concurring:
I concur in Judge Dribben’s opinion in this case. However, I believe that some additional views may be helpful or at least of some assistance in analyzing whether a plea of guilty is improvident by reason of a substantial misunderstanding of the maximum punishment.1
In the first instance, it must be recognized that the maximum punishment in a court-martial sentence consists, as a general rule, of several distinct and separate parts.2
My experience further indicates that it is an extremely rare situation in which any accused receives a maximum sentence at a general court-martial.3
The primary responsibility for ascertaining the legal limits of punishment rests upon the trial judge.4 However, an accused’s misunderstanding of the correct maximum punishment does not automatically result in a plea of- guilty being held to be improvident.5
*871The United States Court of Military Appeals has not prescribed a fixed formula by which the magnitude of difference between the incorrect maximum punishment and the correct maximum punishment can be readily ascertained.6 That Court has stated that the standard as to what is a “substantial” misunderstanding of the maximum punishment must be elastic and cannot be defined with mathematical certainty.7
Therefore, the inquiry focuses on determining whether the appellant’s misunderstanding of a fact or condition upon which the plea of guilty was based was sufficiently “substantial” that he would not have entered that plea had he known the true fact or condition.
Many years of practice before civil and military courts convinces me that there are several factors which must be considered and cumulatively weighed in determining whether an accused’s misunderstanding as to the correct maximum punishment is in fact “substantial.” I do not believe that any single factor can clearly be dispositive of the issue.
The factors which appear to me to be important are (1) does the quality and quantum of the pretrial evidence dictate that an accused take a given course of action?; (2) what significance did trial defense counsel’s experience in similar type cases at the place of trial or within the judicial circuit have on the terms of a negotiated plea?; (3) what significance if any did counsel’s knowledge of the inclinations of the convening authority and his staff judge advocate in similar type cases have upon the determination to offer a given proposal?; (4) what was the degree of error in the misunderstanding of the maximum punishment?; (5) what aspect or part of the maximum punishment was misunderstood?; (6) what relationship, if any, exists between the terms of the negotiated agreement and the correct maximum punishment?; (7) where there is a negotiated plea and the basis of that plea is grounded upon improper understanding of an element or aspect thereof, does that agreement represent a fair agreement and was the bargain struck realistic in light of the totality of circumstances of the case?; and finally, (8) what was the actual impact of the misunderstood element of the plea in light of the actual sentence imposed at trial?
Applying the foregoing principles to the facts of this case, I find that the pretrial evidence from a practical viewpoint, dictated that it would be in the best interests of this appellant to negotiate a plea in an effort to gain the most acceptable terms possible under the circumstances.
Counsel’s understanding of the limits of the convening authority’s discretion with regard to his judgment concerning acceptance of proposed pretrial agreements, their understanding of the past history of previous court judgments and/or judge’s decisions in similar type cases require a subjective review. Seldom, if ever, are facts contained in the record of trial which would aid an appellate court in this area. However, I believe these factors are significant in determining what offer is submitted to a convening authority in a given case.
The appellant’s offer to plead guilty was based upon a misunderstanding only as to the maximum confinement. He believed that he was faced with a maximum of 26 years confinement when in fact it was 11 years. The degree of error was in excess of 100 percent.
However, the pretrial agreement with the convening authority provided for suspension of any confinement in excess of 12 months and did not affect any other aspect of the sentence. Thus, the actual punishment imposed represented, as to confinement, less than ten percent of that which could have been legally imposed under the circumstances in this case. The actual sentence imposed upon the appellant pursuant *872to his pretrial agreement was, we believe, lenient in view of the totality of the facts in this case and the appellant could not anticipate receiving a sentence of less severity even if the correct maximum confinement had been applied in this case. On balance, the circumstances dictate that the appellant would have entered his plea of guilty even had he known the true maximum punishment. Accordingly, his misunderstanding could not have been substantial in this case.
. United States v. Harden, 1 M.J. 258 (1976); United States v. Towns, 22 U.S.C.M.A. 600, 48 C.M.R. 224 (1974); United States v. Windham, 15 U.S.C.M.A. 523, 36 C.M.R. 21 (1965).
. Usually a maximum punishment may include a discharge, confinement, fine or forfeitures, a reduction in grade, as well as the possibility of some other forms of lesser punishments, i. e., restriction, detention of pay, hard labor without confinement, or extra duty.
. Maximum sentences at special courts-martial are not rare, however, they are not common even in those courts-martial of limited jurisdiction.
. United States v. Harden, supra.
. See United States v. Kilgore, 22. U.S.C.M.A. 67, 46 C.M.R. 67 (1972); United States v. Kleinhans, 14 U.S.C.M.A. 496, 34 C.M.R. 276 (1964); United States v. Sproles, 48 C.M.R. 278 (A.C.M.R.1974); United States v. DuPuis, 48 C.M.R. 49 (A.C.M.R.1973).
. United States v. Harden, supra, 1 M.J. at 260. However, Chief Judge Fletcher concurring separately in Harden, supra, stated that he viewed a miscalculation of the period of imposable confinement which approaches 100 percent as “substantial.”
. Id.