IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 95-KA-00353-SCT
BILLY JOE BARNETT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 09/30/94
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JOSEPH H. LOPER, JR.
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: ATTALA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: P.J. TOWNSEND
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: DEWITT ALLRED
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: DOUG EVANS
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 06/11/98
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED: 8/21/98
EN BANC.
McRAE, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Billy Joe Barnett appeals from a jury verdict in the Circuit Court of Attala County finding him
guilty of the murder of Jerry Tavares. The appellant brings forth numerous issues, including whether
the admission into evidence of a statement made during plea discussions constituted reversible error.
Because we find that the admission of the statement was error and violated the rules of evidence, we
reverse and remand this cause for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I.
¶2. Jerry Tavares was killed on or about the night of May 11 or the morning of May 12, 1992. On
May 12, 1992, Gloria Guillory discovered Jerry Tavares's body on a county road about a mile from
Highway 12 toward McCool and the Attala-Choctaw County line. Tavares was in the road in front of
a Chevrolet Blazer. Guillory notified law enforcement, and sheriff's department personnel
subsequently investigated the scene.
¶3. Two nine-millimeter bullet shells were recovered near Tavares's body. According to the
pathologist, Dr. Steven Hayne, there were multiple gunshot wounds-- one over Tavares's left temple,
two in the back to the left, and one in the mid-chest field. The cause of death was determined to be
gunshot wounds delivered by a large-caliber weapon, consistent with a nine-millimeter handgun. On
January 5, 1994, a nine-millimeter automatic pistol and a bullet clip were pulled from a Clay County
creek. Ballistics tests confirmed that the gun was the same one used to shoot and kill Jerry Tavares.
¶4. On February 16, 1994, Billy Joe Barnett was indicted with Ilene Tavares, Glen Dale Davis and
Bennie Cork for the capital murder of Jerry Tavares on May 11, 1992, under Miss. Code Ann. § 97-
3-19(2). Barnett was re-indicted on September 6, 1994, in a two-count indictment charging capital
murder and conspiracy to commit capital murder. On September 15, 1994, Barnett was arraigned on
this superceding indictment. The conspiracy count was eventually severed, and Barnett went to trial
on September 27, 1994 on the capital murder charge. The prosecution sought the death penalty.
¶5. On September 30, 1994, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on the capital murder charge. On the
same day, in the sentencing phase, the jury found that Barnett should be sentenced to life
imprisonment without parole. The trial court entered judgment accordingly, and Barnett timely
appeals.
II.
¶6. Because of our disposition of this issue and its impact upon this matter, we first address Barnett's
contention that the statement he gave on September 20, 1994 was precipitated by plea negotiations
and therefore should not have been admitted into evidence.
¶7. The State counters that the statement was not made in the context of plea negotiations with a
prosecuting attorney, but instead was initiated by Barnett and his attorneys and given to a law
enforcement officer. The trial court admitted the statement, determining that the statement was
merely an "interview by law enforcement to find out what Mr. Barnett knew about the case."
¶8. Mississippi Rule of Evidence 410 governs the admissibility of statements made during plea
negotiations and provides in pertinent part that:
Except as otherwise provided in this rule, evidence of the following is not, in any civil or
criminal proceeding, admissible against the defendant who made the plea or was a participant in
the plea discussions:
(1) A plea of guilty which was later withdrawn;
(2) A plea of nolo contendere;
(3) Any statement made in the course of any proceedings under Mississippi statutory or rule of
court provisions regarding either of the foregoing pleas;
or
(4) Any statement made in the course of plea discussions with an attorney for the prosecuting
authority which does not result in a plea of guilty or which results in a plea of guilty later
withdrawn.
¶9. This Court recently addressed the admissibility of statements made during plea discussions in
Evans v. State, 725 So. 2d 613 (Miss. 1997). There, the defendant was charged in the neighboring
state of Louisiana with kidnapping a ten-year-old girl. He was subsequently transferred to Mississippi
where he confessed to murdering the child. A Mississippi grand jury indicted him for capital murder
with the underlying felony of kidnapping and two counts of sexual battery.
¶10. At the trial, the State sought to introduce Evans's confessions. He argued that his confessions
were the product of plea negotiations with the federal government. The evidence indicated that an
Assistant United States Attorney (AUSA) had informed Evans's attorney, "if this guy ever wants
anything out of us he better tell us where the child is if the child is alive." The AUSA requested a
meeting with Evans in an attempt to locate the child. After several hours of discussions between
defense counsel, Evans's girlfriend, Evans, and the AUSA, the defendant agreed to reveal the location
of the child's body if certain conditions were met. These conditions were written by the AUSA on a
sheet of paper as Evans dictated them. The crux of the conditions was that Evans wished to plead
guilty to the federal crime of kidnapping and to remain under federal custody and control.
¶11. The AUSA told the defendant that he was unable to make promises, but he agreed to prosecute
the defendant on the federal kidnapping charge if there was a factual basis for the crime. He wrote on
the paper that he would use whatever influence he had to insure that Evans's desires be carried out.
Despite the discussions, no agreements were reached, and the AUSA ended the meeting after the
defendant failed to sign a document stating that he was advised of his right to remain silent.
Following the end of the meeting, the AUSA left the building, but not until he instructed the
remaining law enforcement personnel not to proceed in any way unless the defendant was advised of
his right to remain silent.
¶12. Following the AUSA's departure, the defendant drew up a document, acknowledging that he
had been advised by his attorney and a federal judge against making any statements. He then wrote
that the federal offense of kidnapping had been committed and that Louisiana and Mississippi could
not use the statement for any criminal purpose. Both the defendant and his attorney signed the
document. Evans refused, however, to sign a waiver of rights form although his attorney informed
him of the impact an incriminating statement would have on state charges.
¶13. Subsequently, the defendant gave his first of three statements in which he described the
kidnapping of the girl. In his second statement, he confessed to kidnapping and murdering the child.
He also gave a videotaped confession describing the kidnapping, murder, and, for the first time,
sexual assault of the ten-year-old child.
¶14. On appeal, the defendant argued that his confessions were made in conjunction with plea
negotiations. In addressing this issue, this Court noted the initial question, i.e., whether Evans's
confessions fell within the ambit of Rule 410. Rule 410 provides that inadmissible discussions are
those done "with an attorney for the prosecuting authority." We found that the statements were not
between Evans and a prosecuting attorney. Instead, the statements were made to a detective and FBI
agent. Moreover, the evidence there indicated that the AUSA stopped his talks with Evans and left
the jail prior to any statement being made. Furthermore, we noted that "'[d]iscussions with a law
enforcement agency in the spirit of cooperation and with hope for leniency, are not inadmissible
under [Mississippi law].'" Evans, 1997 WL 562044, at *10(quoting United States v. Keith, 764 F.2d
263, 265 (5th Cir. 1985)). Thus, we concluded that the defendant was not engaged in the type of
discussions contemplated by Rule 410. Id.
¶15. Additionally, this Court found that Evans was not involved in "plea negotiations," relying upon
the reasoning in United States v. Robertson, 582 F.2d 1356 (5th Cir. 1978) in which the Fifth Circuit
addressed whether statements made by defendants were inadmissible at a subsequent criminal trial
under Fed. R. Evid. 410 and Fed. R. Crim. Prac. 11(e)(6)-- both of which mirror our Rule 410. We
found the Fifth Circuit's analysis instructive, wherein that Court explained:
[p]lea negotiations are inadmissible, but surely not every discussion between [an] accused and
agents for the government is a plea negotiation. Suppressing evidence of such negotiations
serves the policy of insuring a free dialogue only when the accused and the government actually
engage in plea negotiations: "discussions in advance of the time for pleading with a view to an
agreement whereby the defendant will enter a plea in the hope of receiving certain charge or
sentence concessions."
Evans, 725 So. 2d at 640 (quoting Robertson, 582 F.2d at 1365). The Fifth Circuit also directed trial
courts to carefully consider the totality of the circumstances to determine whether a discussion
should be characterized as a plea negotiation. Robertson, 582 F.2d at 1366. The Court established a
two-tiered analysis to be used to that end. First, a court should determine whether the accused
exhibited an actual subjective expectation to negotiate a plea at the time of the discussion. Then, it
should be determined whether the accused's expectation was reasonable given the totality of the
circumstances. Id.
¶16. Applying the Robertson analysis to the facts and circumstances of Evans, we concluded that
Evans's statements were not made during plea negotiations for the following reasons: 1) the AUSA
repeatedly testified that he was not engaged in "plea negotiations" with the defendant; 2) both the
AUSA and Evans's attorney maintained that while "some agreements" were made, they were not
"necessarily tied to" a plea; and 3) the AUSA, the only governmental officer with the authority to
enter plea negotiations with the defendant, terminated discussions with the defendant after he refused
to sign a waiver form and left the building. No plea bargain terms had been established or accepted by
either party before the AUSA left the building. Still further, the evidence indicated that, when the
AUSA left, Evans and his attorney were advised that it was now a state--not federal--investigation.
We therefore concluded that Evans's expectation that his confessions would not be used in a state
prosecution against him was unreasonable given the totality of the preceding circumstances. Evans,
1997 WL 562044, at *13 (citing Robertson, 582 F.2d at 1366).
¶17. Here, an entirely different situation is presented than the one this Court faced in Evans. The
State relies heavily upon the fact that Barnett made his statement to a law enforcement officer and
that the prosecuting authority entered the interviewing room only after Barnett was given his
Miranda rights to argue that Barnett had an unreasonable expectation and that Rule 410 is
inapplicable. For several reasons, we are unpersuaded that simply because a statement is given to a
police officer instead of a prosecutor who is nevertheless present and simply because the prosecutor
entered the room after the defendant was given his Miranda warnings the statement does not fall
within the prohibitions of Rule 410.
¶18. First, there is the testimony of Lieutenant Hathcock, who took Barnett's statement, that he was
under the impression Barnett was giving the statement as part of a plea bargain. Another telling fact,
although not as strong as Hathcock's testimony, is the prosecutor's own words at the interview after
Barnett and his attorney returned to the room -- that "the deal" was off because Barnett was not
telling the truth and as a result he was going to trial and seeking the death penalty. The prosecutor's
remark clearly indicates that there had been some discussions between Barnett and the prosecuting
authority that he would provide a corroborating statement in exchange for the State not seeking the
death penalty. In addition to this fact, the prosecutor was obviously in control of the interview
because it was the prosecutor who unilaterally called the deal off.
¶19. Moreover, unlike in Evans, Barnett's agreement to give a statement about the murders less than
a week before his trial was set to start was inextricably tied to "the deal" struck with the State. In
Evans, we concluded that the agreements were not tied to the plea, but instead constituted
independent admissions of facts given in hopes of receiving leniency--specifically to remain in federal
custody. Here, however, Barnett was interested in not facing the death penalty and he was offered
just that concession by the State if and only if he gave a statement. Simply put, Barnett's giving the
statement was the quid promised in exchange for the State's quo, the promise not to seek the death
penalty.
¶20. Based upon the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that Barnett's expectation that he was
negotiating a deal which would not be used against him at trial was reasonable, that the statement
was given in conjunction with plea negotiations, and that Rule 410 prohibited the admission of the
statement at trial. Accordingly, we reverse and remand this matter.
BANKS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
III.
¶21. Barnett's final contention that will be addressed by this Court is that his sentence violated the ex
post facto laws of the state and federal constitutions. Jerry Tavares was killed in 1992. Under the
applicable statute, a jury could sentence Barnett to either death or life in prison. Miss. Code Ann. §
97-3-21. That provision was amended in 1994 to allow the option of life in prison without parole.
The jury sentenced Barnett to life without parole, a punishment that was not permitted under the
statute in effect when the crime was committed. Thus, he argues that his sentence is void. We cannot
agree for reasons set out below.
¶22. The appropriate time for Barnett to have objected to the life without parole sentencing option
was at the point that the jury was given its instructions, at the latest. It is axiomatic that a litigant is
required to make a timely objection. Crenshaw v. State, 520 So. 2d 131, 134-35 (Miss. 1988).
Barnett brought up the ex post facto violation in his request for new trial; however, it is our
conclusion that even then it was not timely -- given that the verdict had already been returned. While
certain issues are required to be raised in a motion for new trial, raising objections there which should
have been made at trial has never been thought to cure the failure to object at the proper time.
Objections to jury instructions made after the jury has returned a verdict and been discharged is
simply too late. Pinkney v. State, 538 So. 2d 329, 346 (Miss. 1988), vacated on other grounds by
494 U.S. 1075 (1990)(noting that issue raised for first time in motion for new trial was procedurally
barred); Anderson v. Jaeger, 317 So. 2d 902, 907 (Miss. 1975) (holding same).
¶23. Additionally, we have, on occasion, ordered that the life without parole option be allowed to
defendants facing trial after the statute was amended for capital offenses occurring before the
enactment of the amendment. E.g., Woodward v. State, 95-0144, 9/11/95 Order (issuing mandamus
ordering trial judge to apply amended statute). There, we reasoned that a sentence of life without
parole is ameliorative (and thus did not pose an ex post facto problem) in that it provides a
punishment less harsh than death. See also Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 598 (1978)(stating that
capital juries must be allowed to hear any evidence that would tend to support a sentence less than
death); Zant v. Stephens, 462 U.S. 862, 884-85 (1983) (announcing the heightened need for
reliability and due process in capital cases because death is a punishment different from and more
severe than all others).
¶24. In this case, although the record does not reflect a specific request by the defendant, it is clear
Barnett was aware that the sentencing option of life without parole would be given to the jury, and it
is also clear that he relied upon the option he now complains of to escape the harsher penalty of
death. We refuse to allow Barnett to now claim that a life without parole sentence violates ex post
facto laws. Barnett waived his ex post facto claim with respect to the life without parole sentencing
option adopted in 1994. Barnett's waiver of the ex post facto violation in this instance shall remain in
effect for the duration of this case.
IV.
¶25. Because the statement given by Barnett on September 20, 1994 was clearly done in conjunction
with plea negotiations and because our Rule 410 expressly prohibits the admission of such statements
in evidence at trial, we reverse this matter and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.(1)
¶26. PARTS I AND II: REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR PROCEEDINGS
CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION.
McRAE, J., PRATHER, C.J., SULLIVAN AND PITTMAN, P.JJ., BANKS, ROBERTS AND
SMITH, JJ., CONCUR. MILLS AND WALLER, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.
PART III: REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH
THIS OPINION.
BANKS, J., PRATHER, C.J., SULLIVAN AND PITTMAN, P.JJ., ROBERTS AND SMITH,
JJ., CONCUR. McRAE, J., DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.
MILLS AND WALLER, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.
McRAE, JUSTICE, DISSENTING IN PART:
¶27. Disagreeing with the majority, I would find that Barnett's sentence to life in prison without
parole was a violation of the Ex Post Facto Clause of article 3, section 16 of the Mississippi
Constitution.
¶28. In 1992, when Jerry Tavares was killed, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-21 (Supp. 1977), a
jury could sentence Barnett to death or life in prison. The statute was amended, effective July 1,
1994, so that the penalties prescribed for capital murder are death, life imprisonment without the
possibility of parole, or life imprisonment. Barnett claims that he should have been sentenced to life in
prison under Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-21, prior to its 1994 amendment, rather than being sentenced
to life without parole.
¶29. The Ex Post Facto Clause is aimed at laws that retroactively alter the definition of crimes or
increase the punishment for criminal acts. Puckett v. Abels, 684 So. 2d 671, 673 (Miss. 1996). "One
convicted should be sentenced pursuant to the statute existing on the date of his offense to avoid an
ex post facto problem." Johnston v. State, 618 So. 2d 90, 94 (Miss. 1993). While an ex post facto
claim is procedurally barred if it is not raised in the trial court, Butler v. State, 608 So. 2d 314, 321
(Miss. 1992), here the defense did raise an ex post facto claim in its motion for new trial. Cf. Watts v.
State, 492 So. 2d 1281, 1291 (Miss. 1986)(finding that defendant was procedurally barred from
raising issue on appeal, since it was not listed as grounds in his motion for j.n.o.v. or a new trial);
Colburn v. State, 431 So. 2d 1111, 1113-14 (Miss. 1983)(noting that because there was no mention
of constitutionality of statute in the motion for new trial, the appellant was procedurally barred from
presenting it for the first time on appeal).
¶30. This Court, in Lanier v. State, 635 So. 2d 813, 816 (Miss. 1994), recognized that a sentence
that is not authorized by law, even if agreed to by the parties, is void ab initio. In Lanier, the State
and defendant Lanier agreed that Lanier would plead guilty to capital murder and would be sentenced
to life imprisonment without parole. Id. at 815. However, at that time, the sentencing options
available to a person convicted of capital murder were life imprisonment or death; life imprisonment
without parole was only possible if the defendant was an habitual offender. Id. at 816. This Court
determined that since Lanier was not indicted as an habitual offender, a life sentence qualified by the
preclusion of parole was not available to him. Id. Similarly, the jury had already decided against the
death penalty for Barnett; his only alternative sentence pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-21, as it
existed at the time of the offense, was life imprisonment. Therefore, Barnett's life sentence could not
have been qualified by the preclusion of § 97-3-21, as it existed after Jerry Tavares was killed, since
the option of life imprisonment without parole was not in existence at Tavares's death. See Lanier,
635 So. 2d at 816; Johnston, 618 So. 2d at 95-96.
¶31. The rationale of Irving v. State, 441 So. 2d 846, 852 (Miss. 1983), as advanced by the State, is
not applicable. "Where there is a state constitutional entitlement to some due process right, the State
may not enact legislation to impede that right under ex post facto analysis." Hill v. State, 659 So. 2d
547, 551 (Miss. 1994). See also Johnston, 618 So.2d at 95 (holding that ex post facto prohibitions
bar retroactive applications of statutory law unless the changes are "procedural and ameliorative").
The changes made to Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-21 affected a substantive right of Barnett, i.e., his right
to be sentenced under the statute existing on the date of his offense. Johnston, 618 So.2d at 94. Here
there was an obvious change in the quantum of punishment attached to the crime. See Miller v.
Florida, 482 U.S. 423, 434-35 (1987) (holding that the operation of more severe sentencing
guidelines to crimes that were committed before the guidelines' establishment constituted an increase
in the "quantum of punishment" and violated the Ex Post Facto Clause). Therefore, these changes are
barred under our state constitutional provisions against ex post facto law. Miss. Const. art. III, § 16.
Barnett was entitled to be sentenced under the statute in place at the time of Tavares's death. By
failing to do so, the trial judge erred as a matter of law.
¶32. While the majority contends that Barnett waived his ex post facto claim, it must be noted that for
such a waiver to be valid, Barnett must have knowingly and intelligently waived that specific
constitutional right. Barnett did not, and the trial court made no effort to see that he did. The majority
is reading into the record a waiver that was not made specifically. Competent lawyers were available
for both parties, and the majority should not engage in such lawyering of its own. Accordingly, I
dissent with regard to this portion of the majority opinion.
1. Barnett raises several other assignments of error that this Court has carefully reviewed and found
without merit. We, therefore, decline to address the remaining assignments of error.