The vessel above named, and cargo on board, were captured on the 9th of September, 1801, by the United States sliip-of-war Cambridge, off the coast of Virginia or North Carolina, and sent into this port as lawful prize, and here libelled, in the name of the United States and the naval captors, on the 13th of September, charged “with being engaged in an unlawful voyage, and employed in an illegal trade, and being lawful prize of war.” Josiah Slanghen-right. as owner of the vessel, and James A. lloran, as owner of the cargo seized, interposed each a separate claim, by the same proctor, on the 21st of November thereafter, averring that they are British subjects, resident in Nova Scotia, and denying that the vessel and cargo are lawful prize; aud each appends to his claim his test oath to the right of property alleged in his claim, and each also adds thereto a deposition of Robert Nichelson, the master of the vessel, detailing various particulars respecting the voyage, and prays that the deposition or schedule may be received as part of such respective claims. The papers found on board df the vessel at the time of her seizure prove her to be the property of Slanghenriglit, registered in his name at the port of Lunen-burgh, Nova Scotia, June 15, 1859, and freighted by Moran, the other claimant, with a cargo of merchandise, at Halifax, where her crew was shipped, and she was cleared, August 21, 1801, for the United States. The voyage named in the shipping articles was “to a port or ports in the United States, and back to the port of Halifax.”
On the hearing of the suit, the charge on the part of the libellants was, that the voyage was illegally and fraudulently undertaken, with the intent to violate the blockade of the port of Wilmington, in North Carolina, or some other blockaded port in the rebel states. The defence was, that the voyage was a lawful one, destined to a port in the United States, free to the commerce and trade of British subjects. The affidavit of' the master of the vessel, attached as a schedule to the respective claims, “to be taken as a part of each claim,” was also set up and insisted upon by each claimant as legal proof in his behalf. That deposition made allegations of misconduct committed upon the ship’s company of the prize vessel by the captors after her seizure, namely: That the master and two of his crew were separated from the prize, and sent without her, to their serious inconvenience and wrong, to Baltimore, and from there, by railroad cars, to New Tork; that the writing desk of the master was improperly opened on board of the United States sliip-of-war whilst he was thus detained; that papers were abstracted from it by the captors; and that two of the seamen on the prize were placed in irons, and sent with her so ironed to New York by the captors. These allegations are not admitted by the libellants, or otherwise established by direct proof on the part of the claimants. If the claimants may be allowed, at the discretion of the court, to vary the usual procedure in prize suits, by putting in special claims or answers, leading to issues other than the one simply of prize or no prize, this manifestly cannot be done without the assent of the United States attorney or the special order of the court. The papers filed in this instance by both claimants are without such warrant or authority, and must, therefore, be limited in their effect to mere denials of the cause of arrest.
Two defences upon the merits are interposed by the claimants, and one in point of form against the validity of the capture. The formal one is, that the vessel was entitled to be warned off the blockaded port, and that, on such warning being given, she became discharged of all culpability by having immediately obeyed the notice, and changed her course, under the direction of the blockading vessel, for Baltimore, and continued that course for a succession of days, until her ultimate arrest. This objection would be of avail, under the general law, in case her approach to the blockaded ports was innocent, and in ignorance of their condition, without regard to the prerequisite of warning supposed to be connected with the imposition of blockades by the proclamation of the president; because the doctrine that, in order to affect a neutral with the penal consequences of a violation of blockade, it is necessary for him to have been sufficiently informed of its existence (The Rolla, 6 C. Rob. Adm. 367), is not contested in this suit, nor has it been in any previous prosecutions here. The rule administered in this court has been, both before and since the act of congress of August 6, 1861 (12 Stat. 326, § 3), that an attempt by a neutral vessel to enter or evade a blockaded port, with knowledge or notice of the bloekáde, was a culpable violation of it, although no warning in writing was given to such vessel. The act itself, committed by a neutral, in fraud of a belligerent right, carries with it the consequence of condemnation, whatever plausible pretences may be alleged for the visit. Upt. Mar. Warf. & Pr. 192.
If any question still remains as to that interpretation of law of blockade, anterior to the one imposed upon the ports of North Carolina, April 27, 1861,’ it does not appear to me that such uncertainty continues since the enactment of the above statute ratifying and affirming all acts, proclamations, or orders of the president after March 4, 1861;' that, accordingly, the offence will have been completed in this instance, if the schooner approached a blockaded port with knowledge of the blockade and intending to violate it; and that her subsequent departure under
The defence upon the merits that the voyage was not an illicit one, but was honestly undertaken and prosecuted to a loyal port of the United States, is wholly supplanted and falsified by the proofs referred to. Those items of proof demonstrate that the real and primary destination of the vessel was directly from Halifax to Wilmington, in North Carolina, an entry into which latter port was to be effectuated by the violation of its known blockade. The misrepresentation of the fact, entered upon the face of the log, must be understood as intended to deceive the captors. Each page of that document, from the inception of the voyage to the arrest of the vessel, is headed “A journal of a voyage from Halifax towards Baltimore;” and, on the evidence, that assertion was intended to create the false belief and confidence that the shipping articles and clearance on board, which named the destination of the vessel to be “a port or ports of the United States,” or ‘‘bound for the United States,” meant that she was destined and bound for the port of Baltimore. That con* elusion would be a very natural one on the exhibition of the papers to a boarding officer, and thus a fraudulent deception would be imposed upon him. An attempt on the part of a neutral to mislead a blockading force by a deceptive representation on his ship’s papers amounts to fraudulent misconduct, which justifies the confiscation of the vessel. Indeed, every dissemblance in the papers ■will, in the judgment of a prize court, be regarded as intended to conceal what could not be safely disclosed, and to afford evidence that the destination of the vessel is falsified with a design to defraud. The Mentor, Edw. Adm. 207. In this instance, the bold and positive written instructions to the master to make his voyage to Wilmington or other Southern port dispenses with all reasoning from presumption as to the purpose and object for which the voyage was undertaken. It merits remark, also, that small confidence can be placed in the statements made by the mate and steward on the preparatory examination, that, when they shipped at Halifax, they supposed the vessel to be bound for Baltimore, and agreed for that voyage solely; because they both distinctly stipulated in the shipping articles for a voyage to ”a port or ports in the United States,” and nowhere named Baltimore as contemplated in the contract; and, also, because it is palpable from the log and from thp knowledge they possess from the course of the vessel from Cape Henry to the place of her being turned back, and from that point along the coast, that they must (the mate, and most probably the steward) have well known, when they gave their testimony, that the vessel was destined for a blockaded port. These men admit, on their examination, that they were aware, when the shipping agreement was entered into by them, that the ports of Virginia and North Carolina were under blockade, and that the fact was of general notoriety in Halifax. The unsuccessful efforts of the claimant, acknowledged in his letter of August 21 to his consignee in June previous, to evade the blockade of Wilmington, brings home to him direct notice of the fact of such blockade.
Upon all these facts and circumstances, it seems to me that the evidence is conclusive that the voyage was instituted and prosecuted by the claimant with a premeditated design to evade the blockade, then efficiently supported, at the port of Wilmington, North Carolina. The actual presence of adequate force stationed before the ports where the arrest was made, and the authoritative proclamation of the blockade, are sufficiently established, and, accordingly, the claimants show no exemption from capture because of insufficiency of notice to them, or -want of legal warning of the blockade, nor that their return backwards towards Baltimore amounted to an acquittance of the culpable misconduct of the vessel and cargo in undertaking to run the blockade.
A further ground of exoneration from the arrest is also suggested and earnestly
In a case of that character recently before the court — -The Jane Campbell [Case No. 7,205] — it was deemed expedient to refer the subject to the inquiry of the prize commissioners, to ascertain whether the imputations of malconduct made against the officers and crew of a public vessel were well founded, and to report the amount of injury received therefrom by the owners of the captured property, or the persons connected with the vessel seized. In that case the capture was disaffirmed, and the vessel and cargo were restored to the claimant, but the right to relief for injuries sustained from the wrongful acts of the captors was not regarded as dependent upon the acquittal or condemnation of the prize. That relief was proffered to the party who made suggestions to the court of loss and injury sustained by him from the captors of the vessel and cargo, in the proceedings after the capture; and it was granted on motion, without other formality of procedure, as incident to the cognizance of the subject of prize then before the court, but without admitting that to be the only or best method of adjudicating the matter; and there was, in that case, direct evidence of wrongful embezzlement of the prize property by the captors, whilst it was in their possession. A summary method of redress may be less appropriate to cases resting on charges of wrongful conduct, in prize proceedings by officers and crews of public vessels, than against private cruisers, because the latter, beyond their relation and subjection to the court as suitors therein, are usually under express stipulations by contract for good conduct, and to indemnify parties suffering from their misbehavior in making prizes, which place the private cruiser and its armament under the direct discretion of the court, and particularly so when, as in the present case, the grievances imputed to the captors consist almost exclusively of personal torts committed to them. The pleadings in a prize action involve, directly, no further question than that of prize. The Adelaide, 9 Cranch [13 U. S.] 284; The Fortuna, 1 Dod. 83. The parties on the trial of that issue are not legally required, if they may .be permitted, to litigate any point except that, and the probable sequents to it. In a qualified sense, the consideration whether the unlawful acts of captors, after the seizure of property as prize, do not render the arrest of it void, may be regarded as characterizing, vitally, the capture, and thus become intrinsically admissible evidence in defence against the conviction and forfeiture of the property. But yet that ground of de-fence need not necessarily be directly connected with the capture itself, or with the liability of the property to capture as prize, but may, and most probably will, spring out of facts wholly disconnected with either of those particulars.
The general rule in respect to captures by public ships is, that the actual wrongdoer alone is responsible for any wrong done or illegality committed on the prize, excepting acts done by members of the seizing vessel in obedience to the orders of their superiors. The Mentor, 1 C. Rob. Adm. 179; The Diligentia, 1 Dod. 404 ; 2 Wheat. Append. 13. The liability of the officer is not constructive, and affixed to him solely on account of his superiority of command, but arises from his immediate orders or authority in the transaction. The Eleanor, 2 Wheat. [15 U. S.] 345. Embezzlements of the cargo seized, or acts personally violent or injurious perpetrated upon the captured crew or improperly separating them from the prize vessel, or not producing them for examination before the prize court, or other torts injurious to the rights or health of the prisoners, may render the arrest of the vessel or cargo as prize defeasible,, and also subject the tort-feasors to damages therefor. But the law does not constitute those acts or omissions legal bars to the suit, and it is plain that the course of investigation into those matters would not naturally be anticipated from the shape of the prize suit, nor could they be inquired into with that fulness befitting the gravity of the imputations or their importance to the public service, or the rights of individuals, so well and
.The practice of prize courts supplies a cause of procedure under claims for redress, in cases of that description, which seems more proper to be pursued against public ships, when the consequences may also lead to other results than an award of pecuniary compensation to parties complaining of wrongs done them. A solemn monition may be directed to those using the authority of the government in seizing property at sea, compelling them to respond before the court to parties aggrieved by their acts for every wrongful use of authority confided to them; and thus, by pleas and allegations, the special grievances will be specifically charged and contested before the court, and the evidence pertinent to the contestation can thus be collected and laid before the court on both sides. The Eleanor, 2 Wheat. [15 U. S.] 345; The Magnus, 1 C. Rob. Adm. 31.
Merely interposing a statement of grievances by way of schedule attached to the claim of ownership, and the test oath which enabled a party to contest a libel of information in a prize suit, is not placing the controversy before the court in such an authoritative shape that parties are at once com-pellable to treat the allegations or suggestions as in litigation thereupon. It may well afford foundation for either party to appeal to the discretion of the court to proceed and render justice in the matter summarily, in the exercise of that pervading jurisdiction which envelopes prize proceedings. But, when there is reasonable cause to look for more thorough representation of the occurrence referred to than will commonly be obtained from ex parte statements, given under impressions likely to be colored by the excitement of sudden capture, and the risks and inconveniences following it, I consider it the more reliable course of practice to require the evidence to be furnished under pleas and allegations, when it is offered in bar of the rightfulness of a capture as prize, or as foundation for-an award of compensation in damages, because of irregularities or culpabil-ities of captors who are in the public service in making the seizure or dealing with the prize property whilst in their possession. In The Magnus, 1 C. Rob. Adm. 31, Sir William Scott says that “the proof required was of the most solemn nature, by plea and proof.” The proceedings by pleas and allegations admonish the parties of the difficulties of their situation, and call for all the proofs their case can supply. Wheat. Mar. Capt. 284.
It is to be remarked, in this case, that no evidence has been given on the examinations in preparatorio, or upon the papers of the vessel, showing any unlawful or irregular conduct of the captors in making the prize, or in the subsequent treatment of her crew or of the property arrested. The affidavit of the master, referred to as part of their claim by the claimants, is extra-judicial, and not testimony in the cause, and, if allowed by the court as notice to the libellants of charges impeaching the legality of the capture, cannot avail as testimony in the suit on the hearing. The like evidence was not permitted to have that effect in the case of The Jane Campbell [supra]. It was there only recognized as a basis for after summary proceedings, to establish the justness of the allegations, under the implied reserve that it could not, per se, sustain a decree against the captors for torts.
Two notes in the log-book, apparently entered by the prizemaster after the arrest of the schooner, state that he placed the mate and steward in irons on' taking command of the vessel, and in the afternoon took the irons off for the day, replacing them for the night, and the next morning again removing them; alleging it to be discretionary with him to keep the men in irons day and night. No allusion is made by ;he men to the occurrence on their examination; and in such posture of the transaction . the inference may be no stronger that the act was tortuous and unjustifiable than that it was an excusable precaution against menaces or well-suspected refractoriness of the prisoners. It is manifest, also, that separating the master and others of the crew, and not bringing them with the prize into port and before the court, was not necessarily culpable of itself, and may have been justifiable from the condition of the vessel or that of her crew.
No'other violation of the rights of the claimants, or of their own legal obligations by the libellants in seizing the vessel, is attempted to be shown by the proofs before the court than the alleged irregularity of capturing her after -she had been twice previously arrested arid discharged by public ships for the same offence. Such relinquishment of an arrest by a captor, whether the first in order of time, or any after one in a series of consecutive arrests, whilst the vessel is in transitu, endeavoring to carry out a voyage illegal and culpable in its inception and purpose, amounts to -no acquittance or condonation of the offence; and she remains unuer all her antecedent liabilities to the law, in like manner as if no imperfect interception of her voyage had been attempted. Great circumspection and precaution will, undoubtedly, be exacted in authorizing a second arrest, if any bona fide change of property intervenes between the arrests. The Eliza and Katy, 6 C. Rob. Adm. But when the arrest was already justified by the facts, it would be a very trivial ' irregularity for one ship to correct the immediately previous errors of others, in releasing improvideutly, once or again, a captured vessel taken in flagrante delicto. No just exception, therefore, lies to sending a vessel in to be proceeded against in prize, because she had been in manual custody, on the charge previously, and liberated by the seizing officers without the mandate of a proper prize court. As before indicated, the
It is accordingly directed that, within ten days after the entry of this decree, and notice thereof to the proctors for the claimants, they sue out a monition to the captors in this suit or their proctors,, and file in court and serve on such proctors the allegations and proofs upon which relief is claimed in such proceedings, and that the captors, through their proctors, be allowed twenty days to file their answer and proofs in reply thereto, each party being entitled thereafter to bring the matter to a final hearing before the court, on two days’ notice in writing. If the conditions above stated are not fulfilled, either party, upon the default of the other therein, shall be entitled to have final judgment entered in the suit, and take such after proceedings therein as are consonant to law and the practice of the court.