IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 1999-KA-01706-SCT
TRACY LEE WEST
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 05/27/1999
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JERRY O. TERRY, SR.
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: JIM DAVIS
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: DEWITT T. ALLRED, III
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: CONO CARANNA
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 10/25/2001
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED: 7/30/2002
BEFORE McRAE, P.J., DIAZ AND EASLEY, JJ.
EASLEY, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Tracy Lee West ("West"), is back on appeal before this Court after his prior appeal was remanded to
the trial court with instruction to provide sentencing options in a capital case. West had previously been
found guilty of capital murder and sentenced to death by the jury. West v. State, 725 So.2d 872, 895
(Miss. 1998). The conviction for capital murder was affirmed by this Court, only the sentencing was
remanded for a rehearing. In May 1999, the Harrison County Circuit Court held a trial on resentencing
only. On May 27, 1999, the jury returned a verdict of life without parole. From this sentence West appeals
to this Court.
FACTS
¶2. West was indicted in the Circuit Court of Harrison County for the murder of Azra Garriga Kiker, a
convenience store clerk, during a robbery which occurred on or about December 16, 1992. West was
indicted for the murder on March 23, 1993. This case was first appealed to this Court on the original
conviction for capital murder and the sentence of a death penalty. This Court upheld the conviction for
capital murder, but it overturned the sentence of death and remanded the case on the sentencing phase only.
Id. This Court remanded the case for resentencing pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-21 on the basis
that the jury should have been instructed on the sentencing options of life, life without parole or death. West
v. State, 725 So.2d at 895.
STATEMENT OF ISSUES
I. Did the court err in allowing the prior testimony of the Defendant, Tracy West, to be
introduced to the jury, particularly the testimony regarding other bad acts?
II. Did the court erred in its ruling on removing jurors for cause during the remanded
sentencing phase?
III. Did the errors committed at sentencing, if not individually, cumulatively require
reversal?
LEGAL ANALYSIS
I.
¶3. West alleges that the introduction of his previous testimony from the first trial constituted the
introduction of other bad acts and affected his substantial right not to testify. West argues that, although a
sentencing hearing is not a complete trial as to all the issues, it is still a trial, and as such, the defendant
should be accorded all the constitutional protections he is entitled at any trial, including the right not to
testify. However, this issue is without merit.
¶4. West had testified at the first trial that on or about December 15 or 16, 1992, he and two friends, Paul
Rathe and Scott Cothren, left Pulaski, Tennessee, in a car that Rathe had stolen from a truck driver in
Pulaski. West v. State, 725 So.2d at 876. They traveled to Alabama in the stolen car. Id. In Alabama,
they robbed a convenience store, and Cothren murdered the store clerk. They then drove to Gulfport,
Mississippi. Id. According to West's testimony, Cothren forced Rathe and West to rob another
convenience store and kill the clerk. Id. Rathe and West robbed the convenience store's cash drawer. Id.
West shot the clerk, Azra Garriga Kiker, two times in the back of the head. Id.
¶5. West contends that admitting the prior testimony from the first trial into evidence by reading the
transcript to the jury at the sentencing phase forced West to take the witness stand and testify. West
specifically addressed the admission of the testimony concerning the murder in Alabama at the sentencing
phase.
¶6. The State introduced evidence and exhibits from the previous proceedings at the 1999 sentencing
rehearing. The State introduced West's entire testimony which was read into the record for the jury at the
resentencing.
¶7. West, citing Lockett v. State, 459 So.2d 246, 253 (Miss. 1987), argues that under Mississippi law it is
well settled that proof of other crimes is inadmissible except where:
(1) the offense charged and that offered to be proved is so connected as to constitute one transaction,
or
(2) where it is necessary to identify the defendant, or
(3) where it is material to prove motive and there is an apparent connection or relation between the
act proposed to be proved and that charged, or
(4) where the accusation involves a series of criminal acts which must be proved to make out the
offense, or
(5) where it is necessary to prove scienter or guilty knowledge.
¶8. West alleges that during the sentencing phase of a death penalty case that the State is only entitled to
offer evidence that is relevant to the statutory aggravating circumstances. Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(1)
provides that at the sentencing hearing "evidence may be presented as to any matter that the court deems
relevant to sentence, and shall include matters relating to any of the aggravating or mitigating
circumstances." (emphasis added). The statute does not limit the evidence that can be presented at the
sentencing phase to evidence relevant to the aggravating circumstances.
¶9. West cited as authority Walker v. State, 740 So.2d 873 (Miss. 1999), to support his position. In
Walker, this Court stated that, "during the sentencing phase of a death penalty case, the State is limited to
offering evidence that is relevant to one of the aggravating circumstances included in [§ 99-19-101]". Id. at
886.
¶10. The case sub judice and the case of Walker have one vital distinction. In Walker, the guilt phase and
the sentencing phase were tried to the same jury which had heard all the previous testimony at trial. In the
case at hand, there are two different juries, one for the guilt phase and one for the sentence phase due to the
remand for resentencing only. This Court in Walker was addressing additional evidence presented for the
first time at the sentencing phase of a trial. Assuming arguendo that this case had not been sent back on
remand for resentencing, the same jury which heard the West's testimony in the guilty phase of the trial
would also be deciding the sentence to be imposed during the sentencing phase.
¶11. In Jackson v. State, 337 So.2d 1242, 1256 (Miss. 1976) this Court stated as follows:
[A]t [the sentencing] hearing, the State may elect to stand on the case made at the first hearing, if
before the same jury, or may reintroduce any part of the evidence adduced at the first hearing which it
constitutes to be relevant to the particular question of whether the defendant shall suffer death or be
sentenced to life imprisonment.
In addition thereto, an accused's prior record of criminal convictions, if any, may be proven as an
additional aggravating circumstance whether the defendant testifies in his own behalf or not. At [the]
hearing, the defendant may prove his lack of a prior criminal record as a mitigating circumstance and
may also adduce proof of any other circumstance or combination of circumstances surrounding his life
and character or the commission of the offense with which he is charged that would be reasonably
relevant to the question of whether he should suffer death or be sentenced to life in prison.
(emphasis added).
¶12. In Holland v. State, 705 So.2d 307, 327 (Miss. 1997) (citing Jackson v. State, 337 So.2d 1242
(Miss. 1976)), this Court specially addressed the situation where the sentencing hearing has a different jury
than that of the first hearing during guilt phase. Mississippi allows the State to stand on its conviction at
resentencing or reintroduce the evidence from the guilt phase. Id.
¶13. West's argument that the testimony should not have been introduced at the sentencing phase does not
stand up to scrutiny. To hold so would prevent the same jury from being able to decide both guilt and the
sentence to be imposed. We find that West waived his constitutional right to remain silent when he testified
at the first trial. West should have known that his testimony may be heard and considered by the same
jurors who would deliberate at his guilt and his sentence regardless of whether he testified again at the
sentencing phase. If the trial had not been bifurcated due to the remand for resentencing, the same jury that
heard the evidence presented during the guilt phase would have also served as jurors on the sentencing
phase.
¶14. West also raised the point that even if this Court should refuse to exclude the prior testimony that the
references to the murder in Alabama should have been excised from the testimony. In support of his
position, West cites Rose v. State, 556 So.2d 728, 730-31 (Miss. 1990), stating that the admission of
evidence of unrelated crimes was reversible error. In the case sub judice, this Court on the first appeal did
not disturb the admission of the evidence of the Alabama murder during West's testimony at trial. Therefore,
We find that the evidence of the Alabama murder should remain undisturbed and intact when presented
from the guilty phase into the sentencing phase of the trial. In Holland, 705 So.2d at 332, the defendant in
that case was not allowed to relitigate an issue in the sentencing phase decided against him at the guilt phase
of the original trial.
¶15. Therefore, West's first assignment of error is without merit.
II.
¶16. West alleges that during voir dire the trial court erred in removing two jurors challenged for cause.
¶17. The Mississippi Constitution guarantees every person the right to trial by an impartial jury. Miss.
Const. art. 3, § 26. In Billiot v. State, 454 So.2d 445, 457 (Miss. 1984), this Court stated that, "[g]
enerally a juror who may be removed on a challenge for cause is one against whom a cause for challenge
exits that would likely effect his competency or his impartiality at trial." The determination of whether a juror
is fair or impartial is a judicial question, and it will not be set aside except where there is a finding that the
determination clearly appears to be wrong. Carr v. State, 555 So.2d 59, 60 (Miss. 1989).
¶18. West argues that juror number 14, Connie Davis ("Juror 14"), was erroneously struck. West argues
that Juror 14 should have been allowed to remain on the jury because she would be able to consider all
sentencing options.
¶19. The United States Supreme Court stated that "it cannot be assumed that a juror who describes himself
as having 'conscientious or religious scruples' against the infliction of the death penalty or against its infliction
'in proper case' thereby affirmed that he could never vote in favor of it or that he would not consider doing
so in the case before him." Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 515, 88 S.Ct. 1770, 20 L.Ed 776
(1968).
¶20. This Court has held in Cabello v. State, 471 So.2d 332, 345 (Miss. 1985), that it is not error to
excuse jurors in a capital murder case who indicate an inability to vote for the death penalty under any
circumstances. See Mack v. State, 650 So.2d 1289, 1302 (Miss. 1994).
¶21. During voir dire, when examined as to the infliction of the death penalty, Juror 14 testified in pertinent
part as follows:
Defense: Could you consider it [death penalty] as one of the sentencing options before you?
Juror 14: No.
Defense: So there's almost no set of facts that you would - that you feel like warrant a death penalty?
Juror 14: I don't believe in the death penalty.
We find that it is clear that the trial court did not err in allowing Juror 14 to be struck for cause. Juror 14
expressed a conscientious scruple against the death penalty being a sentencing option. This issue is without
merit.
¶22. West further argues that the trial court should have eliminated Karl Jones, ("Juror 4") on challenge as
to cause. Juror 4 was a full time Long Beach police officer at the time of trial. He testified in open voir dire
that the murder of two fellow Long Beach officers in an unrelated case weighed heavy on him. When asked
whether the event of the murder of two police officers might substantially impair his ability to serve as a
juror, he stated that "it could."
¶23. The trial court had some of the jurors from open voir dire to come individually into the jury room to
elaborate on the answers given. Juror 4 was one of the jurors called into the jury room for further
questioning by the court.
¶24. The trial court first addressed whether Juror 4 would give greater credibility to the testimony of law
officers. Juror 4 testified on voir dire that he would treat the police officers that testified just like any other
witness testifying without giving their testimony any greater weight as to their credibility. The trial court's
questioning was as follows:
The Court: What about in the event that some fellow officers come in and testified in this case? I'm not
certain that they will or they won't. But are you going to automatically give greater credibility to their
testimony simply because they're law enforcement officers?
Juror 4: I could hope not. But I mean, there is a brotherhood among, you know, police officers.
The Court: Yes, sir.
Juror 4: But, you know, I would hope not. I would, you know, look at them just like, you know
anyone else testifying, other than, you know, that's just my line of work also, you know.
¶25. Secondly, West argues that Juror 4 was predisposed to the death penalty and should have been struck
on challenge for cause. During the individual voir dire, the trial court addressed whether Juror 4 had any
conscientious scruples against the death penalty or an inclination toward automatic imposition of the death
penalty. Juror 4 stated that he was predisposed in the direction of the death penalty being imposed unless
the defendant showed some reason not to impose the death penalty. However, Juror 4 did not state that he
could not weigh the circumstances in the case. Juror 4 was asked whether he could perform the balancing
test in determining whether to impose the death penalty. The State questioned Juror 4 as follows:
State: The defense is anticipated to put on proof that they believe warrants giving a lesser sentence
than the death penalty.
The law - [w]e anticipate the Court will instruct you that regardless of what your personal opinion is
right now, you are to weigh both sides. And that unless and only if the aggravating circumstances
outweigh the mitigating ones beyond a reasonable doubt in your mind, then you're prohibited from
returning a death penalty, unless that happens.
Can you follow - [c]an you perform that balancing test based on all the evidence and follow the
Court's instructions in that regard?
Juror 4: Yes sir; I believe so.
State: Regardless of what your opinion may be right now.
Juror 4: I want to say I can, yes.
¶26. We find that Juror 4 was properly questioned during voir dire to inquire into whether he could weigh
the aggravating and mitigating circumstances in determining whether it is proper to return a death penalty
sentence. Juror 4 clearly stated that he would weigh the circumstances. Therefore, this issue is without
merit.
¶27. West, in presenting his challenges as to cause regarding Juror 4 never directly raised a specific
objection to the trial court as to any predisposition on the part of Juror 4's positions as to the death penalty.
The trial court record reflects in pertinent part as follows:
Defense: Your Honor, we would request for cause. He said he had a sequester problem. He said the
Long Beach event would substantially impair his way to examine facts. He had a previous simple
assault on a law enforcement officer that the District Attorney's Office prosecuted. We felt like he is
one that should be struck for cause.
The Court: I don't relate any of that to cause. Peremptory? Overruled.
Defense: I think I need to point out he is a full-time law enforcement officer. He actually wore his
Long Beach policeman's uniform with his bullet proof vest on in the courtroom throughout the entire
day.
The Court: That's still no cause.
West did not properly raise his objection as to any predisposition on the part of Juror 4.
¶28. Lastly, the jury that served during the resentencing phase which included Juror 4 did not return a
sentence of death but rather life without parole. We find that since the seated jury did not impose the death
penalty, West's argument as to Juror 4 is without merit. No prejudicial error can be shown since the final
penalty arrived by the jury is life without parole and not death.
III.¶29. West argues that the alleged cumulative errors require reversal. In Jenkins v. State, 607 So.2d
1171, 1183 (Miss. 1992), this Court stated that "errors in the lower court that do not require reversal
standing alone may [be] nonetheless when taken cumulatively require reversal." However, in this case sub
judice, we find that no reversible error was committed. This Court stated where "there is no reversible error
in any part, so there is no reversible error to the whole." Coleman v. State, 697 So.2d 777, 787 (Miss.
1997). Since West has not shown any reversible error, this assignment of error is without merit.
CONCLUSION
¶30. The issues presented by West are without merit and do not support a basis for reversal of the trial
court's judgment. Therefore, the judgment of the Harrison County Circuit Court is affirmed.
¶31. CONVICTION OF CAPITAL MURDER AND SENTENCE OF LIFE IMPRISONMENT
IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS WITHOUT
PAROLE AFFIRMED.
PITTMAN, C.J., McRAE, P.J., SMITH, MILLS, WALLER AND DIAZ, JJ. CONCUR.
BANKS, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. COBB, J. NOT
PARTICIPATING.
BANKS, PRESIDING JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶32. In my view the trial court erred in admitting evidence of prior bad acts by the defendant because that
evidence was irrelevant to the sentencing phase. The majority suggests that to so rule would prevent the
same jury from considering both guilt and sentence. That is simply not true.
¶33. We are often faced with situations where, for reasons of judicial economy, evidence is admitted with
respect to one issue which would be inadmissible with regard to other issues in the case. Knowles v. State,
708 So.2d 549, 557 (Miss. 1998); Brent v. State, 632 So.2d 936, 943 (Miss.1994) (citing M.R.E. 105).
We live with that imperfection in our process and try to ameliorate it where possible with limiting
instructions. Harris v. State, 731 So.2d 1125, 1133 (Miss. 1999); Bounds v. State, 688 So.2d 1362,
1371 (Miss.1997) (citing Smith v. State, 656 So.2d 95, 100 (Miss.1995)); Johnson v. State, 666
So.2d 499, 504 (Miss. 1995). That tolerance should not be viewed as a license to introduce evidence
which has no relevance to any of the issues being tried. It follows that all evidence admitted in the guilt
phase of one trial, should not be ipso facto admissible in a second trial where the issues are different.
¶34. To the extent that West's prior testimony was relevant to aggravating or mitigating circumstances or to
the circumstances of the crime, it was admissible. Prior bad acts used for impeachment was not, in my view,
admissible at the behest of the State which offered the prior testimony. It should suffice to repeat what I
wrote in dissent in Mack v. State:
If we accept the view that the reasons relied upon by the trial court, that is, Jackson and the
instruction, are insufficient, we are left with the question whether the procedure utilized is a fair
construction of the statute and comports with due process of law and Eighth Amendment death
penalty jurisprudence. We must begin the statutory analysis with the acknowledgment that aggravators
are statutorily limited. Evidence not offered in relation to the statutory aggravators, Enmund(1) factors
mitigation, or bona fide rebuttal to mitigation, should be excluded.
Subsection (5) of 99-19-101 plainly states that the aggravating circumstances "shall be limited" to the
eight aggravating circumstances listed. Read in conjunction with subsection (1), the State is limited to
introducing evidence relevant to one or more aggravating circumstances. Coleman v. State, 378
So.2d 640, 648 (Miss.1979); Balfour v. State, 598 So.2d 731, 747-48 (Miss.1992). Our statute
responds to the command of the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States that any
scheme for imposing the penalty of death must provide a "meaningful basis for distinguishing the few
cases in which death is imposed from the many cases in which it is not." Gregg v. Georgia, 428
U.S. 153, 188, 96 S.Ct. 2909, 2932, 49 L.Ed.2d 859 (1976); quoting Furman v. Georgia, 408
U.S. 238, 313, 92 S.Ct. 2726, 2764, 33 L.Ed.2d 346 (1972).
While we have approved, in some instances, the grant of a motion to consider evidence
adduced at the guilt phase, e. g. Hill, there should be no question that a proper objection
might result in the exclusion of evidence adduced at that stage but improper for the sentencing
phase. An example occurred in the instant case. Mack objected to a portion of that evidence
from the guilt phase which was offered by the state. The trial court sustained the objection and
the evidence was excluded. Similarly, it would seem logical to expect that, for example, a court
faced with an objection to prior crimes evidence used for impeachment or some other purpose
at the guilt phase, but not fitting the category of crime eligible as an aggravator, might be
excluded. Moreover, as appears here, there are instances in which evidentiary errors are made during
the guilt phase which might be deemed harmless on that issue but take on added gravity in the
sentencing phase.
Mack v. State, 650 So.2d 1289, 1336 (Miss. 1994) (Banks, J., dissenting) (emphasis in italics supplied).
¶35. West had not been convicted for the murder in Alabama. It was not relevant to the aggravating or
mitigating circumstances, not relevant to an Enmund factor and not related to the circumstances of the
crime. It should have been excluded. Therefore, I would reverse and remand for a new trial.
1. Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782, 102 S. Ct. 3368, 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982), requires findings now
codified in our statute at Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(7) (Supp.1993).