P. v. Moats CA4/1

Filed 4/19/13 P. v. Moats CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, D061408

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD233886)

ANTHONY ERIC MOATS, ORDER MODIFYING OPINION

Defendant and Appellant. NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT

THE COURT:

It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on April 17, 2013, be modified as

follows:

1. On page 1, the superior court number "SCD233864" is modified to read

"SCD233886."

There is no change in the judgment.

BENKE, Acting P. J.

Copies to: All parties
Filed 4/17/13 P. v. Moats CA4/1 (unmodified version)
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, D061408

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD233864)

ANTHONY ERIC MOATS,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Margie G.

Woods, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded for resentencing.

A jury convicted Anthony Moats of burglary (Pen. Code, § 459)1 and possession

of a forged check (§ 475, subd. (c)). The court sentenced him to eight years in prison.

On appeal, Moats contends the court erred by imposing a two-year sentence for an

enhancement based on committing the current offense while out on bail on a case that

was subsequently dismissed. He also contends the statutory construction of section 4019

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
and principles of equal protection entitle him to additional presentence custody credits.

We conclude the court improperly imposed an additional two-year sentence for an out-

on-bail enhancement on a case that was subsequently dismissed, and remand for

resentencing. We also conclude that under the rules of statutory construction, the

enhanced conduct credit provision of section 4019 applies only to defendants who

committed their crimes on or after October 1, 2011, and section 4019 does not violate

principals of equal protection. (U.S. Const. 14th Amend.; Cal. Const., art. I, § 7, subd.

(a).) The judgment is affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded for resentencing.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On April 28, 2011, Moats entered the Navy Federal Credit Union and attempted to

partially cash, and partially deposit, a check written on an account in the name of Shane

Brown at USAA Bank. The teller gave the check to the assistant manager, who

discovered it was drawn on a closed account. The assistant manager notified the police.

The police detained Moats and searched his vehicle located in the credit union's parking

lot. They found a USAA bank checkbook for Shane Brown in Moats's vehicle. The

USAA bank account had been set up online on December 27, 2010, using Shane Brown's

personal information and a $100 transfer from another bank. Shane Brown testified at

trial that he did not have an account at USAA Bank, he had never seen Moats before, and

the signature on the check Moats presented to the credit union was not Brown's signature.

2
 Moats was in county jail awaiting trial for the current offenses on October 1, 2011,

when the 2011 amendments to section 4019 became operative.2 (Stats. 2011-2012, 1st

Ex. Sess., ch. 12, § 35.) On October 21, 2011, a jury found Moats guilty of burglary and

possessing a forged check. On the same day, Moats admitted to several prior

convictions, and admitted he was out on bail when he committed the burglary and

possession charges. At sentencing, the court dismissed a prior strike conviction

allegation and two of Moats's four prior prison term allegations in the interest of justice.

The court sentenced Moats to a total term of eight years in prison, and awarded him a

total of 356 days of presentence custody credit, consisting of 238 days for actual days

served (§ 2900.5, subd. (a)), plus 118 days of conduct credits for good behavior pursuant

to section 4019, subdivision (c).

DISCUSSION

A. Forfeiture

Neither Moats nor the People addressed whether, by not objecting during

sentencing, he forfeited his claim that the court imposed an improper two-year, out-on-

bail enhancement. "Ordinarily, a criminal defendant who does not challenge an

assertedly erroneous ruling of the trial court in that court has forfeited his or her right to

raise the claim on appeal." (In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 880.) Generally, the

forfeiture rule also applies in the context of sentencing; where a trial court does not make

2 Section 4019 was amended in 2011 in conjunction with the 2011 Realignment
Legislation, which addressed public safety. (Stats. 2011, ch. 15, § 1; see § 1170, subd.
(h).)
3
or articulate a discretionary sentencing choice, the defendant must object to preserve the

issue on appeal. (Id. at p. 881; People v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 351-354; People v.

Tillman (2000) 22 Cal.4th 300, 302-303.)

However, although discretionary sentencing decisions must be challenged first in

the trial court, the governing rule is that unauthorized sentences can be appealed despite a

failure to object in the trial court. (People v. Scott, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 354.) As

explained in People v. Stowell (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1107, 1113: "In Scott, the court

distinguished between unauthorized sentences--those that 'could not lawfully be imposed

under any circumstance[s] in the particular case' [citation]--and discretionary sentencing

choices--those 'which, though otherwise permitted by law, were imposed in a

procedurally or factually flawed manner.' [Citation.] As to the former, lack of objection

does not foreclose review: 'We deemed appellate intervention appropriate in these cases

because the errors presented "pure questions of law" [citation] and were " 'clear and

correctable' independent of any factual issues presented by the record at sentencing."

[Citation.] In other words, obvious legal errors at sentencing that are correctable without

referring to factual findings in the record or remanding for further findings are not

waivable.' " Applying this rule, we conclude Moats did not waive his right to appeal the

out-on-bail enhancement because the two-year enhancement was an unauthorized

sentence that "could not lawfully be imposed under any circumstance in the particular

case." (Scott, at p. 354.)

Moats did, however, forfeit his claim of entitlement to additional conduct credits.

At sentencing, immediately after awarding him 118 days of conduct credits, the court

4
asked Moats if he wished to be heard. His counsel did not object to the conduct credits

awarded at that time. By not objecting to the award of conduct credits, Moats forfeited

the right to challenge on appeal any error in the court's award. (People v. Myers (1999)

69 Cal.App.4th 305, 312 [defendant forfeited any claim of error in presentence credits by

stipulating to amount awarded].) Nevertheless, to avert a claim of ineffective assistance

of counsel, we address the merits of his statutory construction and equal protection

arguments concerning the award of conduct credits. (See, e.g., People v. Norman (2003)

109 Cal.App.4th 221, 230 [court examined sentence to determine if cruel and unusual

despite defendant's waiver of argument].)

B. Standards of Review

Moats's claim of an out-on-bail sentencing error is founded on section 12202.1,

which applies to felonies committed while on bail for a prior offense. "The proper

interpretation of a statute is a question of law for our independent determination.

[Citations.] Likewise, the application of a statute to undisputed facts is a question of law,

subject to our de novo, or independent, review on appeal." (People v. Salcido (2008) 166

Cal.App.4th 1303, 1311.) Similarly, because Moats's claim to additional conduct credits

also involves issues of statutory interpretation as well as constitutionality--pure questions

of law--we apply the de novo standard of review, and this court exercises its independent

judgment without deference to the trial court's ruling. (Ghirardo v. Antonioli (1994) 8

Cal.4th 791, 799-801.)

5
 C. The Trial Court's Imposition of Out-on-bail Enhancement

Moats claims the court erred by imposing a two-year, out-on-bail enhancement

based on a prior case that was subsequently dismissed. Section 12022.1, subdivision (b),

provides that a "person arrested for a secondary offense which was alleged to have been

committed while that person was released from custody on a primary offense shall be

subject to a penalty enhancement of an additional two years" in state prison. However,

the Supreme Court held in In re Jovan B. (1993) 6 Cal.4th 801, 809 that "the

enhancement cannot be imposed unless the defendant is ultimately 'convicted' of both

offenses." (Accord, In re Ramey (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 508, 512; People v. McClanahan

(1992) 3 Cal.4th 860, 869.)

The prior offenses for which the out-on-bail enhancement was applied were

dismissed as part of a plea agreement. The People concede that because Moats was not

convicted of the prior offenses, the trial court could not impose the sentence for the out-

on-bail enhancement based on those offenses. However, the People urge this Court to

remand the case to the trial court for resentencing, rather than simply staying or

dismissing the two-year sentence for the enhancement.

"[A] defendant's aggregate prison term cannot be viewed as a series
of separate independent terms, but rather must be viewed as one
prison term made up of interdependent components. The invalidity
of some of those components necessarily infects the entire
sentence. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . In making its sentencing choices in the
first instance the trial court undoubtedly considered the overall
prison term to be imposed and was influenced in its choices by the
length of the enhancements. When defendant successfully urged the
illegality of his sentence on appeal the illegality did not relate only
to a portion of the sentence but infected the whole. On remand the
trial court was entitled to reconsider its entire sentencing

6
 scheme . . . ." (People v. Savala (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 63, 68-70,
disapproved on other grounds in People v. Foley (1985) 170
Cal.App.3d 1039, 1044.)

In determining the sentence to impose against him, the trial court dismissed Moats's prior

strike conviction allegation and two of his four prior prison term allegations to arrive at

an eight-year sentence. The court could have retained those enhancements and imposed a

longer prison sentence for Moats; however, after evaluating all of the facts of the case,

the trial court chose to impose only an eight-year sentence. On remand, in the interests of

justice the trial court is entitled to reconsider its entire sentencing scheme, including the

prior conviction allegation it dismissed, to determine the appropriate sentence for Moats.

On reconsideration, the trial court may decide Moats still warrants the same eight-year

sentence, as "[i]t is perfectly proper . . . for the trial [court] to reimpose the same sentence

in a different manner." (People v. Calderon (1993) 20 Cal.App.4th 82, 88.) "However,

. . . to 'preclude vindictiveness and more generally to avoid penalizing a defendant for

pursuing a successful appeal' [citation], appellant may not be sentenced on remand to a

term in excess of his original sentence." (People v. Burns (1984) 158 Cal.App.3d 1178,

1184; People v. Savala, supra, 147 Cal.App.3d at pp. 67, 70).

In a footnote, Moats also contends the facts of out-on-bail offenses should have

been, but were not, pleaded with the same specificity as any prior offense must be

pleaded and proved. However he provides no analysis of how this failure negatively

affected him. The information alleged Moats was out on bail in two previous cases when

he committed the current crimes. Although the information did not reference the prior

case numbers for the out-on-bail enhancements, the prosecution's trial brief, and the trial

7
court, identified the two prior cases with case numbers. Nonetheless, based on People v.

Mancebo (2002) 27 Cal.4th 735, in which the court addressed a similar failure to plead

the factual basis of a sentencing enhancement and struck the enhancement as a result,

Moats asks this court to direct that the facts of out-on-bail offenses should be pleaded

with specificity.

Section 12022.1, subdivision (c), requires that an enhancement allegation be

pleaded in the information or indictment. Furthermore, " '[d]ue process requires that an

accused be advised of the specific charges against him so he may adequately prepare his

defense and not be taken by surprise by evidence offered at trial.' " (People v. Mancebo,

supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 750.) However, Moats has not shown he suffered harm because of

the lack of specifically pleading the factual basis of the sentencing enhancement. He had

adequate notice of the charges against him and, on October 21, 2011, admitted the truth

of the out-on-bail enhancements. Moats does not argue, and nothing in the record

suggests, he would have defended the case any differently and not admitted the truth of

the out-on-bail enhancements had the circumstances been specifically alleged. Any error

Moats suffered was harmless, especially because we have vacated the sentence imposed

on the out-on-bail enhancements.

D. Claim to Additional Conduct Credits

Moats claims that despite committing his offenses before the October 1, 2011,

operative date of the amendment to section 4019, he is entitled to additional presentence

conduct credits at the enhanced rate of the new version of section 4019. Under section

4019, defendants are entitled to earn additional credit towards their sentences by

8
performing additional labor (§ 4019, subd. (b)) and for good behavior (§ 4019 subd. (c).)

To differentiate from custody credits earned by actual time spent in custody, these

additional credits are referred to as conduct credits. (People v. Duff (2010) 50 Cal.4th

787, 793.) Before October 1, 2011, persons who, like Moats, had been convicted of a

serious or violent felony were entitled to two days of conduct credits for every four days

actually served. (Former Pen. Code, § 4019, subd. (f); Stats. 2010, ch. 426, § 2.)

However, on October 1, 2011, when Moats was in local custody awaiting sentencing, the

Legislature amended section 4019 in Assembly Bill No. 109 (2011-2012 Reg. Sess.), as

part of the Realignment Act. The amendment, which became operative October 1, 2011,

increased the amount of conduct credits earned by prisoners in local custody to one day

of conduct credit for each day spent in actual custody. (§ 4019, subd. (f); Stats. 2011, ch.

39, § 53.) As relevant here, section 4019, subdivision (h), provides:

"The changes to this section enacted by the act that added this
subdivision shall apply prospectively and shall apply to prisoners
who are confined to a county jail, city jail, industrial farm, or road
camp for a crime committed on or after October 1, 2011. Any days
earned by a prisoner prior to October 1, 2011, shall be calculated at
the rate required by the prior law."

Moats committed his offenses on April 28, 2011. At sentencing, the court applied the

former version of section 4019 in effect at the time Moats committed his crimes. Moats

contends any applicable conduct credits he accrued after the operative date of the

amendment to section 4019 on October 1, 2011, should have been calculated using the

more generous amended rate. He argues the award of only 118 days of conduct credits

violated both the terms of section 4019 as amended and his right to equal protection.

9
 1. Statutory Construction

Moats asserts that under the rules of statutory construction, section 4019 as

amended requires the court grant one-for-one conduct credits for all time spent in local

custody after October 1, 2011. He contends the second sentence of section 4019,

subdivision (h), suggests days earned by a prisoner after October 1, 2011, must be

calculated at the rate established by the new law.

The language in section 4019 subdivision (h), that "[a]ny days earned . . . prior to

October 1, 2011, shall be calculated at the rate required by the prior" law, could be read

to imply that any days earned by a defendant after that date should be calculated using the

amended rate, regardless of the date the offense was committed. (People v. Rajanayagam

(2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 42, 52.) However, to do so would invalidate the immediately

preceding sentence of section 4019, which explicitly limits the benefits of the new accrual

rate to those defendants who committed their crimes after October 1, 2011.

(Rajanayagam, at p. 52.) Moats's proffered interpretation would "defy the Legislature's

clear intent in subdivision (h)'s first sentence and contradict well settled principles of

statutory construction." (Ibid.) Interpretations that lead to absurd results or

consequences the Legislature could not have intended must be avoided. (People v.

Thomas (1992) 4 Cal.4th 206; see People v. Tanner (1979) 24 Cal.3d 514.)

Moreover, absent a clearly manifested intent to the contrary, there is a legal

presumption that all statutes operate prospectively. (Evangelatos v. Superior Court

(1988) 44 Cal.3d 1188, 1208-1209.) Statutes ambiguous with respect to retroactive

application are to be construed as prospective. (Ibid.; People v. Brown (2012) 54 Cal.4th

10
314 (Brown); see also Lindh v. Murphy (1997) 521 U.S. 320, 328, fn. 4 [statute applied

retroactively only where statutory language is "so clear that it could sustain only one

interpretation"].) One noted exception to the presumption of prospective application

exists where the Legislature reduces the punishment for a particular offense. (In re

Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 748.) However, section 4019 merely addresses future

conduct; it does not alter the penalty for any particular crime and that exception is not

applicable here. (People v. Ellis (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 1546, 1551; see also Brown, at

p. 325.)

Although section 4019 could have been drafted more artfully, "the Legislature's

clear intent was to have the enhanced rate apply only to those defendants who committed

their crimes on or after October 1, 2011. [Citation.] The second sentence does not

extend the enhanced rate to any other group, but merely specifies the rate at which all

others are to earn conduct credits." (People v. Ellis, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 1553;

see also People v. Rajanayagam, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 52 [§ 4019, subd. (h)

merely reaffirms that defendants who committed their crimes before October 11, 2011,

can still earn conduct credits, just under the prior law].) The Legislature's clear and

explicit intent to apply the new custody credit formula only prospectively cannot be

overridden by an implied interpretation of the second sentence in the statute. Moats's

argument that statutory construction requires modification of his conduct credit award is

not persuasive.

11
 2. Equal Protection

Moats also invokes the basic guarantees of equal protection embodied in the

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, sections 11 and 21

of the California Constitution, to support his contention. (Hayes v. Superior Court (1971)

6 Cal.3d 216, 223; In re King (1970) 3 Cal.3d 226, 232.) Moats asserts that were section

4019 interpreted to apply only to crimes committed on or after October 1, 2011, it would

violate equal protection principles.

To succeed on a claim under the equal protection clause, Moats must first show

the state has adopted a classification that affects two or more similarly situated groups in

an unequal manner. (People v. Hofsheier (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1185, 1199; see also People

v. Wilkinson (2004) 33 Cal.4th 821, 836-837; Manduley v. Superior Court (2002) 27

Cal.4th 537, 571.) For purposes of section 4019, there are two classes of incarcerated

inmates: (1) those in jail on or after October 1, 2011, having committed a crime on or

after October 1, 2011; and (2) those in jail on or after October 1, having committed the

same offense before October 1, 2011.

The primary purpose of awarding conduct credits is to reward those defendants

who perform additional work and behave, and to act as a threat to withhold conduct

credits from those who would otherwise misbehave. Indeed, the "very purpose of

conduct credits is to foster constructive behavior in prison by reducing punishment."

(People v. Lara (2012) 54 Cal.4th 896, 906.)

Moats contends that because inmates from both groups have committed the same

crime, are in custody at the same time, and are earning conduct credits for the same

12
positive behavior, they are similarly, if not identically situated. However, as the Supreme

Court noted, "prisoners who served time before the incentives took effect . . . could not

have modified their behavior in response. That prisoners who served time before and

after former section 4019 took effect are not similarly situated necessarily follows."

(Brown, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp. 328-329 [examining applicability of retroactivity to

§ 4019]; see also People v. Kennedy (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 385, 396-397.) Although

Brown examined whether section 4019 should be applied retroactively to all prisoners,

the logic is nonetheless applicable here.

Additionally, even were we to hold that both groups have a similar incentive to

work and behave, we do not believe both groups have the same inducement. Although

the type of incentive--additional conduct credits--may be the same between the groups,

the amount of that incentive is not the same. Those prisoners who commit crimes and

serve time after the incentives take effect have a greater incentive to alter their behavior

than those who committed crimes before the later-enacted incentive. Thus, contrary to

Moats's claims, the two groups are not similarly situated and as a result, any analysis of

his equal protection claims does not proceed to the next step of the level of review.

Although we need not decide the appropriate level of review, we believe rational

basis review is the proper level of scrutiny. In considering whether state legislation

violates equal protection, " 'we apply different levels of scrutiny to different types of

classifications. At a minimum, a statutory classification [affecting similarly situated

individuals] must be rationally related to a legitimate governmental purpose. [Citations.]

Classifications . . . affecting fundamental rights . . . are given the most exacting

13
scrutiny.' " (People v. Wilkinson, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 836; see also Manduley v.

Superior Court, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 571.) When a statutory classification infringes on

either a fundamental interest or right, the law or policy must be justified by a compelling

interest and the distinctions drawn by the law must be necessary to further this interest.

(People v. Olivas (1976) 17 Cal.3d 236, 251.) In all other instances, rational basis review

is the default level of review; the state is only required to make a showing that "the

legislative classification bears a rational relation to some independent and legitimate

legislative end." (Romer v. Evans (1996) 517 U.S. 620, 621.)

There is no fundamental interest at stake with regard to conduct credits. The

argument could be made that to limit a prisoner's opportunity to earn conduct credits is to

increase punishment, because it "substantially alters the consequences attached to a crime

already completed, and therefore changes 'the quantum of punishment.' " (Weaver v.

Graham (1981) 450 U.S. 24, 33). After all, "a person who is released a day early is

punished a day less." (People v. Lara, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp. 905-906.) As Moats notes

in his reply brief, courts have in the past reached different conclusions as to the

applicable test for incongruities resulting from statutes involving time credits. (See, e.g.,

People v. Austin (1981) 30 Cal.3d 155, 166 [compelling interest]; People v. Sage (1980)

26 Cal.3d 498, 508; People v. Caruso (1984) 161 Cal.App.3d 13, 17-18; People v. Jacobs

(1984) 157 Cal.App.3d 797, 801; In re Kapperman (1974) 11 Cal.3d 542, 544-546

[rational relationship]; People v. Silva (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 1160, 1168; People v. King

(1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 882, 885.) However, those cases holding there is a compelling

interest no longer stand for the proposition Moats claims. As our Supreme Court held,

14
the cases they relied on should not be so broadly read as to require strict scrutiny

"whenever one challenges upon equal protection grounds a penal statute or statutes that

authorize different sentences for comparable crimes." (People v. Wilkinson, supra, 33

Cal.4th at p. 837.) Since those cases were decided, the Supreme Court has since

favorably cited In re Bender (1983) 149 Cal.App.3d 380 for the proposition that

" 'punishment-lessening statutes given prospective application do not violate equal

protection.' " (People v. Floyd (2003) 31 Cal.4th 179, 189.)

Personal liberty is not at stake in cases of conduct credits because "section 4019

does not alter the penalty for any crime; a prisoner who earns no conduct credits serves

the full sentence originally imposed. Instead of addressing punishment for past criminal

conduct, the statute addresses future conduct in a custodial setting by providing increased

incentives for good behavior." (Brown, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 325.) The proper test for

issues concerning conduct credits is rational basis review.

Assuming the state had adopted a classification that affected two or more similarly

situated groups in an unequal manner, the next step would be to determine whether those

classifications bear a rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose. The rational

relationship test is highly deferential. (People v. Turnage (2012) 55 Cal.4th 62, 77 ["[a]

classification is not arbitrary or irrational simply because there is an 'imperfect fit

between means and ends' "].) Under the rational relationship test, a statutory

classification is constitutionally sound if there are any reasonably conceivable facts that

could provide a rational basis for the classification. (People v. Hofsheier, supra, 37

Cal.4th at p. 1200.)

15
 Moats argues that because the purpose of both the Realignment Act and the

amendment to section 4019 was to address the state's fiscal emergency by more cost-

effectively managing prison populations, the arbitrary date of October 1, 2011, has no

legitimate or rational public purpose. However, all changes, additions or deletions to the

code must have a beginning date. Equal protection of the law "does not forbid statutes

and statutory changes to have a beginning, and thus to discriminate between rights of an

earlier and later time." (Sperry & Hutchinson Co. v. Rhodes (1911) 220 U.S. 502, 505;

see also People v. Floyd, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 188 ["[d]efendant has not cited a single

case, in this state or any other, that recognizes an equal protection violation arising from

the timing of the [operative] date of a statute lessening the punishment for a particular

offense"].)

The stated goal of the Legislature is achieved by the amendment, as the fiscal

crisis is ameliorated to a degree by awarding additional conduct credits to those prisoners

who committed their crimes on or after October 1, 2011. Although awarding enhanced

credits retroactively would have produced greater cost savings, the Legislature did not

choose this approach. Nonetheless, the approach the Legislature did choose bears a

rational relationship to cost savings.

"[T]he Legislature could rationally have believed that by making the
2011 amendment to section 4019 have application determined by the
date of the offense, they were preserving the deterrent effect of the
criminal law as to those crimes committed before that date. To
reward appellant with the enhanced credits of the 2011 amendment
to section 4019, even for time he spent in custody after October 1,
2011, weakens the deterrent effect of the law as it stood when
appellant committed his crimes. We see nothing irrational or
implausible in a legislative conclusion that individuals should be

16
 punished in accordance with the sanctions and given the rewards
(conduct credits) in effect at the time an offense was committed."
(People v. Kennedy, supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 399.)

Although the amendment to section 4019 may result in the two classifications obtaining

different conduct credit totals, under the rational relationship test, the Legislature is

permitted to "experiment individually with various therapeutic programs related to

criminal charges or convictions" (In re Huffman (1986) 42 Cal.3d 552, 561), so as "to

control the risk of new legislation by limiting its application" (People v. Lynch (2012)

209 Cal.App.4th 353, 361) and determine what works and what does not. (Warden v.

State Bar (1999) 21 Cal.4th 628, 649 [reform measures can be implemented one step at a

time].) Because the deferential nature of the rational basis test does not afford us the

power to second guess the Legislature and determine the most effective manner to

achieve that legitimate state interest, we hold the classifications established in section

4019 bear a rational relationship to a legitimate state interest.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded for resentencing.

McDONALD, J.
WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

HALLER, J.

17