinction here is vital for the degree of interest or control, which the military may have in or over the person of a serviceman while off base, does not extend to his off-base, nonmilitary property or residence. The latter is under the exclusive jurisdiction of State and local authorities. Military authorities, in order to conduct a search of an off-base residence or structure, must “obtain a warrant to search from the appropriate magistrate.” United States v Garlich, 15 USCMA 362, 367, 35 CMR 334. Cf. United States v Conlon, 14 USCMA 84, 33 CMR 296.
I find it difficult to believe that there is an identifiable military interest in the off-base residence and property of a serviceman, when this Court has already held that such interest is nonexistent where an offense has been committed off base against a serviceman’s dependents. United States v Borys, 18 USCMA 547, 40 CMR 259; United States v Henderson, 18 USCMA 601, 40 CMR 313.
Footnotes 14 and 19 in O’Callahan do indeed refer to thefts from other sol*11diers as having been held to have some special military interest. But the instances referred to therein are not specifically documented and for aught we know these offenses may well have occurred in a time of war or on base where the military interest is apparent. See United States v Crapo, 18 USCMA 594, 40 CMR 306; United States v Smith, 18 USCMA 609, 40 CMR 321; United States v Paxiao, 18 USCMA 608, 40 CMR 320; United States v Williams, 18 USCMA 605, 40 CMR 317.
Since the courts of the State of Oklahoma are open and have cognizance of the charged offenses, I do not believe that the court-martial had jurisdiction in this case. O’Callahan v Parker; United States v Borys, both supra.
I would set aside the findings of guilty and the sentence and order the charges dismissed.