Case agreed and docketed by consent, to try the right of the captain of marines, at the navy yard in Washington, to double rations as commandant “of a permanent or fixed post garrisoned with troops.” Within the meaning of the (ith section of the act of congress of the 23d of August, 1842 [5 Stat. 513], by which it is enacted that the rations authorized to be allowed to each officer while commanding a separate post, by the acts of March 3, 1797 [1 Stat. 507], and March 1G, 1802 ¡2 Stat 132], shall be allowed only certain officers among whom is included “the commandant of each permanent or fixed post garrisoned with troops.” It is admitted by the counsel of both parties that the only matter to be submitted to the court, upon the evidence filed, is whether the post at the navy yard, when commanded by Captain Tyler, was a separate permanent post garrisoned with troops?
Upon that question the evidence is: 1st. That Captain Tyler commanded the marines at the navy yard, stationed during the period claimed for, and that the defendant Walker was paymaster of the said marines during the same period. 2nd. The order of Mr. Badger, secretary of the navy, of the 30 th of July, 1841, “that double rations should be allowed to the commanding marine officers at the navy yards, or upon the marine stations at Portsmouth, N. H., Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Norfolk and Penfeacola.” 3rd. Letter of General Henderson to Captain Tyler, approved by the secretary of the navy 15th September, 1843, reestablishing the post at the gate-way at the navy yard in Washington, which had been suspended on the 2nd of September of the same year. 4th. Affidavit of D. H. Smith, chief clerk in the paymaster’s office of the marine corps at Washington, that Captain Stark, from 15th. of July, 1848, to 31st of August of that year, was stationed at the navy yard in Washington, in command of a guard or detachment of marines, and as commandant of that post received double rations and $10 a month for the responsibility and safe keeping of the arms, accoutrements and clothing at the detachment. That Captain Tyler succeeded him in that command and continued there from the 1st of October 1848, until the present time. That it appears by the records in the office of the adjutant and inspector that Captain Levy Twiggs was in command of said post from Nov. 6th to Dec. 31, 1830, and received double rations. That the propriety of such payment was never to his knowledge questioned until recently in the case of Captain Tyler, for the purpose of having it decided as he understood in court.
From this evidence I am satisfied that the marine station at the navy yard in Washington was (at the time when, &c.) “a permanent or fixed post garrisoned with troops.” But a doubt is suggested whether this court has jurisdiction of the case, because the United States is the real defendant and cannot be sued. The answer is, that, for that very reason the suit must be against the officer who has the money in his hands to pay to the plaintiff, if in law or in equity he is entitled to it. In the case of Osborn, 9 Wheat. [22 U. S.] 738, the same question was raised and argued. This was a suit against an officer of the state of Ohio, and it was contended in p. 756 by the defendant that “if the state be the only party interested, and if the bill in its terms and in its effect operates solely upon the state, the state ought to be made a party. If the circuit court cannot exercise jurisdiction where a state is a party direct, it ought not, it cannot, be permitted to obtain that jurisdiction by an indirect mode of proceeding. The reasons which exempt the state from direct responsibility operate at least equally strong to exempt her from indirect responsibility.” Page 802, “Here the sole interest is in the state of Ohio. She is therefore an indispensable party to the bill, but she cannot be made a party because she cannot be sued. The inevitable consequence is that the court below cannot take cognizance of the cause.” Page 842, Chief Justice Marshall — “The objection is, that as the real party cannot be brought into court, a suit cannot be sustained against the agents of that party; and cases have been cited to show that a court of chancery will not make a decree unless all those who are substantially interested be made parties to the suit. This is certainly true where it is in the power of the plaintiff to make them parties, but if the person who is the real principal — the person who is the true source of the mischief —by whose power and for whose advantage it is done be himself above the law, be exempt from all judicial process, it would be subversive of the best established principles to say that the laws could not afford the same remedies against the agent employed in doing the wrong, which they would afford against him, could his principal be joined in the suit.” Again in page 843 the chief justice says: “Will it be said that the action of trespass is the only remedy given for this injury? Can it be denied that an action on the case for money, had and received to the plaintiff’s use, might be maintained? We think it can.” Again in page 840 the chief justice says, “The bill is brought, it is said, for the purpose' of protecting. the bánk in the exercise of a franchise, granted by a law 'of the U. S., which franchise the state of Ohio asserts a right to invade. It prays the aid of the court to restrain the officers of the state from executing the law. It is then a controversy *471between the bank and the state of Ohio. The interest of the state is direct and immediate. not consequently. The process of the court, though not directed against the state by name, acts directly upon it by restraining its officers. The process .therefore is substantially, though not in form against the state, and the court ought not to proceed without making the state a party. If this cannot be done, the court cannot take jurisdiction of the case. The full pressure of this argument is felt, and the difficulties it presents are acknowledged. The direct interest. of the state, in the suit as brought, is admitted, and had it been in the power of the bank to make it a party, perhaps no decree ought to have been pronounced in the cause until the state was before the court. But this was not in the power of the bank. The 11th amendment of the constitution has exempted a state from the suits of citizens of other states or aliens, and the very difficult question is to be decided whether in such a case a court may act upon the agents employed by the state and on the property in their hands.” Again in page 851 the chief justice says: “Do the provisions then of the American constitution respecting controversies to which a state may be a party extend, on a fair construction of that instrument, to cases in which a state is not a party on the record? The first in the enumeration is a controversy between two or more states.” In page 853 he says: “The next in the enumeration is a controversy between a state and the citizens of another state. Can this case arise if the state be not a party on the record? If it can, the question recurs, what degree of interest shall be sufficient to change the parties and arrest the proceedings against the individual?” Again in page 857 he says: “It may. we think, be laid down as a rule, which admits of no exception, that in all cases where jurisdiction depends on the party, it is the party named in the record; consequently the 11th amendment, which restrains the jurisdiction granted by the constitution over suits against states, is of necessity, limited to those suits in which a state is a party on the record.” This case seems to me to be decisive of this point, and as all the facts necessary to a decision of the case are admitted by the parties, I think judgment should be rendered upon the case agreed for the sum claimed by the plaintiff.
This case being heard upon the evidence and examination of the laws in relation to the subject, the court is of the opinion that the post at the navy yard, Washington city, commanded by the plaintiff from the 1st of December, 1819, to the 30th of September, 1850, was a permanent post garrisoned with troops, and that said plaintiff, Captain Henry B. Tyler, is entitled to double rations and allowances for responsibility and safe keeping of the clothing, arms and accoutrements of his detachment for the time as claimed, and that upon payment thereof by the said defendant as paymaster of the marine corps, he should be entitled to credit for it in his accounts by the accounting officers of the treasury.