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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS
No. 20-CV-462
MA SHUN BELL, APPELLANT,
V.
WEINSTOCK, FRIEDMAN & FRIEDMAN, P.A., APPELLEE.
Appeal from the Superior Court
of the District of Columbia
(CAB-8461-19)
(Hon. Yvonne M. Williams, Trial Judge)
(Argued February 16, 2022 Decided November 23, 2022)
Radi Dennis for appellant.
David M. Ross, with whom Kevin P. Farrell was on the brief, for appellee.
Before MCLEESE and DEAHL, Associate Judges, and MCLEAN, Associate
Judge, Superior Court of the District of Columbia. *
MCLEAN, Associate Judge: On January 9, 2020, Ms. Bell filed her First
Amended Class and Individual Claims for Damages and Incidental Relief,
individually and on behalf of those similarly situated, against Weinstock, Friedman
*
Sitting by designation pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-707(a).
2
& Friedman, P.A. (“appellee”). 1 The complaint alleges violations of the District of
Columbia Automobile Financing and Repossession Act (“AFRA”), violations of the
District of Columbia Consumer Protection Procedures Act (“CPPA”), violations of
the District of Columbia Debt Collection Law (“DCL”), and abuse of process. On
April 6, 2020, the Superior Court granted appellee’s Motion to Dismiss based on res
judicata/claim preclusion. This appeal followed. For the reasons below, we reverse
the Superior Court ruling and remand.
I. Background.
A. Superior Court Small Claims Matter
In 2012, Ms. Bell purchased a vehicle through a Retail Installment Sales
Contract (“RISC”). At some point in 2016, Ms. Bell did not make payments on the
vehicle, and it was repossessed in November or December 2016. On March 29,
2017, First Investors Servicing Corporation (“FISC”), by and through its counsel,
appellee Weinstock, Friedman & Friedman, P.A., filed suit in the Small Claims
Branch of the District of Columbia Superior Court seeking a deficiency amount of
$8,271.40 (Docket No. 2017 SC3 001636). On May 17, 2017, Ms. Bell signed a
1
Weinstock, Friedman & Friedman, P.A. is now named Friedman, Framme
& Thrush, P.A.
3
one-page settlement agreement with FISC in which Ms. Bell agreed to pay FISC a
total of $8,271.41 in set monthly installments. The agreement further provided that
FISC would dismiss the matter with prejudice if Ms. Bell timely made all payments.
However, if Ms. Bell defaulted on the agreement, FISC was entitled to apply for
entry of default judgment for the outstanding balance. Ms. Bell eventually defaulted
on the agreement, and, on August 8, 2018, the Superior Court entered a judgment in
favor of FISC for $6,822.97. After FISC sought enforcement through wage
garnishment, Ms. Bell filed a motion to set aside the judgment on December 26,
2018, and a motion for judicial review on February 28, 2019; the Superior Court
denied the motions by orders dated February 21, 2019, and April 1, 2019,
respectively. On November 7, 2019, FISC filed a Praecipe of Satisfaction that
dismissed the matter with prejudice as “paid and satisfied in full.”
B. Related Superior Court Civil Action (2019 CA 08266 B)
Ms. Bell filed a separate lawsuit against FISC on January 9, 2020, individually
and on behalf of those similarly situated, for class and individual claims for
violations of AFRA; class and individual claims for violations of CPPA; an
individual claim for violations of DCL; and an individual claim for abuse of process.
The trial court dismissed Ms. Bell’s claims based on claim preclusion. See March
4
16, 2020, order. Ms. Bell appealed the dismissal. In Bell v. First Investors Servicing
Corp. (“Bell I”), this court affirmed the dismissal of Ms. Bell’s third, fourth, and
fifth claims, reversed the dismissal of her first and second causes of action, and
remanded for further proceedings. Bell I, 256 A.3d 246, 259 (D.C. 2021). This court
found that the first and second causes of action were partially precluded because
success on the claims that rested on allegations that “in essence assert that FISC was
not entitled to collect the deficiency amount reflected in the 2018 judgment, and thus
challenge FISC’s right to the funds the court awarded . . . would nullify the judgment
in favor of FISC.” Id. at 256.
On November 12, 2021, after FISC filed a motion for judgment on the
pleadings, the trial court dismissed the remainder of Ms. Bell’s claims for failure to
assert a claim upon which relief could be granted. See November 12, 2021, order.
Ms. Bell appealed that order on December 3, 2021. We recently reversed that order
and remanded for further proceedings. Bell v. First Investors Servicing Corp., Mem.
Op. & J. (D.C. Nov. 9, 2022).
C. Superior Court Civil Action on Appeal (2019 CA 08461 B)
Ms. Bell filed her complaint in this matter with claims regarding AFRA
violations, CPPA violations, DCL violations, and abuse of process on January 9,
5
2020. Appellee filed a Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint on
January 22, 2020. Ms. Bell filed an Opposition on February 17, 2020, and appellee
filed a Reply in Support on February 27, 2020. On April 6, 2020, the Superior Court
granted appellee’s Motion to Dismiss based on res judicata (claim preclusion)
finding that (1) “the facts alleged in this matter are based on the common nucleus of
facts brought forward in the Small Claims action which was fully adjudicated on the
merits, and that Ms. Bell could have brought these claims in the earlier proceeding,”
and (2) that appellee and FISC are in privity because “[t]he actions she alleges that
[appellee] took relate directly to actions [appellee] did in its role of attorney-agent
to FISC.” April 6, 2020, order at 7-8. The trial court also found that Ms. Bell’s
claims were barred because they could have been brought as permissive
counterclaims in the action against FISC. See id. at 7.
Ms. Bell filed an Opposed Motion for Reconsideration on May 5, 2020, to
which appellee filed an Opposition on May 18, 2020. On July 2, 2020, the Superior
Court denied Ms. Bell’s motion. See July 2, 2020, order at 3 (“Plaintiff attempts to
relitigate her unsuccessful positions without either demonstrating manifest error or
injustice or presenting new or changed circumstances”).
Ms. Bell filed this appeal on July 24, 2020.
6
D. Arguments on Appeal 2
In Appellant’s Opening Brief, Ms. Bell argues that the trial court erred in
dismissing her complaint based on res judicata because (1) the trial court failed to
apply the nullification/impairment analysis described in Smith v. Greenway
Apartments, LP, 150 A.3d 1265 (D.C. 2016); (2) Ms. Bell’s success on these claims
would not nullify the small claims judgment; and (3) there is no identity of parties
as appellee was not party to the small claims action nor is appellee in privity with
FISC for the small claims action. In discussing policy considerations, Ms. Bell
further argues that the application of res judicata in these circumstances (1) violates
due process because it deprives her of a full and fair opportunity to pursue her claims
against appellee and (2) weakens state and federal consumer protection and debt
collection laws.
Appellee argues that the trial court correctly dismissed Ms. Bell’s claims
based on res judicata because (1) her claims are precluded under the
nullification/impairment test since success on the claims would threaten FISC’s
2
On August 12, 2021, this court issued its opinion in Bell I. That opinion
moots the parties’ arguments in this matter related to the categorization of small
claims counterclaims as permissive or compulsory and the proper claim preclusion
test for permissive counterclaims. See Bell I, 256 A.3d at 253-56. This opinion
addresses only issues still in controversy.
7
judgment and (2) appellee is in privity with FISC. Appellee further argues that Ms.
Bell’s status as a pro se litigant in the small claims action is not a basis to fail to
apply res judicata.
The court will analyze these arguments in detail below to the extent they relate
to the trial court’s decision. 3
3
Appellee raises two Super. Ct. Civ. R. 12(b)(6) arguments as alternative
bases for upholding the trial court’s dismissal of Ms. Bell’s claims. First, appellee
argues that Ms. Bell’s settlement agreement with FISC bars her current claims.
Second, appellee argues that Ms. Bell failed to state a cognizable claim because
Maryland law, not District law, applies to her claims by virtue of the choice of law
clause in the RISC. We decline to address the merits of these arguments as the trial
court’s opinion did not do so, but we do note that (1) appellee failed to present any
argument or reasoning as to why they may claim the “benefits” of any terms of the
settlement agreement or the RISC given that they are not parties, successors in
interest, or assignees to either and (2) even if appellee was protected by the
settlement agreement, Ms. Bell cannot be deemed to have waived causes of action
through a settlement agreement under AFRA, CPPA, and DCL to the extent that the
causes of action do not nullify the small claims judgment. See Bell I, 256 A.3d at
256 n.12. Each party also argued that the other raised untimely arguments for the
first time on appeal. These arguments are without merit as they are about citations
to law (as opposed to newly introduced arguments).
8
II. Analysis.
A. Res Judicata
This court “reviews de novo the application of the doctrine of res judicata.”
Calomiris v. Calomiris, 3 A.3d 1186, 1190 (D.C. 2010) (citation omitted). Res
judicata (claim preclusion) dictates that “a final judgment on the merits of a claim
bars relitigation in a subsequent proceeding of the same claim between the same
parties or their privies.” Patton v. Klein, 746 A.2d 866, 869 (D.C. 1999); see also
Carr v. Rose, 701 A.2d 1065, 1070 (D.C. 1997). “A privy is one so identified in
interest with a party to the former litigation that he or she represents precisely the
same legal right in respect to the subject matter of the case.” Patton, 746 A.2d at
870 (citation omitted).
Appellee contends that they are in privity with FISC because—as attorneys
for FISC—they controlled the small claims action, and the current claims are based
on actions they took as agents of FISC during the small claims action. The trial court
found that appellee was in privity with FISC because attorneys are agents for their
clients, “agents and principals are in privity for res judicata purposes if the prior
action concerned a matter within the agency,” and the actions appellee took were
9
within the scope of their agency. 4 April 6, 2020, order at 8 (internal citations
omitted).
This court has previously issued opinions that support the position that an
attorney may act as an agent of a client. See, e.g., Bolton v. Crowley, Hoge & Fein,
P.C., 110 A.3d 575, 583-84 (D.C. 2015) (“An agent owes [his] principal a fiduciary
duty and a duty of loyalty, and like other agents, lawyers owe their clients a duty of
loyalty and a duty of care.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). That said, “[a]gents
and principals. . . are not ordinarily in privity with each other.” D.C. Redevelopment
Land Agency v. Dowdey, 618 A.2d 153, 163 (D.C. 1992) (citation omitted). “[A]
decision on the merits in an action against the principal is res judicata in a later
action against the agent only ‘if the prior action concerned a matter within the
agency.’” Major v. Inner City Prop. Mgmt., 653 A.2d 379, 381 (D.C. 1995) (citing
Tamari v. Bache & Co. (Lebanon) S.A.L., 637 F. Supp. 1333, 1341 (N.D. Ill. 1986).
“Where privity exists and the issue to be tried is identical as against both principal
4
It is uncontested that there was a final judgment on the merits in, and appellee
was not party to, the small claims action. This court previously determined
counterclaims that “assert that FISC was not entitled to collect the deficiency amount
reflected in the [small claims] judgment, and thus challenge FISC’s right to the funds
the court awarded” are precluded by the nullification/impairment exception. Bell I,
256 A.3d at 256. As such, we do not address these elements of the res judicata
analysis.
10
and agent, the doctrine of res judicata applies to bar subsequent litigation.” Dowdey,
618 A.2d at 164.
This court has previously found an attorney in privity with a client for
purposes of res judicata where he was a limited partner with the client in the business
at issue in the litigation. See Smith v. Jenkins, 562 A.2d 610, 616 (D.C. 1989). 5 But
this court has not directly addressed in what context an attorney-client relationship
creates privity for purposes of res judicata. 6 Courts in many other jurisdictions have
considered this issue and their decisions generally fall into two categories. First,
courts that have reasoned that to find privity between an attorney and client there
must be a mutuality of legal interests, which does not exist in every attorney-client
relationship. See, e.g., Rucker v. Schmidt, 794 N.W.2d 114, 119 (Minn. 2011)
5
Smith also analyzed privity based on a control analysis, 562 A.2d at 616, but
this court will not address that analysis as it was not a basis for the trial court’s
decision.
6
Appellee argues that this issue was addressed in Quick v. EDUCAP, Inc.,
318 F. Supp. 3d 121 (D.D.C. 2018). Although the federal district court in that case
applied District law to hold that a suit against attorneys was barred by res judicata,
the court did not analyze privity between the attorneys and client or distinguish
between them in the res judicata analysis, seemingly because no party disputed
privity. See id. at 139 (“When evaluating whether claim preclusion operates to bar
a subsequent lawsuit, courts look to whether the prior litigation ‘(1) involv[ed] the
same claims or cause of action, (2) between the same parties or their privies, and (3)
there has been a final, valid judgment on the merits, (4) by a court of competent
jurisdiction.’. . . The parties here dispute only the first and third elements.”) (citation
omitted).
11
(holding that a “common objective” in obtaining a “favorable outcome” was
insufficient to find privity where no mutuality of legal interest existed); Lane v.
Bayview Loan Servicing, LLC, 831 S.E.2d 709, 714-15 (Va. 2019) (agreeing that “an
attorney does not share the same legal interest as his or her client merely by virtue
of his or her representation of that client” because that representation does not create
“a mutual or successive relationship to the same rights of property”); Branning v.
Morgan Guar. Tr. Co., 739 F. Supp. 1056, 1063-64 (D.S.C. 1990) (upholding
application of res judicata to client, but not as to attorneys because there was no
evidence that they had “any mutual or successive relationship in the same rights of
property with” the client); Cont’l Sav. Ass’n v. Collins, 814 S.W.2d 829, 832 (Tex.
App. 1991) (“It would be a surprise to this court and to the lawyers of the state of
Texas to learn that by virtue of mere representation a lawyer establishes privity with
his client. As pointed out by [appellant], does the appellee, by virtue of his implied
claim of privity, accept responsibility for the money judgment rendered”);
Weinberger v. Tucker, 510 F.3d 486, 492-93 (4th Cir. 2007) (finding an attorney in
privity with client not because of the attorney-client relationship but due to specific
identity of interests); Thrasher Buschmann & Voelkel, P.C. v. Adpoint, Inc., 24
N.E.3d 487, 496-98 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (requiring a “careful examination of the
circumstances of each case” and finding that an award of attorney’s fees was
12
insufficient to be the “something more” than an attorney-client relationship
necessary to find privity).
The second category consists of courts that have found that an attorney-client
relationship created privity with little to no analysis of the mutuality of legal
interests. See, e.g., Jayel Corp. v. Cochran, 234 S.W.3d 278, 284 (Ark. 2006)
(“[T]he attorney-client relationship between the [client] and [lawyer] is sufficient to
satisfy the privity requirement for purposes of res judicata.”); Plotner v. AT&T
Corp., 224 F.3d 1161, 1169 (10th Cir. 2000) (“The law firm defendants appear by
virtue of their activities as representatives of Green and AT&T, also creating
privity.”); Henry v. Farmer City State Bank, 808 F.2d 1228, 1235 n.6 (7th Cir. 1986)
(“Even though the Bank was the only actual party to the state court mortgage
foreclosure proceedings, the other defendants, as directors, officers, employees, and
attorneys of the Bank, are in privity with the Bank for purposes of res judicata.”); In
re El San Juan Hotel Corp., 841 F.2d 6, 10-11 (1st Cir. 1988) (affirming dismissal
of claims against attorney that were previously brought against his client because
they “shared a significant relationship”); Kinsky v. 154 Land Co., LLC, 371 S.W.3d
108, 114-15 (Mo. Ct. App. 2012) (relying on a control analysis to determine that an
attorney was in privity with a client). The underlying factual circumstances in this
second category indicate that the attorney had at least some legal interest in the prior
13
proceeding, which may mean that the lack of analysis of mutual legal interest
inadvertently led to a broader rule. 7
We find the reasoning in the first category of cases persuasive and in line with
the District’s law on privity. See, e.g., Price v. Indep. Fed. Sav. Bank, 110 A.3d 567,
571 (D.C. 2015) (evaluating whether the parties have “precisely the same legal
right”); Patton, 746 A.2d at 870 (finding application of res judicata inappropriate
where “no identity of parties”). Although attorneys may act as agents of their clients
when they act in their role as counsel, the required mutuality of interests will not
7
See, e.g., Jayel Corp., 234 S.W.3d at 282-83 (Attorney Cochran filed suit on
behalf of his clients against Jayel Corporation for nuisance and trespass. Jayel filed
a counterclaim that alleged that the notice of legal action was not justified. The
parties executed a settlement agreement, and the matter was dismissed with
prejudice. The agreement allowed Jayel to proceed against Cochran in her
individual capacity, and Jayel did so. The claims were identical to the counterclaims
in the first action); Plotner, 224 F.3d at 1164, 1166, 1175 (Appellant filed for
bankruptcy and a reorganization plan was approved. Appellant then filed several
subsequent suits alleging fraud and breach of fiduciary duty, which the bankruptcy
court dismissed based on res judicata and the appellate court upheld); Farmer City
State Bank, 808 F.2d at 1235-36 (Bank filed a complaint seeking foreclosure of
Plaintiffs’ mortgages and a judgment was entered against the Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs
challenged the foreclosure and judgment on appeal, and the decision was affirmed.
Plaintiffs subsequently filed a suit alleging RICO claims against twenty-nine
defendants. The court noted that “[t]he [Plaintiffs’] allegations of fraud and forgery,
if substantiated, would have been a complete defense to the foreclosure proceedings.
[citation omitted] Having failed to raise those allegations before the state court,
[Plaintiffs] cannot attack the state court judgments by subsequently filing RICO
claims based on the same facts in federal court.”).
14
exist in every circumstance. It is not sufficient that the actions taken by an attorney
in a prior case were on behalf of a client or within the scope of their agency. Even
in such circumstances, the interests of attorneys may not align with their clients’ and
attorneys do not have full control over litigation such that it may be automatically
assumed that they had fully litigated their interests in an earlier representation of a
client. 8
For these reasons, we hold that for purposes of res judicata, a decision
regarding whether appellee was in privity with FISC requires analyzing the
mutuality of their legal interests. The trial court did not engage in that analysis.
B. Permissive Counterclaims
Turning to the trial court’s determination that the claims against appellee
could and should have been brought during the small claims action, if the trial court
determines it is necessary to re-evaluate that decision it should do so consistent with
Bell I.
Attorneys and clients have “the common objective” to obtain a “favorable
8
outcome . . . [b]ut that level of common interest … is not the kind of estate, blood,
or legal interest that would give rise to privity…” Rucker, 794 N.W.2d at 119.
15
III. Conclusion.
Based on the foregoing, we reverse the dismissal of Ms. Bell’s claims, and
remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion and with the benefit of
the ruling in Bell I. As in Bell I, we make no determination regarding whether Ms.
Bell’s claims may be dismissed on alternative grounds.
So ordered.
Bell v. Weinstock, Friedman & Friedman, P.A.
Combined Opinion