IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 1998-CA-01197-SCT
EVELYN LINDSEY
v.
RALPH D. LINDSEY
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 06/25/1998
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. SEBE DALE, JR.
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: FORREST COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: LEN MELVIN
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: ROBERT R. MARSHALL
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - DOMESTIC RELATIONS
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 10/28/1999
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED: 11/18/99
EN BANC.
PRATHER, CHIEF JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
¶1. Ralph D. and Evelyn Lindsey were married in 1981. One child, Desiree Nichole, was born of the
marriage. At the time of marriage, Ralph owned a home which he had purchased five years earlier for $11,
500. The house was purchased with a fifteen-year mortgage, and Ralph alone made the payments during
the first five years of the mortgage. Shortly after the marriage, Ralph deeded the home to himself and his
wife, and the couple spent $7,000 on additions to the house during the course of the marriage. Evelyn
worked during most of the marriage, and she also contributed to the household work and the rearing of the
couple's daughter, Desiree N. Lindsey, born February 3, 1983.
¶2. Ralph and Evelyn separated in 1996, and on June 29, 1998, the couple was divorced on grounds of
irreconcilable differences. The couple worked out an informal property settlement agreement pursuant to
which Evelyn took most of the couple's household furnishings and a car in exchange for quitclaiming her
interest in the house back to Ralph. At a property division hearing, the Chancellor denied Evelyn's request
for alimony, but he awarded her an equitable share in the house in the amount of $ 5,915. Feeling aggrieved
as to the Chancellor's equitable division of the marital property, Evelyn timely appealed to this Court.
ISSUE
Whether the trial court was manifestly in error and applied an erroneous legal standard in
the division of marital property so that his decision should be reversed.
¶3. The sole issue in the present appeal relates to the Chancellor's decision to award Evelyn a lien of $ 5,
915 on the couple's house. In equitably dividing the couple's house, the Chancellor expressly (and properly)
relied on this Court's decision in Ferguson v. Ferguson, 639 So.2d 921 (Miss. 1994). In Ferguson, this
Court set forth the following factors for a Chancellor to consider in equitably dividing marital property:
1. Substantial contribution to the accumulation of the property. Factors to be considered in
determining contribution are as follows:
a. Direct or indirect economic contribution to the acquisition of the property;
b. Contribution to the stability and harmony of the marital and family relationships as measured by
quality, quantity of time spent on family duties and duration of the marriage; and
c. Contribution to the education, training or other accomplishment bearing on the earning power of the
spouse accumulating the assets.
2. The degree to which each spouse has expended, withdrawn or otherwise disposed of marital
assets and any prior distribution of such assets by agreement, decree or otherwise.
3. The market value and the emotional value of the assets subject to distribution.
4. The value of assets not ordinarily, absent equitable factors to the contrary, subject to such
distribution, such as property brought to the marriage by the parties and property acquired by
inheritance or inter vivos gift by or to an individual spouse;
5. Tax and other economic consequences, and contractual or legal consequences to third parties, of
the proposed distribution;
6. The extent to which property division may, with equity to both parties, be utilized to eliminate
periodic payments and other potential sources of future friction between the parties;
7. The needs of the parties for financial security with due regard to the combination of assets, income
and earning capacity; and,
8. Any other factor which in equity should be considered.
Ferguson, 639 So.2d at 928. With regard to the first Ferguson factor, the Chancellor noted that Ralph
had originally purchased the house in 1976 and that he alone made the mortgage payments during the initial
five years of the fifteen-year mortgage. The Chancellor also found that, during the period of the marriage,
Ralph had an average annual gross income of $ 24,500, while Evelyn's average annual gross income was
only $ 6,000. The Chancellor further noted that Evelyn had not worked during seven of the twenty-two
years of the marriage, and he considered these factors significant in determining the parties' respective
economic contributions for equitable distribution purposes.
¶4. With regard to the second Ferguson factor, the Chancellor found that, at the time of the couple's
separation in 1996, Evelyn had taken most of the family's household furnishings pursuant to an informal
property division. The parties had agreed that Evelyn would take most of the household furnishings in
exchange for Evelyn's conveying her one-half interest in the house to Ralph. Evelyn testified that she took
"the car, the 1987 Ford Taurus, and I took some furniture. I took two couches, two chairs, a recliner, my
daughter's bedroom set, my son's bed, television, the table and chairs, and some other odds and ends."
Evelyn testified that she left Ralph a king-size bed, a recliner, a television, various pots and pans, as well as
one non-operational automobile and a truck in working order.
¶5. The Chancellor indicated in his ruling that he would not disturb this de facto property settlement as it
related to the household furnishings, but he refused to recognize Ralph's claimed ownership of the entire
house. Instead, the Chancellor elected to treat the house as marital property, valued at $26,690, and he
awarded Evelyn a one-fifth interest in the house. Neither party has contested the Chancellor's finding that
the house constitutes marital property, and this issue is accordingly not before this Court on appeal.
Nevertheless, it is apparent that, under Ferguson, the Chancellor properly considered Evelyn's retention of
most of the couple's household furnishings in equitably distributing the remaining property, including the
house.
¶6. This Court's decision in Ferguson also lists as a pertinent factor the "needs of the parties for financial
security with due regard to the combination of assets, income and earning capacity."(1) In this regard, the
Chancellor noted that Ralph is disabled by health problems, including degenerative disk disease,
degenerative arthritis of neck and back, bone spurs on his spine, and high blood pressure, and that he was
accordingly "unable to earn other income." Based primarily on these considerations, the Chancellor
concluded that Evelyn was entitled to an equitable share of the house in the amount of $ 5,915. Evelyn
argues that the Chancellor abused his discretion in this regard, but this Court concludes that the Chancellor's
ruling was supported by substantial evidence and does not constitute an abuse of discretion.
¶7. The Chancellor's ruling is clearly supported by the fact that Ralph purchased the house himself five years
before the couple was married and made the mortgage payments alone during this time. Evelyn
acknowledges these payments, but asserts that "any payments made in this time would most likely be
interest." Given that the house was purchased with a fifteen-year mortgage, however, it is apparent that the
payments during these first five years constituted a significant portion of the principal amount of the loan.
Evelyn notes that her brother, who is a carpenter, assisted in the building of an addition to the house, but
Ralph testified that he paid for the materials used in building the addition.
¶8. Evelyn argues that the Chancellor did not expressly consider each of the Ferguson factors, but it is
nevertheless apparent that the Chancellor did consider the most pertinent(2) Ferguson factors, as discussed
supra. The record indicates that the Chancellor carefully considered the testimony of the parties in light of
Ferguson, and, while this Court might not have arrived at the same decision in the present case, there is no
basis for finding an abuse of discretion under the facts herein. The judgment of the Forrest County
Chancery Court is affirmed.
¶9. AFFIRMED.
BANKS, McRAE, SMITH, MILLS AND WALLER, JJ., CONCUR.
COBB, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION
JOINED BY PITTMAN, P.J. SULLIVAN, P.J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
COBB, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶10. I respectfully dissent. First, the total award of only $5,915 to the wife, in the form of an equitable lien
on the marital home, falls far short of an equitable distribution of the marital assets. Second, the chancellor
failed to give any consideration whatsoever to the value of the husband's vested pension in his analysis and
calculation of the division of assets.
¶11. Three issues were submitted by the parties for the trial court's determination, one being equitable
division of the marital assets. The others being alimony and provision for medical and dental expenses of the
minor child. As to the latter two, the court denied alimony and required Mrs. Lindsey to keep health
insurance for the child through her employment.(3) The court correctly found that the marital assets were
very sparse, which actually makes the proper calculation of the division even more critical, because every
penny counts. The court found that the primary asset was the marital domicile of the parties. The home was
purchased by the husband in 1976 for $11,500, and its value at the time of divorce was $26,000. The
husband had owned it for 5 years prior to the marriage, having made a down payment of $1,000 and
monthly payments on a 15-year mortgage. The parties lived together in the marital home for 15 years until
the date of separation, which was 2 years prior to the final judgment of divorce. The chancellor looked at
the relative incomes of the parties during the 15 years and found that Mrs. Lindsey contributed 20% and
Mr. Lindsey contributed 80%. He further acknowledged that "she made the contribution that wives
ordinarily make to a household, and to the maintenance of a household, and to the attendance to the needs
of the members of the family in the household." As he calculated the allocation of value, the chancellor noted
that of the 22 years of total ownership of the home, only 15 of which he allocated to Mrs. Lindsey.(4) The
chancellor did not state specific dollar figures as he explained how he arrived at the $5,915 which he
determined to be Mrs. Lindsey's share, but he did mention specific items which he took into account. By
applying liberal and generous credit to Mr. Lindsey for his "extra" contributions ($1,000 down payment,
estimated $2,500 for the principal payments he made prior to the marriage, and $3,500 for half of the cost
of improvements made on the home during the marriage) then subtracting this total of $7,000 "extras" from
the $26,000 value, one arrives at approximately $19,000 as the amount to be equitably divided. Thus the
$5,915 awarded to Mrs. Lindsey would be only 31% of the adjusted value. And Mr. Lindsey gets full
ownership and possession of the home which is no longer encumbered by a mortgage. If the $5,915 had
been in the form of a lump sum payment (which would have been impractical given Mr. Lindsey's financial
situation), or even small monthly payments (which would appear to be quite feasible based on his
guaranteed income from Social Security), it might have been more equitable. But it is only a lien, the benefit
of which she may never receive, presuming Mr. Lindsey continues to live in the paid-for-in-full home for the
rest of his life. Thus Mrs. Lindsey leaves a 17-year marriage, following a divorce which was initially filed
against her by her husband, having no money in hand and no assets other than some old household
furnishings and an old car. And at 51 years of age she is beginning in a new career as a certified nurses' aide
making little above minimum wage. This hardly seems equitable.
¶12. The second, and more serious, flaw in the chancellor's distribution of the marital assets is his failure to
consider at all whether Mrs. Lindsey is entitled to a share of Mr. Lindsey's vested pension from the
Hercules Company. Mr. Lindsey worked at Hercules for 19 years, of which 12 were during the marriage.
Although Mrs. Lindsey did not contribute directly to this pension, she did so indirectly. In Parker v.
Parker, 641 So. 2d 1133 (Miss. 1994), this Court affirmed the trial judge's award to the wife of an
equitable interest in the husband's profit-sharing plan, where the chancellor fully analyzed the facts and found
that the award should be made, given the length of the marriage and the fact that the wife contributed to the
marital assets and, indirectly, to her husband's profit sharing plan which was his pension plan. Finding that
"[the husband's] quality work for his employer, which resulted in job security and a vested pension, is, in
part, a result of [wife's] efforts. She worked both in and outside the home, providing income for the family
and helping create a stable home life for the . . . family." Id. at 1138.
¶13. Although neither party raised the pension as a specific issue, and the chancellor did not address it at all
in his calculation of the "equitable division of marital assets" requested by Mr. and Mrs. Lindsey, it certainly
comes well within the general assignment of error which brings this matter before this Court,(5) and equity
would require that it be considered.
¶14. Mr. Lindsey receives a pension of $507 per month from Hercules, which he will receive until his death.
At the time of the divorce, his monthly income was $1,547 ($1,040 from Social Security disability and
$507 in pension income from Hercules). This is, in effect, "guaranteed" income because it comes from
Social Security disability (which has COLA increases) and from a pension that pays until death. The fact
that he lives in the debt-free marital home makes his financial position even healthier. And it appears from
the record that his income will increase somewhat in a few years when the minor daughter reaches the age
at which she no longer receives the $530 Social Security child's payment. There was no testimony that his
disability was one which required any extraordinary expenditures, nor that it would become severe enough
to require large expenses in the future. On the other hand, Mrs. Lindsey's income is not "guaranteed" by any
means. At the time of the divorce, she made $1,053 per month, based on a $6.00 per hour wage as a
certified nurses' aide. She is 51 years of age and basically has no security to which she can look forward.
Although it was not addressed in much detail, when deciding that Mrs. Lindsey was not entitled to alimony,
the chancellor implied that he felt she was in a better relative position than Mr. Lindsey. I would disagree,
based on the facts stated above. Given the rather dire financial situation in which Mrs. Lindsey finds herself
following the trial court's decision, it is important to note that even a small increase in the amount awarded
her would make a big difference in her life. We should be careful not to equate "manifest error" with "a big
difference in the amount of money awarded."
¶15. I believe there was manifest error and would reverse the trial court and remand this case for further
consideration of the entire equitable distribution issue, with special attention to the matters set forth above.
PITTMAN, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.
1. Ralph's monthly income from sources of disability social security and pension/retirement totaled $1,
454.75. His social security disability payments provided a $260 monthly check to Desiree and an additional
similar check to a child of a prior marriage. The child of a prior marriage was nearing majority when that
check would terminate and Desiree's portion would increase. Ralph's monthly living expenses were
estimated to be $1,992.35.
According to Evelyn's financial disclosure, she earned $1,053.12 monthly and received a $530 social
security check, with expenses of $1,381.00. She also had a child from a prior marriage. The chancellor
found no justification for alimony and denied Evelyn's request for alimony. There is no issue raised as to this
finding; however, it relates to income, assets and earning capacity.
2. This Court finds these factors to be the most pertinent within the context of the present case; not as a
general matter.
3. A payment of $530 per month is received for the minor child from the Social Security Administration,
because she is the minor child of a recipient of Social Security Disability. Although it is not clearly spelled
out in the chancellor's opinion, apparently he intended that Mrs. Lindsey would pay for the insurance and
any other medical and dental expenses from this $530. It should also be noted that in the majority's analysis
of the "needs of the parties for financial security" (Majority Opinion at 4-5) this $530 is shown as social
security income to Mrs. Lindsey, although it actually is the child's support benefit.
4. The actual length of the marriage from inception to divorce is 17 years, although the separation occurred
after 15 years. This Court continues to hold that the obligations and benefits of marriage continue until
divorce, and do not end when one party separates from the union.
5. "Whether the Chancellor was Manifestly in Error and Applied an Erroneous Legal Standard in the
Division of Marital Property so that his Decision Should Be Reversed."