Filed 4/26/13 P. v. Vargas CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E055811
v. (Super.Ct.No. HEF005066)
ARNOLDO ESTEVEZ VARGAS, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Mark Mandio, Judge.
Affirmed with directions.
Michael B. McPartland, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Steve Oetting, and Michael Pulos,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
I
INTRODUCTION
Defendant Arnoldo Estevez Vargas appeals from judgment entered following a
jury conviction for premeditated murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)1). The jury also
found true allegations that the murder was committed for the benefit of a criminal street
gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)) and that defendant personally used a firearm (§ 12022.53,
subd. (d)). The trial court sentenced defendant to 50 years to life, plus three years for the
gang enhancement.
Defendant contends the trial court erred in denying his request for instruction on
provocation (CALCRIM No. 522). Defendant also asserts the trial court erred in
imposing a fixed three-year term for the gang enhancement under section 186.22,
subdivision (b)(1). We conclude there was no instructional error but reverse the three-
year gang enhancement term because the murder conviction carries a life term and,
therefore, the gang enhancement must be stricken. The judgment is affirmed in all other
respects.
II
FACTS
In November 1998, defendant and Joshua McKendry lived in the Lake Elsinore
area and were both members of the Elsinore Young Classics street gang (EYC). The
victim, Harry Estrada and his friend, Armando Solis, were members of the Elsinore Vatos
1 Unless otherwise noted, all statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
Locos street gang (EVL). EYC and EVL were rival gangs. Estrada‟s house was located
on the same street as McKendry‟s father‟s house.
On November 8, 1998, at around 4:00 p.m., while Estrada and Solis were talking
in front of Estrada‟s house, a caravan of three or four vehicles carrying EYC gang
members stopped in front of Estrada‟s house. Eight EYC associates got out of their cars
and began fighting with Estrada and Solis.
McKendry testified he rode in one of the caravan vehicles that stopped nearby, in
front of his father‟s house. McKendry ran over to back up his fellow EYC gang
members. He saw Estrada fall to his hands and knees. Defendant and the other EYC
gang members kicked and punched Estrada. Defendant removed a gun from his
waistband and fired four times at Estrada as he tried to crawl away on his hands and
knees. Defendant and the other EYC gang members then left the scene in their vehicles.
The autopsy confirmed that Estrada was shot once in the arm and three times in the back.
He died a short time afterwards.
On November 8, 1998, Officer Zerkel found one expended projectile and seven
shell casings at the crime scene. Two expended projectiles were later recovered during
Estrada‟s autopsy. Officer Takenaga determined that the seven shell casings were fired
from the same gun and the projectiles were consistent with each other.
After the homicide, defendant absconded to Mexico. Eleven years later, in 2009,
he was extradited back to the United States and was interviewed at the Riverside County
jail. During his recorded police interview, defendant admitted shooting Estrada, but
claimed he shot Estrada when Estrada was running toward him. Defendant explained that
3
he fired at Estrada because defendant was afraid Estrada was going to do something to
him. Defendant also said he was unsure whether Estrada was running toward him or
away from the others or toward the house Estrada was standing in front of.
Officer Thompson, an expert on Hispanic gangs in Lake Elsinore, testified that in
1998, defendant was a member of the EYC gang. The EYC and EVL gangs were rival
gangs. Thompson testified as to EYC‟s primary criminal activities and predicate
offenses, and concluded that Estrada‟s murder was committed for the benefit of
defendant‟s gang, because it enhanced EYC‟s reputation for violence.
III
INSTRUCTIONAL ERROR
Defendant contends the trial court prejudicially erred in refusing to instruct on
provocation for purposes of negating the premeditation and deliberation elements of first-
degree murder. We disagree.
Defense counsel requested the court to give CALCRIM No. 522 on provocation,
arguing that provocation can be based on any emotion that causes a defendant to act with
passion or without malice aforethought. Defendant argued that evidence Estrada was
running toward him supported a finding of provocation. The prosecution argued there
was insufficient evidence of provocation because there was no evidence that defendant
believed Estrada would inflict fatal or great bodily injury upon defendant. The fight was
not a violent two-way struggle and Estrada was attempting to flee because he was
outnumbered and had been violently beaten.
4
The trial court rejected the provocation instruction because the evidence
established that defendant shot Estrada after eight rival EYC gang members had severely
beaten Estrada and were chasing him as he was attempting to flee. Estrada was
outnumbered and was not fighting back.
CALCRIM No. 522 states: “Provocation may reduce a murder from first degree
to second degree. The weight and significance of the provocation, if any, are for you to
decide. [¶] If you conclude that the defendant committed murder but was provoked,
consider the provocation in deciding whether the crime was first or second degree
murder.” This instruction is a pinpoint instruction, to be given on request. (People v.
Hernandez (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1327, 1333; see also CALCRIM No. 522 Bench
Notes.) A defendant may request, and a trial court must give, pinpoint instructions
relating to the theory of the defense. (People v. Earp (1999) 20 Cal.4th 826, 886.)
However, “a trial court need not give a pinpoint instruction if it is argumentative
[citation], merely duplicates other instructions [citation], or is not supported by
substantial evidence [citation].” (People v. Bolden (2002) 29 Cal.4th 515, 558.)
A defendant is entitled to instruction on the defense theory of provocation “if it is
supported by substantial evidence, i.e., if a reasonable jury could conclude the particular
facts underlying the instruction existed. [Citations.]” (People v. Sullivan (1989) 215
Cal.App.3d 1446, 1450.) “We consider the instructions as a whole and assume the jurors
are intelligent persons capable of understanding and correlating all the instructions.
[Citation.]” (People v. Hernandez, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 1332.)
5
“The evidentiary premise of a provocation defense is the defendant‟s emotional
reaction to the conduct of another, which emotion may negate a requisite mental state.”
(People v. Ward (2005) 36 Cal.4th 186, 214-215.) Provocation, as commonly
understood, means “„something that provokes, arouses, or stimulates‟; provoke means „to
arouse to a feeling or action[;] . . . to incite to anger.‟ (Merriam-Webster‟s Collegiate
Dict. (10th ed. 2001) p. 938; see People v. Ward (2005) 36 Cal.4th 186, 215 [30
Cal.Rptr.3d 464, 114 P.3d 717] [„provocation . . . is the defendant‟s emotional reaction to
the conduct of another, which emotion may negate a requisite mental state‟].)” (People v.
Hernandez, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 1334.) Provocation arouses the emotions and
can give rise to a rash, impulsive decision, and this, in turn, negates premeditation and
deliberation. (Ibid.)
At trial, defendant argued the theory of self-defense. During defendant‟s recorded
interview in 2009, 11 years after the crime, defendant admitted shooting Estrada but
claimed he shot Estrada because Estrada was running toward defendant. Defendant said
that when he arrived at the scene, other EYC members had already arrived and were
fighting Estrada. They were beating up Estrada “badly” while chasing him in circles, as
Estrada was trying to flee. While being chased, Estrada ran toward defendant, who was
standing on the sidewalk. Defendant thought Estrada was going to attack him. Estrada
was six to eight feet from defendant when defendant pulled out his gun and started
shooting at Estrada. When defendant fired at Estrada, defendant was standing in front of
a nearby house. Defendant did not know if Estrada was running toward him to attack
him or running toward the house to escape into the house. Defendant fired about three
6
rounds at Estrada. When defendant first fired at Estrada, Estrada was standing.
Defendant did not remember if, when he fired the other shots, Estrada was on the ground.
After Estrada fell to the ground, defendant and his EYC companions fled.
Even assuming the homicide occurred as defendant described it in his recorded
statement, there was insufficient evidence to support a provocation instruction. Estrada
was being chased by eight gang members from defendant‟s own gang. Estrada was out-
numbered and had been badly beaten up. He was fleeing, not fighting, and did not have a
weapon. Defendant was not even sure Estrada intended to do anything to defendant.
Estrada was fleeing and defendant happened to be in his path. On these facts, there was
insufficient evidence that defendant shot Estrada in the immediacy of any ostensible
provocation, since there was nothing in the record to show that Estrada represented a
threat to defendant.
Not only was there insufficient evidence to support a pinpoint provocation
instruction but, in addition, any error in not giving the provocation instruction was
harmless. (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.) The trial court instructed the
jury on homicide (CALCRIM No. 500), self-defense (CALCRIM No. 505), imperfect
self-defense (CALCRIM No. 571), and first and second degree murder (CALCRIM Nos.
520 and 521). Based on these instructions, the jury rejected the defense theories of self-
defense and imperfect self-defense, finding that defendant acted with deliberation when
he fired at Estrada. It is therefore unlikely that, had the jury been instructed on the
provocation pinpoint instruction, the jury would have found defendant did not act with
deliberation but, rather, acted rashly, out of fear Estrada would do something to harm
7
him. In addition, there was overwhelming evidence that the incident involved a gang
fight, in which defendant‟s gang was brutally beating up Estrada and defendant
deliberately shot Estrada as he attempted to flee. Accordingly, we find no instructional
error.
IV
SENTENCING ERROR
Defendant was convicted of first degree murder, and the jury found true the
allegation that the murder was committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang. The
trial court imposed a 25 year to life sentence on the murder conviction, and a consecutive
three-year term on the gang enhancement under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1).
Defendant contends, and the People agree, the trial court erred in imposing the fixed,
three-year term for the gang enhancement. Under the exception for felonies punishable
by an indeterminate life term under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5) (formerly section
186.22, subd. (b)(4)), the court should therefore strike the three-year gang enhancement
term attached to the murder offense.
Ordinarily, the court may sentence a person who commits a violent felony for the
benefit of a criminal street gang with an additional term of 10 years (three years under the
former version of the statute in effect in 1998, when the charged crime occurred).
(§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C).) Section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5), provides a different
penalty for a person who commits a felony punishable by life imprisonment, namely, an
increased minimum parole period of 15 years. As noted by the parties, the California
Supreme Court held that the Legislature intended to apply this penalty instead of the
8
additional consecutive enhancement term under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1).
(People v. Lopez (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1002, 1007; see also People v. Flores (2005) 129
Cal.App.4th 174, 187.) Therefore, the three-year gang enhancement attached to count 1
must be stricken.
V
DISPOSITION
The trial court is directed to strike the three-year gang enhancement under section
186.22, subdivision (b)(1), attached to count 1. In all other respects, we affirm the
judgment.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
CODRINGTON
J.
We concur:
RICHLI
Acting P. J.
KING
J.
9