Libel for wharfage, setting forth that the libelant is the lessee, ■ from the city of Detroit, of a wharf situated at the foot of Woodward avenue, and extending beyond the terminus of the said avenue, into the river Detroit. The answer denies the authority of the city to execute such lease, and avers “that Woodward avenue as originally laid out by the governor and judges of the territory of Michigan, was dedicated to the public as a street and highway extending to the water’s edge of the river Detroit, and was from the time of such dedication ever used as a public highway, and that the extension of the said *26street towards the centre of ■ the river, has • also ever been used.” This denial and averment presents the main issue, to which the court will solely direct its attention, considering the other points presented as of minor importance.
The answers of the libelant to the 3d, 5th and 6th interrogatories propounded by the respondents, admits that the wharf is held by him as an exclusive possession, under a conveyance from the city corporation; that that portion of the said Woodward avenue which lies between the original margin of the river, and the wharf leased, has been used as a public street for the space of more than twenty years, and that, during that time the terminus of the said avenue, as used by the public, -extended to the water’s edge of the river; and that the said wharf is “practically an extension of the said avenue.” Satisfactory proof has been exhibited to the same effect; and that, for more than twenty-four years, Woodward avenue was always open to the river, and to the uninterrupted egress and regress of'the inhabitants of both sides, and the unmolested arrival and departure of vessels. In September, 1832, large steamers landed there their passengers and discharged there their freight. The lease from the city was executed on the 1st of May, 1856. For the consideration of $350 it conveys to the libelant and his assigns for the term of one year “the sole and exclusive right to enter upon and use the said wharf at the foot of Woodward avenue,” for the purpose of mooring his vessels and receiving and landing passengers and freight therefrom, as a ferry between Detroit and the neighboring, province of Canada West, “and entitling him to use the same against all boats and vessels other than his own, engaged in any other employment whatsoever, and which may in any way obstruct or interfere in his use of the said wharf as a ferry landing.”
Two questions of considerable interest are ■ embraced in the issue: (1) The authority of the city corporation to make the lease on which the libelant relies, and (2) the extent of the privilege conferred.
I. Whatever authority the city of Detroit as a corporation, possessed over the premises in question, to dispose of or lease the same, must be derived from the -statutes of the United States. As a municipal government, it would have only power to regulate, and could only occupy or vacate a public street or highway, dedicated as such, antecedent to its existence as a corporation. Neither can the city be deemed as possessing a riparian right unless as proprietor of the fee. The “town of Detroit” was laid out and platted into lots by numbers, and into streets and public squares by name, under the provisions of the act of congress of April 21, 1806 -[2 Stat'. 398]. The governor and judges of the then territory of Michigan, were authorized to lay out a town “including the whole of the old town of De•troit,” and ten thousand acres adjacent, and “finally adjust all claims to lots therein.” Shortly after the authority conferred by this act, on the 27th of April, 1807, the governer and judges, as the agents of the government of the United States, discharged the trust committed to them; and those portions of the soil dedicated as public streets, became such for common use, and beyond the power of resumption by the original proprietor, with whom alone the fee continued. The dedicatory act of the agent was the act of the principal; the deed of the proprietor for the purposes expressed. And thus Woodward avenue was dedicated as a public highway to the water’s edge of the river Detroit By the act of 1842 [5 Stat. 541], “the lands” thus divided into lots, as by the original plat, remaining unappropriated under the act of 1806, were-vested in the mayor, recorder and aldermen of -the city of Detroit “to be disposed of by them at their discretion;” and the city was authorized to make deeds to purchasers, or “other sufficient conveyances.”
The sole object of this act was to confer upon the city authorities, the power which had been exercised by the old territorial land' board, and vest in the city the title to the lots-remaining unsold, for purposes of improvement. By the act of 1806, the power of the governor and judges was limited to the grant ' of lots as numbered in the plat of the town which they were directed to “lay out,” and no greater power is given to the city by. the act of 1842. “To make deeds or other sufficient conveyances” of “the land remaining after satisfying all just claims, and the payment of expenses incurred,” are terms in the last statute, not augmenting the power of the city beyond that of the governor and judges,, but expressly limiting the donation to the fee of the lots remaining unappropriated. The city obtained no title whatever to the soil of the streets, the fee of which continues in the-original dedicator, unless the purchasers of the lots bounded thereby, may be considered as having the fee of the same under their respective grants. •
There is no ambiguity in the terms of the-grant. One specific object is had in view. To grant the lands remaining unsold under the-prior act to the city, to be applied to objeets-of public improvement: evidently meaning that the proceeds arising from the sale of the unsold lots should be so applied. The public streets remain as originally dedicated and no right of possession is given, and there is no-transfer of the fee in them; and, consequently the city cannot occupy them, except for purposes of regulation, either by public buildings, for public use, or give authority to others to do so. The character of the use cannot vary the terms of the grant, or convey that which was expressly withheld. The public squares and streets thus dedicated, are beyond all subsequent change to another purpose, and the corporation is as much inhibited as the private citizen. Neither the governor and judges, *27as the old land board had, nor their successors, the city authorities as the new land board, have now any power beyond that of regulation of the streets and public squares. In this is exercised the functions of municipal government, but the power to govern is not, nor does it include the right to sell, lease or exercise over the same any act of ownership.
In the language of the supreme court of the state in the case of People v. Carpenter [1 Mich. 273], “the common council of the city of Detroit have no power to grant the exclusive use of any of the streets to individuals.” The exercise of such authority is injurious to public and private rights, and contrary to the act of dedication. Such rights are vested rights — the right of free passage over and through the dedicated public street; and it is not competent, even for the legislature of the state, much less for the common council of the city, to pass any act or ordinance, which would in any wise impair, restrict or defeat the right of way under the act of dedication.
By the recorded plan of the city, confirmed and made of record in 1807, Woodward avenue and most of the parallel streets running at right angles with Jefferson avenue, terminated south at the water’s edge of the river Detroit; or, in other words, they run to the river. Such was the declared intention of the dedicator. To that extent they are common to all as highways. Any building, therefore, whether public or private, whether a court house, jail, city hall, market or wharf, erected upon them, either by the corporation or others under their authority, and defeating the main objects of dedication, would amount to an obstruction, and as a public nuisance would be liable to be abated. Unquestionably, the city may improve, ornament and grade for public convenience, either by enlargement or extension, the public streets; and with a view to public accommodation, erect at their termini, in the river, suitable wharves or landings, but, by so doing, such erections become free to the public, as extensions of the streets, and the city has no authority, and can confer none, to exact toll for egress or regress. But these streets are not only the dedicated highways of the city of Detroit, in which the city has no other power than that of regulation, but as highways they have their declared termini in connection with another public highway, national in its character, common to all the inhabitants of the United States, and, by treaty, free to the subjects of a foreign power.
The 4th article of the ordinance of 1787, in declaring the navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence, common highways and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the United States, and all the states, “without any tax, impost or duty,” comprehends the river Detroit, and negates the right of the United States, or of any state, or any subordinate power, by law or ordinance, to exact any fee, charges or impost in its navigation. It is free to all for the purposes of commerce and trade. And the 9th section of the act of the ISth of May, 1796 [1 Stat. 468], is not only declaratory of the same; but in making a distinction between the streams not, and those navigable, where the opposite banks belong to different persons, and enacting that their beds shall belong and be common to both, clearly manifests the intention of the law making power to ordain all rivers actually navigable as common law rivers above the flow of the tide. But the court does not consider this issue to involve the right of a riparian proprietor. The city corporation is not such, and the river being a national public highway, the city authorities cannot appropriate any portion of it to its use so as to obstruct its free navigation. Its wharves or docks must be so constructed as not to impair, but facilitate navigation and commerce: and, as such, be open to the landing of all and the moorage of all vessels, “without tax, impost or duty.” The act of dedication of the streets, the declaratory ordinance of 17S7, the treaty of 1794, are all in accordance with this position. The streets are free; the river is free. Both may be improved at the expense of the city, for the public benefit, as streets are graded and paved, but not to the detriment of private right thus solemnly and repeatedly established. Any other construction would seem to frustrate the intention of the dedication; for, should the city possess the power to wharf and lease the termini of all the streets communicating with the river, all access to the city from the latter would be subject to “tax, impost and duty,” in contravention of the ordinance, and the right of way prescribed by the dedication of 1807.
The leading case cited in the argument, from 19 Barb. 204, of Fowler v. Mott, fully supports this view. The court there declares that “our public highways are equally free to all to the water’s edge, if they extend so far. It is a common right to pass from one highway to another, when they adjoin each other. Such is the law of highways upon the land: and there can be no difference in principle, where one highway is upon the land and the other upon the water. Both are free for the passage of all.”
Independent of these considerations, which are conclusive, the privilege granted to the libelant by the lease, would not warrant the collection of wharfage. But the lease, in giving him “the sole and exclusive right to use the public wharf for his ferry boats,” does not authorize him to charge wharfage as to other vessels mooring there. Conceding the validity of his lease, any obstruction of his privilege, would make the trespasser amenable to another tribunal, and in another form of action. Libel dismissed, with costs.