IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF THE
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 98-CP-00303 COA
CEDRIC CARTER APPELLANT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI APPELLEE
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 01/23/1998
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. KEITH STARRETT
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: PIKE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: PRO SE
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: DEWITT T. ALLRED III
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - POST CONVICTION RELIEF
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: 01/23/1998: POST CONVICTION COLLATERAL RELIEF
DENIED
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 12/08/98
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: 1/4/99
CERTIORARI FILED: 5/6/99
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE THOMAS, P.J., DIAZ, AND SOUTHWICK, JJ.
SOUTHWICK, J., FOR THE COURT
¶1. Cedric Carter appeals the denial of post-conviction relief. We find no error and affirm.
¶2. On July 1, 1994, Carter pled guilty to manslaughter. He was given the statutory maximum sentence of
twenty years, but with six months suspended and probation for five years. On January 21, 1998, Carter
filed a post-conviction relief motion alleging that his sentence was in effect one for twenty-five years, which
was illegal because it was greater than the statutory maximum. The circuit court disagreed and found that the
sentence was proper and also that the motion was time-barred. ANALYSIS
¶3. Carter filed his motion for post-conviction relief more than three years after his conviction. Motions
under the Mississippi Uniform Post-Conviction Collateral Relief Act must be made within three years after
entry of judgment of conviction in the case of a guilty plea. Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-5(2) (Rev. 1994).
The circuit court made entry of judgment in Carter's case on July 1, 1994, and Carter filed his post-
conviction relief motion on January 21, 1998. There are three exceptions to the time-bar: (1) intervening
court decisions that would have likely affected conviction or sentencing, (2) newly discovered evidence, and
(3) a sentence that has expired or an unlawful revocation of probation, parole, or conditional release. Id.;
see also Jones v. State, 700 So. 2d 631, 632 (Miss. 1997). In addition, if a fundamental constitutional
right is involved, such as a sentence beyond the statutory maximum, the limitation period is irrelevant.
Luckett v. State, 582 So. 2d 428, 430 (Miss. 1991). It is under this last exception that Carter argues his
claim falls.
¶4. This sentence requires Carter to serve nineteen and one-half years in prison. For five years of probation
that follows, Carter would be subject to various restrictions and to the potential that probation would be
revoked and the final six months would then have to be served. From Carter's viewpoint, if probation is not
revoked this is a twenty-four and a half-year sentence; if probation is revoked at the end of the five years, it
is a twenty-five year sentence. Either way this violates the statutory maximum for his crime of twenty years.
¶5. By only suspending the last six months of the sentence, it would appear that the circuit court was
attempting to maximize State supervision of Carter by joining a near-maximum for time served in prison
with the maximum period for probation. Whether such a sentence is valid requires examining the statutes
regarding probation. One statute, which has since been changed in other respects but not this, stated that if
part of a sentence was suspended, the maximum period for probation was five years. Miss. Code Ann. §
47-7-37 (Rev. 1993). Reporting obligations and other terms of the probation could be imposed. Miss.
Code Ann. § 47-7-35 (Rev. 1993).
¶6. The only part of the probation statutes that might be an explicit reference to the present issue is that "[n]
o part of the time that one is on probation shall be considered as any part of the time that he shall be
sentenced to serve." Miss. Code Ann. § 47-7-37. That language might be referring to the specific question
here, namely, that a probation period has no correlation to the years that a felon is sentenced to serve and
that the total of the two periods may be longer than the maximum sentence. The more logical interpretation,
though, is that the language concerns the new sentence that is to be imposed after probation is revoked. We
reach that conclusion because the reference is to the sentence that "shall be" imposed, which reasonably
means a sentence that arises after probation. For a probation violation, the trial court may revoke any part
of the originally suspended sentence or "may impose any part of the sentence which might have been
imposed at the time of conviction." Id. If probation is revoked, the time spent on probation does not count
against the remainder of the original sentence or a new sentence that the former probationer is to serve, but
the combination of time to serve and probation must still be otherwise valid.
¶7. Instead of this language, we find guidance from what the statute does not state. The only limitation on
the length of probation is the following: the "period of probation shall be fixed by the court. . . [and] shall not
exceed five (5) years. . . ." Id. There is no stated requirement that the total of time served and probation
must not exceed the maximum statutory sentence. Neither is there any adjustment mandated that probation
cannot even be five years if the offense is one for which the maximum sentence is less than five years. All
felonies are subject to having probation imposed. Jackson v. Waller, 248 Miss. 166, 160 So. 2d 184
(1964). A felony is any offense "punished with death or confinement in the penitentiary." Miss. Code Ann. §
1-3-11 (Rev. 1998). Several felonies do not permit a sentence of as much as five years. E.g., Miss Code
Ann. § 41-29-139 (c)(2)(C) (Supp. 1998) (possession with intent to distribute 30-250 grams marijuana); §
97-5-3 (Rev. 1994) (desertion of child); § 97-29-45 (Rev. 1994) (telephone threats). For Carter to
succeed here, the statute would have needed to say that "probation shall not exceed the lesser of five years
or the difference between the maximum for the offense and the sentence that is to be served."
¶8. Establishing the length of sentences is a legislative function. Horton v. State, 374 So. 2d 764, 765
(Miss. 1979). Absent a successful argument regarding disproportionality, the sentences are constitutional.
Wallace v. State, 607 So. 2d 1184, 1188 (Miss. 1992). A sentence will not be disturbed on appeal so
long as it does not exceed the maximum term allowed by statute. Hopson v. State, 625 So. 2d 395, 404
(Miss. 1993).
¶9. What the legislature has done is establish a maximum sentence for an offense, then in another statute
established a maximum length for probation. We do not have before us a disproportion or cruelty argument
that the total period of incarceration and probation for manslaughter cannot constitutionally be as long as
twenty-five years. Instead the argument is that there is a presumption in the statutes that the legislature did
not intend for the combined period to be longer than the maximum for the sentence itself. We find no such
presumption. Setting sentence and probation ranges is for the legislature. We apply what the legislature
actually said on the subject, which is an explicit and unqualified statement that probation can be up to five
years and that sentence for manslaughter may be up to twenty years.
¶10. When the same issue was presented in Florida, that state's supreme court noted that its statute
contained no limit on the length of probation. State v. Holmes, 360 So. 2d 380, 382 (Fla. 1978). As a
result, the court created a limit such as the one sought by Carter here. Id. at 383. The Mississippi statute,
by having a specific five year limit for probation, is not subject to such an interpretative gloss.
¶11. Since Carter's sentence, both served and suspended, is within the statutory range, it is valid. Up to five
years of probation is permissible under our statutes even if those years in combination with the custodial
part of the sentence is longer than the statutory maximum for the offense.
¶12. Carter failed to file his post-conviction relief motion within the three-year time period for post-
conviction relief. He also failed to make a claim under any of the recognized exceptions. The circuit court
properly dismissed Carter's motion as time-barred.
¶13. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PIKE COUNTY DENYING POST-
CONVICTION RELIEF IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO
PIKE COUNTY.
BRIDGES, C.J., McMILLIN AND THOMAS, P.JJ., COLEMAN, DIAZ, HERRING,
HINKEBEIN, KING, AND PAYNE, JJ., CONCUR.