This is a suit in ■equity, for an alleged infringement of a patent. The defendants deny the infringement, and set up the failure of the patentee to mark, as required by law, the patented product. The fasteners made by plaintiff, under his patent, were not marked or stamped as the law requires. His excuse for not doing so is, that such marking or stamping would have been expensive, and enhanced the price •of the manufactured article. The law exacts such marking or stamping, unless from the ■character of the article it cannot be done. The impossibility or impracticability is not made dependant on the question of pecuniary loss or gain to the patentee. The object is, in all possible cases, to give proper notice to the world, that the specified product or machine is patented. The wire fasteners of plaintiff could, as has been demonstrated, be stamped, as required, at a trifling cost. This ■case illustrates the wisdom of that provision in the patent law. The fasteners in the market, made by the patentee and others, can be distinguished, if at all, only by those very familiar with the plaintiff’s manufacture. Hence, purchasers could not know, whether they were buying the patented article or not. The provisions of section 88 of the act of 1S7Ü, are therefore, strictly applicable to this •case.
The more important question follows: viz., whether the “damages,” not recoverable in consequence of plaintiff’s failure to mark, -are the damages technically considered, as contradistinguished from “profits,” or include profits only. Before the act of 1870, the plaintiff, in equity, recovered of the defendants, the profits the latter had made, and, on the law side of the court, his damages; and it was doubted whether, in equity, he could recover more than the actual profits defendants had made, even though they might, by proper skill, etc., have made more, or even though the plaintiff’s loss of profits had been large, through defendants’ infringement. If that rule be applied here, what would the amount of recovery be?
The defendants used many fasteners not genuine, and the only profit to them, was the difference between what they paid for the spurious, and what they would have been compelled to pay the plaintiff for the genuine. The general price was $1.50 per gross. True, the plaintiff lost the sale, at that price, of the amount of the spurious ones, defendants used, and the difference in price may be far from making good his loss. But, he is debarred from damages for his loss, because he failed to comply with the law. In one sense, he led the defendants into the use of spurious fasteners, by not giving the notice, through marking, which the law contemplates.
It seems, that genuine and counterfeit fasteners were in the market, which, when new, were hardly distinguishable; that such fasteners continue on the bottles for repeated use, (and therein is the peculiar merit of the invention); that when they became rusty or abraded, they were returned; that genuine second-hand fasteners were bought and sold; and consequently, the purchasers and parties using such articles, in the absence of the required mark, are easily misled. One of the defendants did know, in 1872, that counterfeits were in use, but he did not have the notice required, that any of those used by him and his firm, were spurious.
It is evident, that the defendants have used some of the counterfeit articles, and that a peipetual injunction should be issued against them. But how are they to ascertain, when they purchase, hereafter, new or second-hand fasteners, whether they are genuine or counterfeit? Plaintiff, it seems, sells through his agents, and also sells to favored customers, not only for their own use, but for resale by them. In the absence of the proper stamp, purchasers, and those who use fasteners, are apt to be betrayed into infringements up on plaintiff’s rights, which he is privileged to enjoy only on the terms prescribed by law.
It is very far from clear, that the provisions of section 38, are not designed to cover profits as well as technical damages; yet, as section 55, seemingly maintains the distinction between them, and as the court, instead of granting a provisional injunction in this case, ordered an account to be kept by defendants, the equities of the case, under the patent act. demand that at least profits since said order should be given.
[For other cases involving this patent, see note to Putnam v. Hickey, Case No. 11,480.]In view of all the facts, the decree will be for a perpetual injunction, and for the actual profits of the plaintiff, to be ascertained by the master, said profits to be confined to me difference between the prices paid by defendants, and those at which plaintiff sold the genuine fasteners. Providence Rubber Co. v. Goodyear, 9 Wall. [76 U. S.] 801; Goodyear v. Allyn [Case No. 5,555]; Cowing v. Rumsey [Id. 3,296]; Goodyear v. New Jersey Cent. R. Co. [Id. 5,563]; Keplinger v. De Young, 10 Wheat. [23 U. S.] 358; Act 1870, §§ 38, 55.