IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 1999-KA-01345-SCT
RODNEY CAMPBELL
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 04/16/1999
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. R. KENNETH COLEMAN
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LAFAYETTE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: THOMAS HENRY FREELAND, IV
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: CHARLES W. MARIS, JR.
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: JIM HOOD
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 10/25/2001
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED: 11/15/2001
BEFORE PITTMAN, C.J., COBB AND DIAZ, JJ.
PITTMAN, CHIEF JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Rodney Campbell appeals his conviction from the Circuit Court of Lafayette County, Mississippi for the
crime of murder and sentence of life imprisonment in the custody of the Mississippi Department of
Corrections. On April 14, 1999, Campbell was tried and convicted of the murder of Charlotte Simpson by
a Lafayette County jury, the Honorable R. Kenneth Coleman presiding. On April 27, 1999, Campbell filed
a Motion for Judgment of Acquittal Notwithstanding the Verdict or in the Alternative, for New Trial. On
July 21, 1999, the trial court denied Campbell's motion. Campbell filed a timely appeal to this Court on
August 10, 1999. For the reasons stated in this opinion, the judgment of the circuit court must be reversed
and this case remanded for a new trial.
FACTS
¶2. Charlotte Simpson's murdered body was found behind Rodney Campbell's trailer on August 11, 1997.
The coroner placed the time of death between 4:30 and 5:30 p.m. Campbell was home alone with
Charlotte at approximately 4:15 to 4:30 p.m. on the day of the murder. He subsequently left the trailer.
When he returned to his trailer at about 7:00 p.m., accompanied by Jerome Henry, the two men found the
front door to be locked, and after rounding the corner to the back of the trailer, they discovered Charlotte's
body.
¶3. On discovering Charlotte's body, Campbell and Henry ran to tell James Burt, who is Campbell's
grandfather and a city policeman. Burt instructed Campbell to call the police, and law enforcement officers
subsequently arrived at Campbell's trailer. Both Campbell and Henry were then placed in a police car and
taken to jail where they were held overnight.
STATEMENT OF ISSUES
¶4. Campbell raises seven issues on appeal which are forth below; however, because we find error in the
first two issues which require that the conviction be reversed and this case remanded for a new trial, it is not
necessary for this Court to address Campbell's remaining issues. The issues raised are:
I. Whether the trial court erred in refusing to suppress both a post-arrest statement and
Campbell's clothes, which were seized after Campbell was arrested.
II. Whether there was insufficient evidence to convict Campbell of murder.
III. Whether the trial court erred in allowing an expert to testify that stains on Campbell's
clothes were "possible" human blood.
IV. Whether the trial court erred in allowing testimony from a forensic scientist who
testified about DNA tests that she did not perform.
V. Whether the trial court erred in allowing a law enforcement officer to testify to hearsay
statements learned during his investigation.
VI. Whether the trial court erred in denying a Two-theory/circumstantial evidence jury
instruction.
VII. Whether the trial court erred in denying a jury instruction on proof or lack of proof of
motive.
DISCUSSION
I. Whether the trial court erred in refusing to suppress both a post-arrest statement and
Campbell's clothes, which were seized after Campbell was arrested.
¶5. After Campbell was taken into custody, about 7:30 p.m., he and Henry were taken to the jail and held.
Following Campbell's and Henry's arrival at the jail, at about 1:00 a.m. on the morning following their arrest,
officers seized their clothing after noticing suspicious stains on Henry's which turned out to be ketchup.
Campbell, later in that day, while he was still in custody, was Mirandized and interviewed by deputy sheriff
Terry Prestige and highway patrol investigator David Shaw. Campbell was asked to estimate the length of
time between when he last saw Charlotte and when he discovered her body. Campbell initially said that was
unable to do so, and, when pressed, he said that six to eight hours had passed. This statement contradicted
State's evidence that Campbell had been present at the trailer at approximately 4:15 to 4:30 p.m. on the
day of the murder, approximately three hours before the body was discovered. Campbell's statement and
evidence of Charlotte Simpson's blood staining his pants and shoe were admitted at trial over defense
counsel's objection.
¶6. Campbell contends that the sole basis for his arrest was his presence at the crime scene and that
consequently his arrest was unlawful. He argues from this premise that the seizure of his clothes after his
arrest was therefore illegal, and that the trial court committed reversible error by allowing his clothing and his
statement to be introduced into evidence.
¶7. Both Campbell and the State agree that an arrest occurs when a person "is in custody and not free to
leave." Thomas v. State, 645 So.2d 1345, 1347 (Miss. 1986). Likewise, both agree that an arrest must
be based on probable cause, which is defined as "reasonable cause to believe that a felony has been
committed [and] reasonable cause to believe that the person proposed to be arrested is the one who
committed it." Floyd v. State, 500 So.2d 989, 991 (Miss. 1986). They also stipulate that the only
significant facts known to the authorities at the time of the arrest were as follows: "that Campbell and Henry
had discovered the body and that it was found behind Campbell's trailer." Finally, the State concedes that
Campbell was arrested without probable cause at the point when he and Henry were taken and held at the
jail on the day of the murder.
¶8. The State contends, however, that probable cause arose after Campbell and Henry arrived at the jail.
After Officer Terry Prestige had completed his investigation at the scene, he proceeded to the jail and was
then told that one of the deputies had seen "red spots that looked like blood on Jerome Henry's clothes."
Only then were Campbell's and Henry's clothes taken for testing purposes. DNA tests later revealed that
Campbell's pants cuff and a shoe contained two small spots of blood that matched the victim's blood.(1) The
State argues that, at the point when the police noticed the red spots on Henry's clothes, they had sufficient
probable cause to justify Campbell's arrest and thus the taking of his clothes. The essence of the State's
argument is that Campbell underwent a second "constructive" arrest at the point when the police developed
probable cause.
¶9. In support of this second arrest theory, the State relies on Brewer v. State, 725 So.2d 106 (Miss.
1998), which involved the capital murder of a child. Brewer, however, did not involve a constructive arrest.
In Brewer, after recognizing that the initial arrest was invalid, and before eliciting some of the questioned
evidence, the State obtained a warrant which was served on Brewer in jail. The clothes and sexual assault
kit taken following Brewer's first arrest were held to be improperly admitted into evidence; however,
because they did not turn out to be inculpatory, the error was found to be harmless. Brewer, however,
distinguished this evidence from evidence obtained after the arrest warrant was served on Brewer in jail.
While Brewer was in jail, the murdered child's body was found with indications of a rape. This fact
completed the necessary probable cause, and the State then obtained and served the arrest warrant. The
Court stated:
As such, we conclude that when the arrest warrant was obtained on May 6 this marked a "second
arrest," properly founded upon probable cause which was not obtained through any exploitation of the
initial illegal arrest.
Id. 129-30. Thus, evidence obtained from Brewer after the second arrest was admissible.
¶10. The holding in Brewer does not support a constructive arrest under the circumstances of Campbell's
case because in Brewer an actual warrant was obtained and served. Nor does the State cite any authority
for the concept that once evidence is gathered sufficient to justify an arrest, a second arrest occurs with no
action by the State.(2) Here, to say that at the instant of the officer's noticing stains on Henry's clothes, a
constructive arrest automatically took place- -without any other action by the State- -would be to condone
investigatory arrests and to allow an after-the-fact assertion by the State to bootstrap illegally obtained
evidence on appeal.
¶11. For these reasons, we hold that Campbell was unlawfully arrested and that at no time was this failing
corrected by a new or second arrest. Hence, the admission of both Campbell's statement and the evidence
of blood on his clothing were obtained pursuant to an unlawful arrest and should have been suppressed.
See Shell v. State, 554 So.2d 887, 896 (Miss. 1989), reversed in part on other grounds sub. nom,
Shell v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S.Ct. 313, 112 L.Ed.2d 1 (1990) (holding that pursuant to a lawful
arrest, law enforcement officials may seize personal effects and clothing from one who has been arrested);
Penick v. State, 440 So.2d 547, 558 (Miss. 1983); Bayse v. State, 420 So.2d 1050, 1052 (Miss.
1982); Canning v. State, 226 So.2d 747 (Miss. 1969), overruled on other grounds, White v. State,
571 So.2d 956 (Miss. 1990); Smith v. State, 87 So.2d 917 (Miss. 1956).
II. Whether there was insufficient evidence to convict of murder.
¶12. Campbell argues that because the prosecution presented insufficient evidence upon which a jury could
convict, this Court must now reverse and render. He asserts that the State's case is based solely on
circumstantial evidence as there was neither direct evidence of guilt nor a statement by the defendant that
could have been taken as an admission of guilt. This Court has repeatedly held that "[D]irect evidence is
unnecessary to support a conviction so long as sufficient circumstantial evidence exists to establish guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt." Underwood v. State, 708 So.2d 18, 35 (Miss. 1998) (quoting Conner v.
State, 632 So.2d 1239, 1252 (Miss.1993), overruled on other grounds, Weatherspoon v. State, 732
So.2d 158 (Miss. 1999)). Campbell cites McRee v. State, 732 So.2d 246, 250 (Miss. 1999), for the
proposition that in a circumstantial evidence case, guilt must be shown "to the exclusion of every reasonable
hypothesis consistent with innocence."
¶13. Circumstantial evidence need not exclude every "possible doubt," but only every other "reasonable"
hypothesis of innocence. Tolbert v. State, 407 So.2d 815, 820 (Miss.1981). Each case must be
determined from the circumstances shown in the testimony and the facts must consistently point to but one
conclusion--guilt. Hilliard v. State, 749 So.2d 1015 (Miss. 1999); Hester v. State, 463 So.2d 1087,
1091 (Miss.1985) (quoting Sanders v. State, 286 So.2d 825, 828 (Miss.1973)).
¶14. The facts proven by the State to convict Campbell are as follows. The State proved that Campbell
was home alone with Charlotte at approximately 4:15 to 4:30 p.m. on August 11, 1997, and that the time
of death was between 4:30 and 5:30 that same afternoon. In giving his post-arrest statement, however,
Campbell estimated that he had not seen Charlotte for six to eight hours before her body was discovered.
The State argues that a reasonable juror could consider Campbell's statement as evidencing Campbell's
consciousness of guilt. Since the evidence of Campbell's statement as well as the blood stains collected
from his clothing are inadmissible, they cannot be considered in determining the sufficiency of the evidence.
¶15. Beyond this, the State offered evidence regarding Campbell's reaction to the crime scene. When
Campbell returned to his trailer at about 7:00 p.m., accompanied by Jerome Henry, they found the door
locked. After rounding the corner to the back of the trailer, Campbell dropped to his knees and stated "[s]
omebody killed that girl." On direct examination, Henry testified that all he could see after rounding the
corner was a "stomach or something," and that he could not identify the body from where he was standing.
When Henry asked him whose body it was, Campbell responded, "Charlotte." At that time, Charlotte's
head was not visible as it was covered by a speaker box. The State theorizes that a reasonable inference
from this evidence is that Campbell persuaded Henry to accompany him back to the trailer to have a
witness to his feigned surprise at finding Charlotte murdered.
¶16. On the contrary, the fact that Campbell identified Charlotte even though her head was covered does
not warrant an inference of prior knowledge. The record indicates that Charlotte had spent the previous
night with Campbell and that she showered at the trailer on the morning of August 11. The body was found
immediately outside the trailer door with the door wide open. Blood was splattered on the trailer and the
threshold. Her arms and torso from the breast down were visible as were her clothes and underclothes.
Certainly Campbell would have been familiar with Charlotte's stature, build, and wardrobe.
¶17. Campbell argues that Henry and Campbell were not actually standing together when they first saw the
body, but rather that Campbell was in front of Henry so that Campbell had a better view of the body.
Although on direct examination Henry stated that he and Campbell were standing together at the time
Campbell identified the body as being Charlotte's, on cross-examination Henry clarified his statement,
testifying that Campbell was eight to ten feet in front of him as they walked to the back of the trailer.
Campbell urges that the State incorrectly contends that Campbell and Henry were standing together and
that the State is making a "misleading reading of the record" regarding the word "together." The record
indicates that Henry's statement is broader than that the two men were literally "standing together" sharing
the same perspective. The eight to ten foot separation and the high weeds gave Campbell and Henry
different perspectives and undercuts any inference that just because Henry could not see the body clearly
enough to identify her, then Campbell could not either.
¶18. Excluding the evidence of Campbell's statement and the blood stains found on his pants, the evidence
supporting the jury's verdict amounts to the following: (1) Campbell's was present at the location, his home,
shortly before the victim's death; (2) Campbell's identified the victim when he and Jerome Henry discovered
the body, the face obscured by a speaker box, saying that "somebody killed that girl," and (3) he identified
her while standing eight or ten feet from Henry who could not do so, from his own point of view.
¶19. In appeals from the denial of a motion for judgment not withstanding the verdict, the sufficiency of the
evidence as a matter of law is viewed and tested in the light most favorable to the State. Esparaza v.
State, 595 So.2d 418, 426 (Miss. 1992); Wetz v. State, 503 So.2d 803, 808 (Miss. 1987); Harveston
v. State, 493 So.2d 365, 370 (Miss. 1986). The credible evidence, properly admitted, consistent with the
defendant's guilt must be accepted as true, and the prosecution must be given the benefit of all favorable
inferences which may be reasonably drawn from the evidence. Collier v. State, 711 So.2d 458, 461
(Miss. 1998) (quoting Wetz v. State, 503 So.2d at 808); Coleman v. State, 697 So.2d 777, 787
(Miss.1997)). Conflicts concerning the weight and credibility to be accorded the evidence are to be
resolved by the jury. Hilliard, 749 So.2d at 1017; Gathright v. State, 380 So.2d 1276, 1278 (Miss.
1980). This Court may reverse only where the evidence so considered is such that reasonable and fair-
minded jurors could only find the accused not guilty. Collier, 711 So.2d at 461 (citing Wetz v. State, 503
So.2d at 808); Gossett v. State, 660 So.2d 1285, 1293 (Miss. 1995); Fisher v. State, 481 So.2d 203,
212 (Miss. 1985).
¶20. Of course, the evidence and inferences so viewed must, in order to sustain the verdict of guilty, allow
the jury to conclude guilt beyond every reasonable doubt, and in circumstantial evidence cases such as this,
"to the exclusion of every reasonable hypothesis consistent with innocence," which in turn means" the facts
must consistently point to but one conclusion-guilt." McRee v. State, 732 So.2d at 250. Evidence which
merely establishes the probability of guilt is not enough. Steel v. State, 544 So.2d 802, 809 (Miss. 1989).
¶21. While it is true that in appeals from a denied motion for j.n.o.v., the jury verdict is to be supported by
applying all evidence and all warranted inferences most favorable to the jury's conclusion, it is also true that
the inferences must be warranted by the circumstances and the evidence must be sufficient to prove guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. A careful examination of the evidence properly submitted to the jury compels
the conclusion that Campbell's discovery of the body and identifying it while the face was obscured is
insufficient to support the conviction.
CONCLUSION
¶22. For these reasons, we hold that Campbell's statement to the authorities and the evidence of blood on
his clothing are inadmissible and that the admissible evidence offered at trial is insufficient to sustain the
conviction. As a matter of law, the trial court should have granted a new trial. This case is therefore
reversed and remanded for a new trial consistent with this opinion.
¶23. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
SMITH, MILLS, WALLER, COBB AND DIAZ, JJ., CONCUR. EASLEY, J., DISSENTS
WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. BANKS, P.J., CONCURS IN PART AND
DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY McRAE,
P.J.
BANKS, PRESIDING JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN
PART:
¶24. I compelled to dissent because, although I agree with much of what the majority has to say, I fear that
its result offends the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to the
United States Constitution. To be clear, it is my view, that the evidence, including that which this Court
determines should have been excluded, is insufficient to sustain a conviction. While I agree that the evidence
in question should have been excluded, I do not adopt the view that this Court should assess the question
whether the trial court should have granted a directed verdict without considering all that was before the
court when the ruling was made. Nevertheless, the result should be the same should the conclusion be
reached that the evidence presented was insufficient. That result should be to reverse and render judgment
for the defendant.
I.
¶25. The issue concerning what evidence is to be considered is a question which has constitutional
implications as well as those of judicial economy. As for the latter, it is my view that little is saved and much
may be gained by having as the default rule, remand as opposed to an attempt to render judgment here. We
should not base our decisions upon a guess or presumption as to what other evidence is available and how
the evidence may have unfolded in a situation where the prosecution did not have the trial court's erroneous
ruling with regard to the disputed evidence upon which to rely. See United States v. Sarmiento-Perez,
667 F.2d 1239 (5th Cir. 1982)("because we cannot know what evidence might have been offered if the
evidence improperly admitted had been originally excluded by the trial judge we have concluded that such
situations do not present instances of evidentiary insufficiency."). See also Ex parte State, 527 So. 2d
148, 151 (Ala. 1988) ("A contrary conclusion would lead the government to 'overtry' its cases--to
introduce redundant evidence of the defendant's guilt--in order to insure itself against the risk of not being
able to retry the defendant should some of its evidence be held on appeal to be inadmissible.").
¶26. It is my view that, unless it is shown that further prosecution would be a miscarriage of justice due to
some other factor such as suspect prosecutorial conduct or protracted proceedings, it is best to leave the
question of further prosecution to the prosecutor and the trial court. That is, we should view the evidence,
including the evidence excluded on appeal in order to determine the sufficiency of the evidence. If the
evidence which was admitted including the evidence deemed inadmissible on appeal was sufficient then the
result should be remand. If that evidence was insufficient, however, we are compelled to reverse as shall be
explained later.
¶27. The constitutional dimension of the evidence to be considered involves the double jeopardy clauses of
the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and art. 3, § 22 of the Mississippi
Constitution. The question is whether when it is determined on appeal that evidence should have been
excluded, the defendant is entitled, by virtue of the double jeopardy clause, to a new assessment of the
sufficiency of the evidence such that if it is found insufficient, without the now excluded evidence, the
defendant is entitled to acquittal. This precise question was before the United States Supreme Court in
Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 109 S. Ct. 285, 102 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1988). The majority in Lockhart
held that when a reviewing court determines that a defendant's conviction must be set aside because certain
evidence was erroneously admitted against him and further finds that once that evidence is discounted, there
is insufficient evidence to support the conviction, the double jeopardy clause does not forbid his retrial so
long as the sum of the evidence offered by the State and admitted by the trial court--whether erroneously or
not--would have been sufficient to sustain a guilty verdict. Id. at 40. Prior to Lockhart the United States
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit had ruled similarly. Sarmiento-Perez, 667 F.2d at 1033.
¶28. This Court, however, in one line of cases, has indicated a different rule with respect to our constitution.
In DeBussi v. State, 453 So.2d 1030 (Miss. 1984), this Court dealt with a habitual offender sentencing
proceeding in which the only evidence of the prior convictions was deemed inadmissible hearsay. The Court
distinguished Sarmiento-Perez by observing that in the case before it, the only evidence was deemed
inadmissible, as opposed to Sarmiento-Perez, where some evidence remained. Id. at 1033. The Court
went on to observe that allowing the State another opportunity to prove its case would offend the right to
be free from double jeopardy under the Mississippi Constitution. Miss. Const. art. 3, § 22; 453 So. 2d at
1034. The Court cited cases in which this Court had reversed and rendered in similar situations, albeit
without any discussion as to whether such an action was compelled by constitutional considerations or any
other rationale. Barton v. State, 328 So.2d 353 (Miss. 1976); Canning v. State, 226 So.2d 747 (Miss.
1969), overruled in part on other grounds, White v. State, 571 So. 2d 956 (Miss. 1990). In Barton
there was a dissent on this point but no discussion, by either the majority or the dissenting justice.
¶29. There is another line of cases to the contrary. In Harris v. State, 158 Miss. 439, 130 So. 697 (1930)
, this Court clearly rejected the assertion that the double jeopardy provision in our constitution dictated a
judgment of acquittal where this Court reversed a manslaughter conviction because there was no sufficient
proof that the victim in fact died. Id. at 698. The Court relied upon the fact that our Constitution requires
actual "acquittal or conviction" in the other proceeding before it can be used as a double jeopardy bar.
Where there is no acquittal and the conviction is set aside on direct appeal, there is neither.
¶30. Later in Crum v. State, 216 Miss. 780, 63 So.2d 242 (1953), this Court, citing Harris, refused to
reverse and render where the State had failed to prove venue. In both these cases the literal language of our
constitution was enforced even though the state failed to produce sufficient evidence to convict. While these
precedents may be dubious with respect to the United States Constitution, they are definitive with regard to
the Mississippi Constitution. See Burks v. United States, 437 U.S.1, 98 S.Ct. 2141, 57 L.Ed.2d 1
(1978) (The U.S. Supreme Court interpreted the double jeopardy clause to bar retrial of a defendant
whose conviction had been reversed due to insufficient evidence).
¶31. Returning to DeBussi, on principle, there is little reason to distinguish those cases where the only
remaining evidence is insufficient and those where there is no remaining evidence. If indeed, the double
jeopardy clause of either the United States Constitution or the Mississippi Constitution compels this Court
to view the record, sans the improperly admitted evidence, and make a determination as to sufficiency, the
same determination would be made in either case. Lockhart dictates that the United States Constitution
does not compel that view. The text of our Constitution, and our precedents, other than DeBussi and
Young v. State, 507 So.2d 48 (Miss. 1987), which follows DeBussi and is also in the context of habitual
sentencing proceedings, require that before double jeopardy bars a prosecution, there must be an actual
acquittal. Miss. Const. art. 3, § 22.
¶32. It is my view that these two lines of authority should be reconciled. Nevertheless, I do not feel
compelled to take a definitive position on the issue in today's case, because under either view of the
evidence, Campbell is entitled to acquittal.
II.
¶33. In my view, the evidence excluded, blood on Campbell's pants where it is without dispute that he was
at the bloody crime scene and some ambiguity or lack of recollection as to the number of hours elapsed
between when he last saw the victim and when she was discovered, does not add significantly to the State's
case. I do not believe that the excluded evidence when combined which such evidence as remains was
sufficient to meet the beyond a reasonable doubt standard.
¶34. The majority concludes that the remaining evidence, without the excluded matters, is insufficient. Its
result, however, is to reverse and remand for a new trial. This offends the double jeopardy clause of the
Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and, consequently, the due process clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Greene v. Massey, 437 U.S. 19, 24, 98 S.Ct.
2151, 2154, 57 L.Ed.2d 15 (1978) ("In Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 98 S.Ct. 2141, 57 L.Ed.2d
1, decided today, we have held that the Double Jeopardy Clause precludes a second trial once a reviewing
court has determined that the evidence introduced at trial was insufficient to sustain the verdict. Since the
constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy is fully applicable to state criminal proceedings, Benton
v. Maryland, [395 U.S. 784, 89 S.Ct. 2056, 23 L.Ed.2d 707 (1969)], we are bound to apply the
standard announced in Burks to the case now under review.").
¶35. In my view, we are compelled to reverse and render because the evidence taken as a whole is
insufficient to support a conviction.
McRAE, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.
1. Campbell argues that the blood stains were from the area of high grass around the body and were picked
up when he and Henry found the body. Additional "possible" blood stains were found on Campbell's
clothes. but they were too small to identify as the victim's blood. Photographs depict a very bloody scene,
and the DNA expert testified that it was equally likely that the stains were picked-up from the grass around
the victim as directly from the victim.
2. The record here is unclear as to whether, much later and after Campbell had been released, an arrest
warrant was served. Although no such warrant is to be found in the record, Officer Prestrige testified that
after the clothes were taken and Campbell gave his statement, he was released from custody and then
later arrested on a warrant. The State makes no argument that any such later warrant would have validated
the officers' earlier actions in taking the clothes and the statements.