IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 07/02/96
OF THE
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 93-KA-00768 COA
DARRYL FITZGERALD JOHNSON A/K/A DARRYAL FITZGERALD JOHNSON
APPELLANT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
APPELLEE
THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION AND
MAY NOT BE CITED, PURSUANT TO M.R.A.P. 35-B
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. KOSTA N. VLAHOS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (1ST DIST.)
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
F. HOLT MONTGOMERY, JR.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: JEFFREY A. KLINGFUSS
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: CONO CARANNA
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL: POSSESSION OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE WITH
INTENT TO DELIVER, SIMPLE ASSAULT IN A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER, AND
AGGRAVATED ASSAULT
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: GUILTY VERDICT; SENTENCED TO A TOTAL OF 40 YRS
IN PRISON AND FINED $30,000.00
BEFORE BRIDGES, P.J., DIAZ, AND SOUTHWICK, JJ.
SOUTHWICK, J., FOR THE COURT:
Darryl Johnson was convicted of possession of cocaine with the intent to distribute, simple assault on
a law enforcement officer, and aggravated assault. He was sentenced to a total of forty years in
prison on all three counts and fined $30,000.00. He appeals his conviction, contending that the
prosecution violated an order in limine, that prior civil forfeiture proceedings prohibited his trial on
cocaine possession charges because of double jeopardy considerations, that lesser included offense
instructions were erroneously denied, and that conviction of the possession charges was contrary to
the overwhelming weight of the evidence. We affirm.
FACTS
Johnson was the subject of a "sting" operation in Harrison County in which the police used two
confidential informants who were charged with drug crimes to purchase drugs from Johnson. Several
telephone calls resulted in an agreement to sell powdered cocaine. On October 9, 1992, Johnson was
met by the informants in a grocery store parking lot for the transaction. The police followed in two
unmarked vans. One of the informants wore a concealed microphone to allow the police to hear his
conversations with Johnson, but no recording was made.
The drug transaction took place in Johnson’s car. After the purchase, the police converged on
Johnson’s car. In reaction to the approach of the officers, Johnson threw his car into reverse and
attempted to back out of the grocery store parking lot. In so doing, he ran over an officer’s foot. He
then struck a pedestrian, seriously injuring her. Johnson was stopped and arrested by police at the
scene. A search of his car produced two bags containing a total of 4.49 ounces of cocaine.
DISCUSSION
1. Violations of Order In Limine
An order in limine was entered in the trial of this case prohibiting mention of prior drug transactions
involving Johnson. Nevertheless, three witnesses made statements that Johnson argues violated the
order in limine. The first objection arose during the following testimony:
Q. Why did you do the take down on the deal in the Krogers parking lot?
A. Prior to formulating the plan, Howard Hill had -- during the conversation,
had asked Daryal did he want to do it at Krogers, I believe where they had
done it before.
A motion for mistrial was made, but denied since the judge did not find any substantial prejudice from
the remark. A requested limiting instruction was discussed by the court and defense counsel, but
apparently the defense counsel agreed it was better not to give one.
Another witness testified he was present in the Kroger parking lot as part of an "ongoing narcotics
transaction." The prosecutor asked what suspects were involved with that ongoing transaction, and
the witness named Johnson. Again, defense counsel objected. The trial court only said "Okay," which
may or may not have been a sustaining of the objection. The motion for mistrial that was then made
was overruled.
The State contends that these statements, either separately or cumulatively, were not unduly
prejudicial to the defense. The immediate source of the prohibition against testimony of other drug
crimes in this case is the trial court’s order in limine. In essence, this was an advance ruling that all
evidence of prior drug transactions failed to meet the requirements under Mississippi Rules of
Evidence 404(b) and 403 for probative and not unfairly prejudicial evidence. The trial court itself
found no grounds to grant a mistrial. That decision necessarily included consideration that the court’s
own order may have been ignored, and separately that the evidence violated general rules for
admissibility and prejudice. The order in limine does not enlarge our scope of appellate review, but
does constitute notice to the attorneys of the trial court’s evidentiary ruling, a violation of which risks
a mistrial. Even if a trial judge’s careful review under the rules of evidence would suggest the
evidence is admissible, it is within his appropriate discretion to impose discipline in some form just
for the violation of the order.
Since a judge’s preliminary ruling in limine is always subject to recalculation during the trial, we
analyze on appeal whether the evidentiary rules were violated. First, we consider whether the
testimony objected to falls within an exception to Rule 404(b). Second, applying Rule 403, we must
decide whether the trial judge abused his discretion in determining that the prejudicial impact of the
evidence was outweighed by its probative value. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1256-57
(Miss. 1995).
Rule 404 generally proscribes the admission of "[e]vidence of a person’s character or a trait of his
character" when such evidence is intended to prove that the person acted in conformity with that
character. M.R.E. 404(a). As its basic premise, the rule recognizes that presentation of character
evidence risks raising an inference that an accused is more likely to have committed the crime
charged based on evidence that may either be unreliable or unduly stigmatic. See Marks v. State, 532
So. 2d 976, 981 (Miss. 1988). As a practical matter, the rule prohibits the admission of evidence of
"other crimes." Smith v. State, 656 So. 2d 95, 99 (Miss. 1995). The rule does, however, contain
certain exceptions. Prior crimes evidence is admissible to show motive, plan, knowledge, and identity.
M.R.E. 404(b). Specifically, in this case, evidence of Johnson’s "prior involvement in the drug trade
[was] admissible to prove intent to distribute." Holland v. State, 656 So. 2d 1192, 1196 (Miss. 1995)
. Johnson argued he knew nothing about the drugs in his car, and had never agreed to sell any.
Accordingly, Rule 404 does not present a basis for reversal.
Nevertheless, our analysis is not finished simply because the evidence falls within a Rule 404
exception. We must also consider whether Rule 403 is satisfied, i.e., whether the probative value of
the "other crimes" evidence is substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice. We conclude that it is
not. In this case, the evidence at issue is highly probative to show Johnson’s plan to engage in the
drug transaction that forms the setting for the crimes with which he was charged. The evidence is
strongly probative of Johnson’s intent to distribute the cocaine he possessed. We conclude that the
trial judge did not abuse his discretion in concluding that there was not unfair prejudice.
Johnson also complains about the testimony of a witness who indicated he knew Johnson because he
had previously had a conversation with him in the Gulfport City Court. There was no objection until
the witness was asked "What was the extent of that conversation?" The objection was that such
testimony presented inadmissible hearsay. That objection was overruled, but it is not repeated here.
The argument here is that mentioning a municipal court was a violation of the order in limine, which
was not raised below. We find the reference to Johnson’s being in a municipal court to be entirely too
vague to constitute prejudice. Regardless, the issue has not been preserved. Conner v. State, 632 So.
2d 1239, 1255 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 314 (1994).
2. Double Jeopardy
Prior to the trial that produced this appeal, three forfeiture proceedings were instituted against
property owned or possessed by Johnson, including the car Johnson was driving at the time of his
arrest. Two of the forfeiture proceedings resulted in the clerk’s entry of default in favor of the State.
The forfeiture proceeding relating to Johnson’s car did not result in an entry of default. In none of the
forfeiture proceedings does the record reveal a default judgment. In light of these prior civil
forfeitures, Johnson argues that his prosecution in this case violates his Fourteenth Amendment right
against double jeopardy.
While the State and Johnson dedicate their arguments on appeal to a lengthy discussion of the case
law concerning double jeopardy and the law emanating from a United States Supreme Court opinion
about whether civil forfeitures serve as punishment for crime, we find the issue to be different. The
record in this case includes the filings made in the three forfeiture actions. In none of those actions
did Johnson make any appearance prior to the entry of default, which is the final action in the
records. In the absence of Mississippi authority on this issue and because the issue relates to
application of the Federal Constitution, we look to federal case law as particularly persuasive.
In United States v. $184,505.01 in U.S. Currency, 72 F.3d 1160 (3d Cir. 1995), the Third Circuit
considered a motion to set aside default judgments made in forfeiture cases. The individual making
the motion had been convicted of drug crimes prior to the default judgments on forfeiture. He argued
that the judgments should be set aside on double jeopardy grounds. The court rejected this argument,
recognizing that the individual did not participate in the forfeiture proceedings until default judgments
had already been entered against him. $184,505.01 in U.S. Currency, 72 F.3d at 1167. In this factual
context, the court held that "[a] forfeiture proceeding in which a party does not participate does not
place that party in jeopardy, and therefore that party cannot use that forfeiture as the basis of a
double jeopardy challenge to a subsequent proceeding." Id. This holding echoes a very basic premise:
"[y]ou can’t have double jeopardy without a former jeopardy." Id. (citing United States v. Torres, 28
F.3d 1463, 1465 (7th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 669 (1994)). The court
explained that "[w]hile Halper ‘extended the no-double-punishments rule to civil penalties . . . [it] did
not remove from the double jeopardy claimant’s shoulders the burden of establishing a former
jeopardy." $184,505.01 in U.S. Currency, 72 F.3d at 1168 (quoting United States v. Baird, 63 F.3d
1213, 1219 (3d Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 909 (1996)).
Consistent with the weight of federal authority, jeopardy does not attach unless a prospective
criminal defendant makes an appearance in the prior forfeiture proceedings. See id. n.14 (cases cited
therein); United States v. Wilson, 77 F.3d 105, 111 (5th Cir. 1996); United States v. Arreola-Ramos,
60 F.3d 188, 192-93 (5th Cir. 1995) ("[S]ummary forfeiture . . . can never serve as a jeopardy
component . . . . Absent a trial, a party, and a punishment, jeopardy can never attach."); United
States v. Doyer, 907 F. Supp. 1519, 1524 (M.D. Fla. 1995) (later criminal proceeding not barred
under double jeopardy by prior forfeiture in which default was entered by virtue of defendant’s
voluntary absence from forfeiture proceedings); United States v. Levine, 905 F. Supp. 1025, 1032
(M.D. Fla. 1995) (citation omitted) ("Jeopardy does not attach when the defendant does not make a
claim and thus, does not become a party to the forfeiture."). Even when, as here, the defendant was
named in the forfeiture actions or is otherwise acknowledged as an owner of the property, jeopardy
does not attach in the forfeiture proceedings in the defendant’s favor unless he makes an affirmative
claim to the property. See Williams v. United States, No. 95-2288, slip op. at 2 (7th Cir. Mar. 11,
1996); United States v. Idowu, 74 F.3d 387, 395 (2d Cir. 1996), cert. denied, ___ S. Ct. ___, No.
95-8843, 1996 WL 245424 (June 3, 1996).
In the case before this Court, Johnson has not established a former jeopardy. He failed to appear in
the forfeiture proceedings until after default had been entered by the court clerk. Consequently, there
is no double jeopardy issue in this case and no infringement of Johnson’s constitutional rights by
virtue of his trial and conviction, following initiation of forfeiture proceedings in which he did not
participate prior to his criminal trial.
In addition, we have no evidence of a final judgment of forfeiture. As an independent basis for
affirmance, we hold that an entry of default is not a final judgment implicating double jeopardy.
Under our forfeiture statutes, it is debatable whether an entry of default is even appropriate. The only
defendant is the property itself, not the alleged owner. Thus regardless of whether an answer is filed -
- and the legal fiction of the property being the defendant means no answer is required -- the state still
must put on evidence that the requirements for forfeiture were met. Thus an entry of default has no
significance. Under Mississippi’s civil forfeiture scheme, even if an answer is not filed, a default is not
justified until the state has proved the grounds for forfeiture. "If an answer is not filed, the court shall
hear evidence that the property is subject to forfeiture . . . ." Miss. Code Ann § 41-29-179(1) (1972)
(emphasis added). As a part of this evidence, the law enforcement agency seeking the forfeiture must
submit a written declaration of forfeiture and the petition for forfeiture may be introduced as prima
facie evidence that the property is subject to forfeiture. Id. §§ 41-29-176(6), 179(2). A claimant can
rebut that evidence even without having filed an answer, since the claimant is not a defendant. Ervin
v. State ex rel. Mississippi Bureau of Narcotics, 434 So. 2d 1324, 1325 (Miss. 1983). Even without
an answer from a claimant to the forfeiture proceeding, the agency must still prove its entitlement to
the property by a preponderance of the evidence. Miss. Code Ann. § 41-29-179(2) (1972). In sum,
these provisions define the impact of the failure to file an answer as one involving a shifted burden of
proof, not a default in favor of the State. See Threlkeld v. State ex. rel. Mississippi Department of
Wildlife, Fisheries & Parks, 586 So. 2d 756, 757 (Miss. 1991). Thus, under this analysis, the defaults
in the forfeiture proceedings in this case d o not result in the taking of the subject property. Double
jeopardy requires a prior punishment for the same crime. The defaults in this case do not operate as
prior punishments because they did not effect a final taking of the property.
Consequently, there has been no forfeiture of the property based on an entry of default, and no
punishment until a final judgment is entered.
3. Lesser Included Offense Instructions
Johnson argues that he was entitled to lesser included offense instructions on all three counts against
him. He contends that, because he did not perceive that he was being chased by police officers, that
he lacked scienter for assault on a police officer and could have been found guilty of simple assault.
He also argues that a jury could have found him not guilty of aggravated assault of the bystander he
hit when he threw his car into reverse, but guilty of simple assault. Lastly, he urges that the jury could
have found him not guilty of possession with intent to deliver, yet guilty of simple possession because
the quantity of cocaine in his possession could have been for his personal use and he claims that there
is no direct proof that the cocaine was going to be sold.
We must determine whether, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the accused, and
considering all reasonable and favorable inferences which may be drawn in favor of the accused from
the evidence, a hypothetical reasonable jury could convict Johnson of any lesser included offense.
Berry v. State, 575 So. 2d 1, 12 (Miss. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 928 (1991).
We first look at the law enforcement officer question. The Mississippi Code provides for enhanced
sentencing of persons found guilty of simple assault on law enforcement officers. Miss. Code Ann. §
97-3-7 (1972). The effect of granting a lesser included offense instruction here would not have been
on the finding of guilt by the jury, but on the trial court’s options on sentencing. Johnson received a
four-year sentence on this count. Simple assault on a law enforcement office carries a maximum five-
year sentence, while otherwise the maximum is only six months. Johnson received a four-year
sentence on this charge. The statute does not explicitly require that an accused know that he is
assaulting a law enforcement officer The purpose of the statute could be seen as deterring criminals
from assaulting law enforcement officers, among other protected classes, by enhancing the
punishment of those who assault them. A similar but slightly different purpose is not deterrence, but
mere punishment -- if one prone to assaults happens to victimize one of the covered individuals, his
penalty is higher.
We find no interpretation of the statute on this point by the supreme court. Consequently, we look at
the plain language of the statute and find no requirement that the defendant know the status of his
victim. What is explicit is that the assault occur while the officer is performing official duties, which
was the case here. We find no due process problem either. The federal courts have addressed this
issue in the context of a similar statute dealing with assaults on federal officers. The statute has been
held to contain an express requirement that the defendant know the victim is in law enforcement.
United States v. Irick, 497 F. 2d 1369, 1373 (5th Cir. 1974), cert. denied sub nom. Myers v. United
States, 420 U.S. 945 (1975). The courts have also found no due process violation arising from only
requiring an intent to assault, and not intent to assault a law enforcement officer. McEwen v. United
States, 390 F. 2d 47, 50 (9th Cir. 1968) (citing United States v. Balint, 258 U.S. 250 (1922)), cert.
denied, 392 U.S. 940.
Johnson’s argument that scienter was not properly proved to support an enhanced simple assault
charge is unavailing. The proof adduced at trial demonstrated that Johnson recklessly injured a police
officer in his attempt to flee the scene of his arrest. Since there was no dispute that this victim was in
fact a police officer, no reasonable jury could have concluded that Johnson did not injure a law
enforcement officer. Consequently, a lesser included offense instruction on this charge was not
necessary or even appropriate.
As to his other victim, the bystander, Johnson argues that the circumstances of his attempt to flee
could be viewed by a reasonable juror as insufficient to support a charge of aggravated assault, yet
sufficient to support a conviction of simple assault. The Mississippi Code provides:
A person is guilty of aggravated assault if he . . . causes [serious bodily] injury [to
another] . . . recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value
of human life . . . .
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-7(2)(a) (1972). In this case, the undisputed evidence shows that Johnson
threw his car in reverse and attempted to flee the parking lot. He struck the bystander and caused
injuries to her that were extremely serious. He then was apprehended at a high rate of speed. The
supreme court has held that the test of whether the simple assault instruction should be given under
an indictment for aggravated assault "is whether there was evidence in the record so that a reasonable
juror could have concluded that the accused was guilty of simple assault." Harbin v. State, 478 So.
2d 796, 798 (Miss. 1985). The court said the "clincher" can be "uncontradicted evidence regarding
the nature and extent of [the victim’s] injuries." Harbin, 478 So. 2d at 800. In light of the seriousness
of the bodily injury caused and the recklessness with which Johnson attempted to flee, we find "the
uncontradicted physical facts overwhelmingly support the greater charge to the extent that no
reasonable juror could have found him guilty only of simple assault." Id.
As to a lesser offense instruction on possession, Johnson testified at trial he did not know he had the
narcotics, and did not intend to sell and did not knowingly possess. Thus the jury was faced with
choosing the State’s evidence of a drug transaction, or Johnson’s version that he was innocent of any
criminal activity. There was no evidence to support a lesser included instruction.
4. Weight of the Evidence on Possession With Intent to Distribute Charge
Johnson contends that the jury’s guilty verdict on the charge of possession of cocaine with the intent
to distribute is contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence. Johnson argues that the jury
was without evidence to conclude that he intended to sell the cocaine. We disagree. There is ample
evidence from the testimony of the confidential informants that Johnson wanted to sell the cocaine. In
addition, the jury heard tape recordings of conversations with Johnson which, while they did not
present Johnson’s side of the conversation, were strong evidence of Johnson’s intent to distribute.
Lastly, testimony of Johnson’s prior activity as a drug dealer supported the conclusion that he
intended to sell drugs in this case. In light of this evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, we conclude that the jury’s verdict on this count was not contrary to the overwhelming
weight of the evidence. Hopson v. State, 625 So. 2d 395, 405 (Miss. 1993).
THE JUDGMENT OF CONVICTION OF THE HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
AND SENTENCE OF TWENTY (20) YEARS FOR COUNT I: POSSESSION OF A
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE WITH INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE; FOUR (4) YEARS FOR
COUNT II: SIMPLE ASSAULT ON A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER; AND TWENTY
(20) YEARS FOR COUNT III: AGGRAVATED ASSAULT, WITH THE SENTENCES FOR
COUNT I AND III TO BE SERVED CONSECUTIVELY, AND THE SENTENCES FOR
COUNT I AND II TO BE SERVED CONCURRENTLY, AND TO PAY A FINE OF $30,
000.00 IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE TAXED TO HARRISON
COUNTY.
FRAISER, C.J., BRIDGES, P.J., BARBER, COLEMAN, DIAZ, KING, McMILLIN, AND
PAYNE, JJ., CONCUR.
THOMAS, P.J., NOT PARTICIPATING.