There has been no evidence whatever offered in this case of any use of the planing machine by Isaac Hall since his license expired, except what is contained in the affidavit of Aaron Pratt. This witness did not see him use it; but made a bargain with him about the I5th of July, 1845, to plane for the witness certain boards at the ordinary price, intending to set off the amount against rent due from said Isaac. Clement Hall, however, was present, and said, “We can plane them for you,” and the work was done, but the witness does not say by whom, nor whether in fact the compensation for it was made to Isaac. Against this is the answer of Isaac, responsive to the bill, and sworn to, denying that he had ever used the machine since his license expired; and this agrees with Clement’s assertion in his answer, that the machine was used by him alone. The facts testified to by Pratt might, standing alone, be sufficient to justify an inference that Isaac had planed the boards and used the machine. In such cases, it may be, that any workman on the machine, though not interested in it, is liable to be restrained in order to prevent evasions, by treating all as principals who are aiding. It is a common case, also, that if one does not in person perform the work, but procures another to do it for his advantage on a machine owned by himself, he can still be restrained, and is estopped from- denying, qui facit per alium, facit per se. Possibly, too, if one hires another to do work on such a machine, he may be restrained. 4 Man. & G. 179. But it is not necessary to give a decisive opinion on this, after comparing the evidence with the denial in Isaac’s sworn answer.
After that answer thus testified to as true, the probability is, and it is a construction not inconsistent with the veracity of both Pratt and Isaac, that the boards were planed by Clement alone, and on his own contract, or his own assent to the arrangement, and for his own profit. It would seem, also, very easy to produce further evidence of the fact of Isaac’s using the machine, or receiving the profits from it, if such was the truth. Until it is produced, the fairest construction of the affidavits and answer are, that Isaac did not work the machine or profit by it If this construction were not the most reasonable, and did not reconcile what is sworn to in the affidavit and answers, the court would still be compelled to refuse to issue an injunction against Isaac, on the affidavit of Pratt alone, for the want of evidence in it to overcome Isaac’s answer. Because something more must be produced than the evidence of a single witness to overcome an answer under oath, and responsive to the bill. Carpenter v. Providence Washington Ins. Co., 4 How. [45 U. S.] 185. Certainly something more than the evidence of one witness, and he not testifying explicitly that Isaac either owned or worked the machine, or received any of its profits.
But in respect to the liability of Clement to an injunction, the testimony is very different; and, notwithstanding the several ingenious objections that have been urged, I have come to the conclusion that one ought to be issued against him. He admits that he uses a machine for planing, which is, in some important respects, similar to that described in Woodworth’s patent. He waives, also, any opposition in this hearing to its having been originally invented by Woodworth. It is shown, moreover, that this patent has been possessed by Woodworth and others under him for something like eighteen years. It is well known, too, that, during this period, numerous recoveries have been had against persons for infringements upon it in several states in the Union; and that the sales of it by Woodworth and his assignees have been very extensive. Furthermore, two of the plaintiffs, Washburn and Brown, are admitted to have obtained verdicts in its favor against persons in this city; and a settlement *574and recognition of tlieir title by the other defendant, Isaac Hall, brother of Clement, is a conceded fact in this case.
The various questions of law which have been started in this litigation, whether technical or on the merits, have mostly been carried up to the supreme court of the United States; and after full argument and patient scrutiny have, in almost every instance, been decided in favor of the patentee and those claiming under him. But still, if objections are now taken in favor of Clement Hall, new or otherwise, which ought on sound principles to prevail, the injunction should not issue against him. Hence it becomes necessary to examine all the objections which have been urged on the present occasion; but I shall not decide on any occurring to me but not urged, presuming that they are waived till the future trial on the merits.
The first objection taken is to the new letters patent,' because they are issued to the administrator of the original patentee. But that objection was overruled in the case on this patent from New York, in Wilson v. Kosseau, 4 How. [45 U. S.] 646. The renewal in the name of the administrator by the board of commissioners, for seven years, was considered good, on the ground that an invention was personal property. An invention possesses value beyond the first patent on it; being valuable for purposes abroad as the ground for a patent there, and also for a renewal at home, independent of any unexpired period of the original term, which might go as assets to an administrator. And congress has confirmed this view of the right, by extending the patent, through a special law, to the administrator even seven years longer, after the time given by the board expires.
The next objection is, that no letters of administration are now produced. But in the Kentucky case (Woodworth v. Wilson, 4 How. [45 U. S.] 712), this objection, among others, was urged, and the court did not sustain it, because the patent, being renewed to the plaintiff as administrator, was proof that he had satisfied the board at the patent office of the fact of his being administrator, and it was not now competent to go behind their decision in respect to it.
The third objection taken here is, that the patent is not certified by Mr. Burke, who was the commissioner at that time, but by H. H. Sylvester, as acting commissioner. This point was also made in the New York case. Wilson v. Kosseau. 4 How. [45 U. S.] 646. But on my suggestion to the counsel that there were two early acts of congress, which authorized the president to appoint acting heads to the different departments and bureaus. though the offices were not vacant de jure, but the incumbents were absent from the seat of government or indisposed; and that the law conferred on those so acting all the powers which belonged to the officers they represented; and that this might, on the face of it, be legal, on the presumption it was such an appointment, unless the contrary was shown, the point was no further argued; and the court, in their opinion, held the patent to be good, which could not have been if this objection was deemed valid, under such a state of the facts. The laws mentioned may be seen in the eighth section of the act of congress of May 8, 1792, c. 37 (1 Stat 281), and the ac-t of February 13, 1795, c. 21 (Id. 415). If the provision in the patent act of 1836, that the chief clerk may perform certain duties when the office of commissioner is vacant, alone governed the present question, as was formerly supposed, then the ingenious argument of the respondents’ counsel might apply. But it Is an appointment of acting commissioner which may have been under the other general laws in the absence or illness, and not a technical vacancy of the head of the bureau,’ and whose powers, when so acting, are as full as those of the commissioner himself, and'his appointment under that law by the president alone being authorized expressly by congress, it must be presumed to have been made here, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, and to have been duly made where drawn in question incidentally or collaterally, if it be shown that the person certifying is in the public discharge of those duties. In such cases, as acting appointments may be legal, he will be presumed to be acting legally till the contrary is shown. Potter v. Luther, 3 Johns. 431; Berryman v. Wise, 4 Durn. & E. [4 Term R.] 366; 3 Durn. & E. [4 Term R.] 635. Even in cases of murder. Dalmer v. Barnard, 7 Durn. & E. [4 Term R.] 248, 251; McNal. Ev. 487, 488. In such ease, too, as the laws recognize acting officers at the heads of bureaus, whose appointment is not in the hands of the secretaries alone, like the patent office since 1836, the signatures of persons as acting commissioners carry as much verity and legality on the face of the certificates themselves, as those by the commissioner himself. They meet; then, the requisitions of the past as well as the following cases (Bleecker v. Bond [Case No. 1,534]; U. S. v. Burr [Id. 14,693]), until it be shown, if it can be properly shown, in contests between third persons, that the acting appointment was not in truth made in the manner authorized by law.
There are some other objections, however, taken here, which were not decided in [Wilson v. Rosseau] 4 How. [45 U. S.] 647, and [Woodworth v. Wilson] Id. 716, and which it is proper to examine. One of them is this. The original patent for fourteen years, given in December, 1828, expired in 1842, and though it was extended by the board for seven years more, which would last till 1849, and by congress for seven more, which would not expire till 1856, yet all of these patents were surrendered July 8,1845, and a new one taken out for the whole twenty-eight years from December, 1828. This was done, also, *575with some small amendments or corrections, in tlie old specification ot 1828. After these new letters patent for the whole term, no assignment having been made to Washburn and Brown, but only one previously on the 2d of January, 1843, the plaintiffs contend that all the previous letters being surrendered, and a new specification filed, and new letters issued, any conveyance of any interest under the old letters is inoperative and void- under the new ones; and hence that Washburn and Brown possess no interest in these last, and are improperly joined in the bill. But my impression, as at present advised, is, that when a patent has been surrendered, and new letters are taken out with an amended specification, the patent has been always considered to operate, except as to suits for violations committed before the amendment, from the commencement of the original term. The amendment is not because the former patent or specification was utterly void, as seems to be the argument, but was defective or doubtful in some particular, which it was expedient to make more clear. But it is still a patent for the same invention. It can by law include no new one, and it covers only the same term of time which the former patent and its extensions did.
In the present case, these are conceded to have been the facts; and it is an error to suppose that on such facts the new letters ought to operate only from their date. By the very words of those letters, no less than by the reasons of the case, as just explained, they relate back to the commencement of the original-term, and for many purposes should operate from that time. I do not say for all, as an exception will hereafter be noticed. This is in strict analogy to amended writs and amended judgments, which, for most purposes, have the same effect as if the amended matter was in them originally.
Again, if such were not the result, generally, the new letters would be treated as taking out a new patent, or an old one in a form then first valid; and, in such a view, would, of course, run fourteen years from the date of the new letters, instead of only fourteen from the issue of the original letters; or if they have been extended as here, fourteen longer, they would not run only twenty-eight years from the beginning of the original term, i. e. December, 1828, as here, but twenty-eight years from July, 1845, the date of the new letters. Besides these considerations, it has been held, that recoveries under the original patent are evidence after the new letters and new specification, to strengthen the title of the plaintiff so as to obtain an injunction; thus treating the patent as one and the same, and a conveyance of it once therefore for a specified term, as good for the term, whether an amended specification be filed or not before the term closes. See Orr v. Littlefield [Case No. 10,590], Also Orr v. Badger [Id. 10,587], before Justice Sprague, February, 1845. It would be a little strange, that a recovery under the new and amended and corrected specification should be, as is another argument for the defendant, any stronger evidence of right than a recovery, even when the specification was more objectionable.
Independent of these circumstances, it is averred in the bill as amended, that Wash-burn and Brown have adopted and approved of the new specification; and that they claim under their contract, and to the extent of it, all the rights conferred by it on the patentee. There is, moreover, a. clause in the act of July 4, 1830, e. 357, § 13, which seems to have been designed to dispose of such objections; and though it does not mention contracts or assignments, it is quite broad and comprehensive enough to cover them. It is; “The patent, so re-issued together with the corrected descriptions and specifications, shall have the same effect and operation in law on the trial of all actions hereafter commenced for causes subsequently occurring, as though the same had been originally filed in such corrected form before the issuing of the original patent.” ' It would be very doubtful, also, whether a misjoinder of parties as plaintiffs in an application of this kind, could defeat a prayer for an injunction not to use a machine in which any of them were interested. At law, such a misjoinder could be objected to only in abatement, as the act sounds ex delicto (1 Chit. PI. 75); and probably it could not be objected to at all in equity, though in the final judgment, of course it would be entered up in favor of those alone who appeared to have some right and interest to be protected. As the claims of two of the plaintiff's, however, have been already proved and established in several recoveries before the new letters; and the contract now offered,, under which they claim, confers on them a right to use fifty planing machines within certain territory, including this city; and there is a covenant by the grantees of that right not to sell to different persons liberty to use others within those limits, during the time of Washburn and Brown’s contract, their interest within them would seem to be sufficiently exclusive to make them properly plaintiffs, and entitled to judgment. The strongest doubt with me is in relation to the interests of the others in this city, so as to justify joining them; but as that objection has not been taken, and all the facts are not known to me concerning them, I pass it by for the present.
But there is one more exception in this case; and it is of a character causing some difficulty, if the evidence in respect to it was more clear, and accorded with what is supposed by the counsel for the respondent to have been the truth of the transaction. The original patent is not put in evidence here, but a certified copy from the patent office. That copy now reads, that the term *576is one of twenty-eiglit years from December, 1S28, but when produced'at a former opening of the cause it is admitted that it read fourteen years from December, 1828. A letter from the commissioner is offered by the respondents, stating, as I understand it, that the change has since been made in order to correspond with the truth, the new letters patent being for twenty-eight years from 182S, and the record being so, but the forms for copies having been printed fourteen, .some were filled up without altering the printed term from fourteen to twenty-eight. The respondents infer from this explanation, that the letters patent themselves, as issued, in July, 1845, and not merely the copy of them, contained the same mistake, and that the record of them did also; and supposing that both have been altered since, as well as the copy, the respondents object to the legality of such amendments, and likewise contend, that if legal at all, it is so only in respect to suits and other matters arising subsequently to the alteration. But I do,not understand the letter of the commissioner to go beyond the copies; and if only the copies were erroneous, and they have been corrected, he undoubtedly had the power, and ought to make them conform to the patent itself and the record.
On the contrary, if the new letters patent themselves were by mistake for only fourteen years from December, 1828, when they were intended to be twenty-eight, and thus to cover not only the original term, but both the renewed terms; and the commissioner has amended them since this bill was filed, I doubt whether, on the testimony now before us, they could be received in evidence to sustain this bill, considering its allegations to go on a patent for twenty-eight years, and one so issued on the 8th of July, 1S4D. It would probably be his duty to correct the letters patent in such a case, when applied to, and to minute the correction on or in them; as these matters are between him representing the government and the patentee.- Nor would it be necessary for him in such ease to re-sign or re-seal the letters, as is urged on English precedents. See Sharp’s Case and Nickels’ Case, in Webst. Pat. Cas. 645 and 658. For those do not apply here when the signing and sealing are by the same officer, and by the same also as he that makes the correction. Por he adopts them as his own acts by re-delivering the patent after it is amended, as much as he adopts the writing of it on the paper or parchment. But it would seem to be necessary to have the secretary of state sign anew, or assent to the amendment, as he is a distinct officer, and without signing anew, or assenting, has never examined and authenticated the letters as amended.
The record or enrollment must also be made to correspond with the letters as amended, if it does not already. As to the effect of such alteration, I entertain an impression, ■ resting on general principles and. the grounds of some of the preeedents-abroad, and in the absence of any statute-here, to allow amendments of this kind, or to prescribe their effect in such cases, that a patent after thus amended in a materiaL mistake, could not operate as to third persons against whom prosecutions were pending, but only for causes accruing after the correction. See Webst. Pat. Oas. 664. It may be different if the mistake was entirely clerical. If the mistake was not clerical, or one made by the patentee himself, it is quite clear that the law abroad makes it operate only from that correction, and it is so here in respect to defective specifications, when they are allowed by statute to be amended in certain cases. See Act July 4, 1836, c. 357, § 13. They are not good as to suits pending, but only as to actions for causes subsequently accruing.
But in cases like this, if it should turn out, on clear evidence, that the new letters themselves had been altered so as to be wholly void, a different and equally difficult question may arise: It is this, it might be that the surrender of the original letters, and of the extensions of them, so that all might be renewed in one, would become also void; and the party might then, perhaps, be allowed to amend hi§ bill, and enjoin and recover on the former letters patent, if the old specification was not too defective for that purpose. On this I give no opinion at this time; but if evidence be obtained, that the new letters patent themselves have been altered as to the term in them since this ’action was commenced, as the respondents’ counsel apprehend, it may then become necessary to decide it. The mode adopted in this case, of issuing one set of new letters patent for the three different terms before existing, when the old specification was sought to be corrected, is likewise open to some question concerning its legality. The most obvious mode would be to renew each separately, or renew only the old letters and their specification; and let the others be cured or aided by relation back to the original one. But as no such objection is pressed now, I forbear 'comment upon that also.
It may not be improper to add before closing, in relation to technical objections, as most of them are when urged against injunctions generally, that though they are to be weighed and examined, and allowed to prevail, as they must in other cases in equity, if legal, yet they ought to be treated with no particular indulgence. In all inquiries in equity, the leaning in doubtful points must certainly be rather against than in favor of them; and more especially must it be so in preliminary injunctions, where the decision is only temporary, and may be dissolved on motion at any time, on showing fuller proof as to any thing affecting the merits of the controversy. The injunction *577as to Clement Hall is allowed till the further order of the court, but not against Isaac Hall.
[For further proceedings in this case, see Case No. 18,017. For other cases involving this patent, see note to Bieknell v. Todd, Case No. 1,-389.]