IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 97-CA-01552-SCT
LISA GAIL BARNES AND KENNETH BARNES
v.
SINGING RIVER HOSPITAL SYSTEMS d/b/a
SINGING RIVER HOSPITAL
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 11/13/1997
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. BILL JONES
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: JACKSON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS: EARL L. DENHAM
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: JAMES H. HEIDELBERG
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - STATE BOARDS AND AGENCIES
DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 01/21/99
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: 2/18/99
MANDATE ISSUED: 4/29/99
BEFORE SULLIVAN, P.J., BANKS AND ROBERTS, JJ.
SULLIVAN, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Between January of 1989, and September of 1995, Dr. Beverly Myers treated Lisa Barnes for
rheumatoid arthritis. On August 28, 1995, Dr. Myers treated Lisa for pain and swelling in her right knee.
Nine days later, on September 6, 1995, Lisa was treated in the emergency room at Singing River Hospital
in Pascagoula, Mississippi due to symptoms of fever, vomiting, and pain in her right elbow. Dr. Steven
Demetropoulos diagnosed Lisa with acute bronchitis and gastritis with dehydration and a right elbow
fracture, then discharged her with instructions to return if her symptoms did not subside. Lisa's condition
worsened over the next few hours, so her husband Kenneth returned Lisa to Singing River on September 7
at about 3:00 in the afternoon. She was diagnosed with sepsis and admitted to the hospital, where she
remained in critical condition for approximately two weeks.
¶2. Once stabilized, Lisa was transferred to the University of South Alabama Medical Center in Mobile,
Alabama on September 23, 1995. Her treatment there included the amputation of both legs, her right hand,
and most of her left hand. Lisa was finally discharged from the hospital on January 9, 1996.
¶3. On November 13, 1995, while Lisa was still being treated, her attorney, Earl Denham, mailed a letter to
Singing River requesting a copy of her medical records. When the records were not sent, Mr. Denham
contacted the hospital and was informed that there was a fee for copying the file. On January 29, 1996, Mr.
Denham paid Singing River for the medical records, which he received sometime in mid-February of 1996.
On May 8, 1996, Mr. Denham mailed a letter to Singing River, not addressed to any individual, informing
the hospital that his investigation led him to believe that Singing River was responsible for Lisa's injuries. Mr.
Denham mailed another letter to Singing River's CEO, Robert Lingle, on June 28, 1996, putting the hospital
on notice of Lisa's claims, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11 (Supp. 1998). On July 24, 1996, Mr.
Denham mailed a letter and draft complaint to Singing River's attorney. The draft complaint included Dr.
Myers and Dr. Demetropoulos as defendants, but their names were dropped once the complaint was
actually filed, due at least in part to a claim settlement. On August 30, 1996, Mr. Denham sent another
letter to Singing River indicating that the one-year anniversary had passed since Lisa's injuries.
¶4. On March 5, 1997, more than seventeen months after Lisa was transferred from Singing River, Lisa and
Kenneth Barnes filed their complaint against Singing River in Jackson County Circuit Court, alleging that
Singing River was responsible for their damages resulting from Lisa's disabling injuries. Singing River filed its
motion to dismiss on April 2, 1997, asserting that the Barneses' claims were barred by the one-year statute
of limitations set out in the Mississippi Tort Claims Act, Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3) (Supp. 1998).
After an October 31, 1997, hearing, Circuit Court Judge Bill Jones granted Singing River's motion to
dismiss in an order dated November 13, 1997. The Barneses appeal to this Court, assigning the following
as error:
WHETHER THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS PROVISION OF THE MISSISSIPPI TORT
CLAIMS ACT IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL WHEN APPLIED TO BAR SUITS AGAINST
STATE-AFFILIATED HOSPITALS.
WHETHER THE ONE-YEAR STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS GOVERNING SUITS AGAINST
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES SET OUT IN MISS. CODE ANN. § 11-46-11 BEGINS TO RUN
AT THE TIME AN INJURY IS DISCOVERED.
WHETHER THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS WAS TOLLED IN THIS ACTION BY THE
DEFENDANT HOSPITAL'S REFUSAL TO RELEASE LISA BARNES'S MEDICAL
RECORDS.
WHETHER IMMUNITY IS WAIVED TO THE EXTENT OF EXCESS LIABILITY
INSURANCE CARRIED BY THE DEFENDANT.
¶5. Because we find that the Barneses promptly filed their claim within one year of discovery of Singing
River's alleged negligence in this case, we must reverse the trial court's award of summary judgment and
remand this case to the Jackson County Circuit Court for further proceedings.
STATEMENT OF THE LAW
I.
WHETHER THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS PROVISION OF THE MISSISSIPPI TORT
CLAIMS ACT IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL WHEN APPLIED TO BAR SUITS AGAINST
STATE-AFFILIATED HOSPITALS.
¶6. The Barneses first urge this Court to extend the rule in Womble v. Singing River Hosp., 618 So. 2d
1252 (Miss. 1993), to prevent hospitals from claiming immunity unless acting in some governmental
capacity. Their position is that state hospitals should not be immunized from medical malpractice lawsuits
merely because they're owned by a governmental entity rather than privately held. "In Womble, this Court
overruled then-existing Mississippi law which held that physicians engaged in the public service are
qualifiedly immune from suit for medical treatment decisions made during the course of that service." Sparks
v. Kim, 701 So. 2d 1113, 1115 (Miss. 1997). The portion of the decision in Womble cited by the
Barneses involved common-law qualified immunity afforded state employees prior to the April, 1993,
passage of the Mississippi Tort Claims Act. Womble, 618 So. 2d at 1262. The Court determined that
qualified immunity for state employees did not apply to decisions involving medical treatment. Id. at 1263-
64. The Barneses sued a state entity protected by statutory immunity, not state employees subject to
common-law qualified immunity. Womble does not apply to an interpretation of statutory immunity for a
state entity, as is involved in this case. We refuse to extend the holding in Womble to lift statutory immunity
in medical malpractice cases against state hospitals.
¶7. The Barneses next encourage this Court to find that medical malpractice actions against hospitals should
be governed by Mississippi's two-year medical malpractice statute of limitations, § 15-1-36(1), instead of §
11-46-11(3), setting the statute of limitations for actions against state agencies at one year. The language of
§ 11-46-11(3) defeats the Barneses' argument on this point:
The limitations period provided herein shall control and shall be exclusive in all actions subject to and
brought under the provisions of this chapter, notwithstanding the nature of the claim, the label or
other characterization the claimant may use to describe it, or the provisions of any other statute of
limitations which would otherwise govern the type of claim or legal theory if it were not subject to
or brought under the provisions of this chapter.
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3) (Supp. 1998) (emphasis added). The Mississippi Legislature has
conclusively stated that the one-year statute of limitations set out in § 11-46-11(3) applies to all actions
against governmental entities under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act, regardless of any other statutes of
limitations that would otherwise apply. We therefore find that § 11-46-11(3), and not § 15-1-36, applies in
this case.
¶8. The Barneses further argue that the Mississippi Tort Claims Act "is insufficient to protect the civil
liberties of plaintiffs bringing medical malpractice actions." They contend that if medical malpractice claims
are governed by the one-year statute of limitations set out in § 11-46-11(3), then patients asserting claims
against state-owned hospitals will almost always be barred by the statute of limitations. The Barneses point
to the difficulty in discovering and litigating medical malpractice claims, compounded by the Litigation
Accountability Act of 1988, Miss. Code Ann. §§ 11-55-1 et seq. (Supp. 1998), which provides for
assessment of attorney's fees and costs against any plaintiff bringing an action on an insufficient factual basis.
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-55-5(1) (Supp. 1998). Their position is that one year is an insufficient amount of
time to discover and investigate a potential medical malpractice claim for purposes of filing a complaint with
an adequate factual basis.
¶9. As Singing River points out, the constitutionality issue is barred, because it was not raised in the trial
court and because the Attorney General's Office was not properly notified. "We accept without hesitation
the ordinarily sound principle that this Court sits to review actions of trial courts and that we should
undertake consideration of no matter which has not first been presented to and decided by the trial court.
We depart from this premise only in unusual circumstances." Educational Placement Services v.
Wilson, 487 So. 2d 1316, 1320 (Miss. 1986). "The law has been well settled that the constitutionality of a
statute will not be considered unless the point is specifically pleaded." Smith v. Fluor Corp., 514 So. 2d
1227, 1232 (Miss. 1987). Furthermore, Rule 24(d) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure requires
that proper notice be given to the Attorney General when the constitutionality of a statute is challenged "to
afford him an opportunity to intervene and argue the question of constitutionality." Miss. R. Civ. P. 24(d).
Rule 44(a) of the Mississippi Rules of Appellate Procedure similarly requires service of any appellate brief
challenging the validity of a statute "on the Attorney General, the city attorney, or other chief legal officer of
the governmental body involved." M.R.A.P. 44(a). "Except by special order of the court to which the case
is assigned, in the absence of such notice neither the Supreme Court nor the Court of Appeals will decide
the question until the notice and right to respond contemplated by this rule has been given to the appropriate
governmental body." M.R.A.P. 44(c). The Barneses' failure to raise the issue of the constitutionality of § 11-
46-11(3) at trial or to notify the Attorney General's Office of their challenge of the statute results in the
procedural bar on this issue.
¶10. Regarding the merits of this assignment of error, under current Mississippi case law, there is no
support for the Barneses' assertion that the Mississippi Tort Claims Act violates the Mississippi
Constitution. We previously addressed the constitutionality of the Mississippi Tort Claims Act under the
Mississippi Constitution in Mohundro v. Alcorn County, 675 So. 2d 848 (Miss. 1996). In Mohundro,
we pointed to our decision in Robinson v. Stewart, 655 So. 2d 866, 868 (Miss.1995) (citing Wells v.
Panola County Bd. of Educ., 645 So. 2d 883 (Miss.1994); Grimes v. Pearl River Valley Water
Supply Dist., 930 F.2d 441 (5th Cir.1991)), wherein we held that "the remedy clause is not an absolute
guarantee of a trial and that it is the legislature's decision whether or not to address restrictions upon actions
against government entities." Mohundro, 675 So. 2d at 852. We further found that the Mississippi Tort
Claims Act did not violate due process, because:
A due process violation requires that the party be deprived of a protected property interest. Tucker
v. Hinds County, 558 So. 2d 869, 873 (Miss.1990). As was stated by this Court in Wells, there
was no right to sue the State or its political subdivisions at common law. The legislature has continued
to withhold such a right, therefore there is no property right to sue the State. Without such a property
interest there can be no due process violation.
Id.
¶11. More recently, in Vortice v. Fordice, 711 So. 2d 894 (Miss. 1998), we upheld the constitutionality
of the Mississippi Tort Claims Act under the United States Constitution. Vortice, 711 So. 2d at 896.
Specifically, we found that the statutory notice requirement of § 11-46-11 did not violate the equal
protection clause. Id. Pointing out that there is no fundamental right to sue the State of Mississippi or its
political subdivisions, we applied the rational relation test:
[T]he legislature has an interest in conserving state funds. By enactment of the Mississippi Tort Claims
Act, the legislature elected to waive sovereign immunity. However, this waiver was qualified by
specifying certain procedural requirements which must be met before an action was filed. City of
Jackson v. Lumpkin, 697 So. 2d 1179 (Miss.1997). As we noted in Lumpkin, there are many
valid reasons underscoring the legislative requirement of notice to a governmental entity prior to filing
suit. Id. at 1181. Notice provisions encourage settlement of claims prior to entering litigation,
therefore conserving valuable governmental resources. Further, notice to the governmental entity
encourages corrective actions, where necessary, prior to litigation, therefore benefitting public health
and welfare. Although the Tort Claims Act waives sovereign immunity to a certain extent, it is
still concerned with conserving government funds and protecting the public health and welfare
at the earliest possible moment. Since these reasons serve a valid state purpose, the Tort
Claims Act, including the notice provision, meets the rational basis test, and is therefore,
Constitutional.
Id. (emphasis added). Applying the same test here, we find that the one-year statute of limitations in the
Mississippi Tort Claims Act is rationally related to a proper legislative purpose -- protecting the State's
interest in "conserving government funds and protecting the public health and welfare at the earliest possible
moment." Id.
II.
WHETHER THE ONE-YEAR STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS GOVERNING SUITS AGAINST
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES SET OUT IN MISS. CODE ANN. § 11-46-11 BEGINS TO RUN
AT THE TIME AN INJURY IS DISCOVERED.
¶12. The Barneses argue that even if the one-year statute of limitations in § 11-46-11(3) applies to this
case, then their claim was promptly filed since they filed their complaint within one year of their discovery of
Singing River's negligent treatment of Lisa. Their position is that they had no way of knowing that Singing
River was liable until May 8, 1996, when the physician contacted in Mr. Denham's investigation informed
him that the care provided by Singing River was substandard. As a result, they maintain that their complaint,
filed on March 5, 1997, was timely filed within one year of their discovery of Singing River's negligent
conduct.
¶13. As an example of a statute of limitations incorporating the discovery rule, § 15-1-36(1) provides that
medical malpractice actions must be brought "within two (2) years from the date the alleged act, omission,
or neglect shall or with reasonable diligence might have been first known or discovered." Miss. Code
Ann. § 15-1-36(1) (Rev. 1995) (emphasis added). Singing River's position is that § 11-46-11(3) is devoid
of the discovery language present in § 15-1-36(1), so the discovery rule must not apply to cases governed
by § 11-46-11(3). Section 11-46-11(3) reads in pertinent part:
All actions brought under the provisions of this chapter shall be commenced within one (1) year next
after the date of the tortious, wrongful or otherwise actionable conduct on which the liability
phase of the action is based, and not after; provided, however, that the filing of a notice of claim as
required by subsection (1) of this section shall serve to toll the statute of limitations for a period of
ninety-five (95) days.
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3) (Supp.1998) (emphasis added).
¶14. Despite the absence of specific discovery language in the statute, we find that the discovery rule
applies to § 11-46-11(3). This finding is not without precedent. In Sweeney v. Preston, 642 So. 2d 332
(Miss. 1994), this Court traced the history of application of the discovery rule in medical malpractice
actions involving latent injuries. Before the enactment of § 15-1-36, the six-year general statute of limitations
applied to medical malpractice claims and did not contain a discovery rule provision for latent injuries as it
does now. Sweeney, 642 So. 2d at 333. This Court did not interpret the general statute to include a
discovery rule in medical malpractice cases at that time. Id. In passing § 15-1-36, the Legislature shortened
the time period for bringing a medical malpractice suit, but adopted a discovery standard for triggering the
running of the statute. Id. Similarly, when the Legislature amended § 15-1-49 (the general statute of
limitations), shortening the limitations period from six years to three years, it included a discovery provision
for latent injuries as a trade-off.
¶15. In medical malpractice cases involving negligence occurring before the 1976 enactment of § 15-1-36
where the injuries were not discovered until after the enactment date, this Court applied the discovery rule,
despite the fact that the new statute of limitations could not be applied retroactively. Sweeney, 642 So. 2d
at 333-34 (citing Kilgore v. Barnes, 508 So. 2d 1042 (Miss.1987); Williams v. Kilgore, 618 So. 2d
51 (Miss.1992)). The Sweeney Court summarized the rationale behind application of the discovery rule to
cases involving latent injuries as follows:
Thus, where an injury or disease is latent, a determination of when the statute of limitation begins to
run focuses not on the time of the negligent act or omission, but on when the plaintiff discovers the
injury or disease. Moreover, knowledge that there exists a casual relationship between the negligent
act and the injury or disease complained of is essential because "it is well-established that prescription
does not run against one who has neither actual nor constructive notice of facts that would entitle him
to bring an action."
642 So. 2d 332, 334 (quoting Williams, 618 So. 2d at 55).
¶16. Before the Legislature amended § 15-1-49 to include a discovery provision for latent injuries, this
Court recognized a common law exception. Schiro v. American Tobacco Co., 611 So. 2d 962, 965
(Miss. 1992). In Owens-Illinois, Inc. v. Edwards, 573 So. 2d 704 (Miss. 1990), this Court held that "a
discovery rule exists in conjunction with § 15-1-49 (1972) in the case of a negligence or products liability
cause of action involving latent disease." Edwards, 573 So. 2d at 709. In Schiro, we applied the principles
in Edwards to hold that the statute of limitations did not begin to run against a plaintiff filing suit against four
cigarette manufacturers until the doctor diagnosed her lung cancer. Schiro, 611 So. 2d at 964-65.
¶17. We have also recognized a discovery rule in statutes of limitations governing other areas of law. In the
area of worker's compensation, we have held that "the two-year limitation statute does not begin to run until
by reasonable care and diligence it is discoverable and apparent that a compensable injury has been
sustained." Tabor Motor Co. v. Garrard, 233 So. 2d 811, 814 (Miss.1970).
¶18. In Evans v. Boyle Flying Service, Inc., 680 So. 2d 821 (Miss. 1996), we held that a notice of
claim period did not begin to run until discovery of the injury. The statute in question, § 69-21-123, requires
notice to the Mississippi Department of Agriculture and Commerce regarding any claim for damages
resulting from crop spraying "within sixty (60) days after the date that the damages occurred and prior to the
time that twenty-five percent (25%) of a crop damaged shall have been harvested in the event claim
concerns a crop. . . ." Miss. Code Ann. § 69-21-123 (1991). Despite the lack of a discovery provision in
the statute, we held that the sixty-day period "does not begin to run until the date the claimant knew or
reasonably should have known of the damage." Evans, 680 So. 2d at 829. In so finding, we stated:
It does not appear reasonable to subsequently bar a person's cause of action when they had no initial
reason to know that time was running. In other words, should a person be prevented from recovering
on a claim, i.e. an injury for which redress is guaranteed by our Constitution and statutory law, by
being barred by a limitation period, in actuality a statute of repose if it were so construed, when they
should not have reasonably known that damage had occurred. To hold that a person can not recover
when they did not or could not have been able to discover the damage within sixty days after the
spraying works an injustice.
Id. at 827 (footnote omitted).
¶19. Similarly, in Smith v. Sneed, 638 So. 2d 1252 (Miss. 1994), we extended the discovery rule to apply
in legal malpractice actions, despite the Legislature's failure to incorporate discovery language in the general
statute of limitations. Sneed, 638 So. 2d at 1256-58. We based our decision upon previous cases in which
this Court "created similar exceptions in the past, the Legislature's failure to extend the discovery rule
beyond medical malpractice notwithstanding." Id. at 1256. Specifically, we pointed to our holdings in
Edwards, supra (statute does not begin to run in latent injury cases until discovery thereof); and Staheli v.
Smith, 548 So. 2d 1299 (Miss.1989) (statute of limitations in suit for defamatory material does not begin
to run until reasonable discovery of the material). Id. at 1256-57.
¶20. Following the same line of reasoning as in the above cases, we choose to incorporate a discovery rule
in actions brought under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act involving latent injuries. Particularly considering the
short, one-year statute of limitations period in § 11-46-11(3), we find that justice is best served by applying
a discovery standard to such cases. As we stated in Smith v. Sanders, 485 So. 2d 1051 (Miss. 1986):
There may be rare cases where the patient is aware of his injury prior to the [expiration of the
limitations period], but does not discover and could not have discovered with reasonable diligence the
act or omission which caused the injury. In such cases, the action does not accrue until the latter
discovery is made.
Sanders, 485 So. 2d at 1052-53. Such is the case here. While the Barneses may have been aware of
Lisa's injuries before the one year time limit was up, they could not reasonably have known that Singing
River was responsible for those injuries until their medical expert notified them of the possible negligence on
May 8, 1996. We find that the statute of limitations did not begin to run until that date. As a result, the
Barneses' complaint, filed on March 5, 1997, was timely filed within the one-year statute of limitations.
III.
WHETHER THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS WAS TOLLED IN THIS ACTION BY THE
DEFENDANT HOSPITAL'S REFUSAL TO RELEASE LISA BARNES'S MEDICAL
RECORDS.
¶21. The Barneses alternatively claim that the statute of limitations was tolled in this case by Singing River's
fraud in refusing to release Lisa's medical records to her attorney. Singing River denies any allegation of
fraud or concealment and asserts that this issue is procedurally barred, because the Barneses failed to raise
the argument at trial. Educational Placement Services, 487 So. 2d at 1320. As a result, this issue is
procedurally barred.
¶22. Aside from the procedural bar, we find that the Barneses' argument is unsupported by the record. In
analyzing the Barneses' claim that the statute of limitations is tolled as a result of fraud, this Court must
address two questions: 1) whether there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Singing River
fraudulently concealed Lisa's medical records, and 2) "whether the fraud remained undiscoverable by
reasonable diligence for such a long time that the date on which [the Barneses] filed their complaint fell
within the tolled limitations period." Stevens v. Lake, 615 So. 2d 1177, 1181 (Miss. 1993).
¶23. The facts asserted in the pleadings are that Mr. Denham made his first request for Lisa's medical
records on November 13, 1995. Then, when he did not receive them by January 29, 1996, Mr. Denham
contacted the hospital and was informed of the fee for copying the file. After Mr. Denham paid the copying
fee, Singing River delivered Lisa's medical records sometime in mid-February of 1996. Under these facts,
we cannot find that Singing River fraudulently concealed Lisa's medical records. Even if Singing River
intentionally delayed delivery of the medical records in order to postpone Mr. Denham's progress in filing
the Barneses' complaint, any such delay was not "undiscoverable by reasonable diligence." Part of the delay
must be attributed to Mr. Denham's failure to follow up on his initial request to obtain the records.
IV.
WHETHER IMMUNITY IS WAIVED TO THE EXTENT OF EXCESS LIABILITY
INSURANCE CARRIED BY THE DEFENDANT.
¶24. The Barneses argue that immunity in this case is waived to the extent of the excess liability insurance
carried by Singing River. Section 11-46-17(4) of the Mississippi Tort Claims Act provides:
Any governmental entity of the state may purchase liability insurance to cover claims in excess of the
amounts provided for in Section 11-46-15 and may be sued by anyone in excess of the amounts
provided for in Section 11-46-15 to the extent of such excess insurance carried; provided, however,
that the immunity from suit above the amounts provided for in Section 11-46-15 shall be waived only
to the extent of such excess liability insurance carried.
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-17(4) (Supp. 1998). Under § 11-46-15(a), the liability limit for Lisa's claim
against Singing River arising from her hospitalization in September of 1995, would be $50,000. Miss. Code
Ann. § 11-46-15(a) (Supp. 1998). Mr. Denham asserted at the hearing that Singing River was protected
by a $250,000 liability insurance policy at the time of Lisa's injuries. Attorneys for Singing River stipulated
that there was a liability insurance policy in effect at the time of Lisa's treatment, but did not reveal the
amount of coverage. On remand to the trial court, discovery should be conducted as to the amount of
excess coverage available in this case. Singing River's immunity with regard to the amount of coverage in
excess of $50,000 is waived under the terms of the governing statute. Should the Barneses succeed in their
claim against Singing River, the additional liability insurance coverage will be available to them as part of
their potential recovery, regardless of any other immunity afforded Singing River in this case. Hord v.
Yazoo, 702 So. 2d 121, 124 (Miss. 1997) (Lee, C.J., concurring joined by Pittman, Banks, McRae and
Roberts, Jr., J.J.).
CONCLUSION
¶25. The Barneses filed their complaint within one year of their discovery of Singing River's alleged
negligence in this case. Because we find that the statute of limitations did not begin to run until such
reasonable discovery, the trial court erred in awarding Singing River summary judgment based upon
expiration of the statute of limitations. Therefore we must reverse the judgment below and remand this case
to the Jackson County Circuit Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
¶26. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
PITTMAN, P.J., BANKS, ROBERTS, SMITH, MILLS AND WALLER, JJ., CONCUR.
PRATHER, C.J., AND McRAE, J., CONCUR IN RESULT ONLY.