IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2000-DR-01077-SCT
LARRY MATTHEW PUCKETT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
ON MOTION FOR CLARIFICATION
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: MISSISSIPPI OFFICE OF CAPITAL
POST-CONVICTION COUNSEL
BY: TERRI L. MARROQUIN
ROBERT RYAN
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: MARVIN L. WHITE, JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - OTHER
DISPOSITION: MOTIONS GRANTED- 12/12/2002
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
SMITH, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. The motion for clarification is granted. The original opinion in this case is withdrawn,
and this opinion is substituted therefor.
¶2. Larry Matthew Puckett, convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death, has not
filed his application for leave to seek post-conviction relief. This matter is before the Court
en banc on the Motion to Reconsider Extension of Time, Motion to Apply Statute of
Limitations Established by Miss. Code. Ann. § 99-39-5(2) to Petitioner’s Post-Conviction
Petition, and Motion to Stay Filing Deadline, filed on Puckett’s behalf by Robert Ryan and
Terri Marroquin of the Mississippi Office of Capital Post-Conviction Counsel. The State has
filed no response or objection to these motions.
¶3. Puckett was convicted and sentenced in 1996. On direct appeal, this Court remanded
the case for the limited purpose of conducting a Batson hearing. Puckett v. State, 737 So.2d
322 (Miss. 1999). Following remand, the conviction and sentence were affirmed. Puckett
v. State, 788 So.2d 752 (Miss. 2001). Puckett's motion for rehearing was denied by this
Court on June 28, 2001. This Court's mandate issued on July 19, 2001. Puckett filed a
petition for writ of certiorari on November 13, 2001, in the United States Supreme Court
(U.S. Sup. Ct. No. 01-7293) but no decision has yet been rendered. Puckett is now
endeavoring to present post-conviction issues.
THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
¶4. To address the issues raised, the Court must consider the proper construction of the
recently amended statute of limitations for filing applications for leave to seek post-
conviction relief in death penalty cases, and must apply that statute to the facts of this case.
Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-5(2) (Supp. 2002) was amended effective July 1, 2000, to provide
that a motion for post-conviction relief in capital cases is to be “filed within one year after
conviction.”1 This amendment which was adopted as part of a package of legislation which
created the Office of Capital Post-Conviction Counsel and established new procedures for
1
In his Motion to Apply the Statute of Limitations Established by Miss. Code § 99-39-5(2)
to Petitioner’s Post-Conviction Petition, Puckett argues that the statutory limit rather that the 180 day
provision of M.R.A.P. 22 should control as the deadline for filing. Although the rule established a
presumptive time table for proceedings, one which attorneys must follow in the absence of order of
the Court, it does not constitute a limitation cutting off the petitioner’s ultimate right to file within
the one-year limitation set by statute.
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post-conviction proceedings in cases where the petitioner is under a sentence of death.
Recognizing that death eligible inmates are, under these statutes and under Jackson v. State,
732 So. 2d 187 (Miss. 1999), assured competent counsel, the Legislature found it
appropriate to limit the time for filing such applications to one year, as opposed to three
years allowed in non-death eligible cases where counsel is not provided.
¶5. The first question to be decided is when the statute of limitations begins to run. The
phrase “filed within one year after conviction,” requires construction. The Court has
previously recognized that the Legislature holds the prerogative of placing reasonable time
limitations on the filing of post-conviction applications. Cole v. State, 608 So. 2d 1313,
1318 (Miss. 1992). “The issue here is not the power of the legislature to provide such
limitations, but the interpretation of statutes and court rules within the framework of a
legislative act which impacts on the exercise of constitutional rights.” Sykes v. State, 757
So. 2d 997, 1000 (Miss. 2000).
¶6. To hold that conviction, as used in this statute, means the entry of the judgment of
the trial court, would not recognize the statutory and constitutional requirements that the
Supreme Court review all death penalty cases. In a death penalty context, a conviction is
final only when the mandatory state appellate review is complete, i.e., when this Court’s
mandate on appeal issues.
¶7. There are two decisions of this Court which touch on the subject and both offer
differing perspectives. One is a majority opinion, the other a plurality. Both of theses
opinions involved calculation of the running of the three-year statute of limitations set forth
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prior to the statute's amendment in 2000. In one case, this Court unanimously found that
the three-year limitations period ran from the date on which this Court denied the
defendant's motion for rehearing in his direct appeal. Lockett v. State, 656 So.2d 68, 71
(Miss. 1995). In Lockett this Court held that the adage of "better late than never" did not
apply and that a motion for post-conviction relief was to be filed within three years after
rehearing of his direct appeal was affirmed by this Court. Id at 71. Thus, Lockett is
controlling caselaw of this Court.
¶8. In a subsequent case, Booker v. State, 699 So.2d 132 (Miss. 1997), a plurality of
this Court (Banks, J., with three justices concurring and one justice concurring in the result
only; four justices dissenting) interpreted the former three-year statute of limitations to run
from the date on which the United States Supreme Court denied Booker's motion for
rehearing on his petition for writ of certiorari from his direct appeal of his sentence. Id. at
134. A strong dissent (Smith, J., joined by Lee, C.J., Roberts and Mills, JJ.) argued that a
challenge to the conviction itself was required to have been made within three years of the
entry of the underlying guilty plea.
¶9. The Booker and Lockett decisions are not compatible in their selection of dates from
which the limitations period is to run. Booker is a plurality decision, and this Court has
previously held that "normally a majority vote of all sitting judges is required to create
precedent" and that a "plurality vote does not create a binding result." Churchill v. Pearl
River Basin Dev. Dist., 619 So.2d 900, 904-05 (Miss.1993)(rejecting reliance on a four-
vote plurality). This has been applied in criminal cases as well. Carr v. State, 655 So.2d
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824, 857 (Miss. 1995) (rejecting reliance on a three-vote plurality); Conner v. State, 632
So.2d 1239, 1265 (Miss. 1993)(same). Thus, we hold that Booker is not binding authority
and has no precedential value as a plurality opinion.
¶10. Under such a construction, the time period for filing Puckett's application for post-
conviction relief expired on July 19, 2002. However, the special facts of this case require
that we determine whether the statute has been tolled, and, if so, for what period.
TOLLING OF THE STATUTE
¶11. While the Court is not at liberty to extend or modify statutory limitations, when a
party is prohibited from exercising his right to proceed by circumstances which are clearly
beyond his control and rise to such a dimension as to implicate due process and fundamental
fairness, the Court may and should toll the limitations for the period of the impairment.
Application of this limited equitable rule requires recognition that “state post-conviction
efforts, though collateral, have become part of the death penalty appeal process at the state
level.” Jackson, 732 So. 2d at 191. An indigent inmate under a sentence of death is
entirely dependant upon state-appointed counsel to pursue his post-conviction efforts.
¶12. Our sister state of Tennessee has recently addressed the equitable tolling of the statute
of limitations in Williams v. State, 44 S.W.3d 464 (Tenn. 2001), under similar
circumstances. There, Williams urged that the limitations for his post-conviction filing
should be tolled due to his attorney’s abandonment of his case without informing Williams.
Distinguishing a judicial extension or alteration of the legislative act from equitable tolling
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for due process purposes, the Court remanded for a factual determination in the trial court,
saying:
We emphasize that under no circumstances are we allowing a petitioner to file
an untimely application for permission to appeal with the belief that the one-
year statute conviction would commence upon this Court’s dismissal of that
untimely application. As the dissent aptly states, “filing an untimely
application for permission to appeal to this Court does not constitute ‘an
appeal’ as that term is used in Tennessee Code Annotated § 40-30-202(a) and
therefore does not delay commencement of the one-year post-conviction
statute of limitations. Indeed, in this case, the statute of limitations began to
run . . . when the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed Williams’s conviction.
The sole inquiry here, however, is whether this limitation period is tolled
because of due process concerns surrounding possible attorney
misrepresentation. . . . [The statute of limitations] gives defendants one year
to file their petitions, and we are simply remanding the case to the trial court
for an evidentiary hearing to determine (1) whether due process tolled the
statute of limitations so as to give the appellee a reasonable opportunity after
the expiration of the limitations period to present his claim in a meaningful
time and manner; and (2) if so, whether the appellee’s filing of the post-
conviction petition [after the statutory period had run] was within the
reasonable opportunity afforded by the due process tolling. To summarily
terminate his claim without further inquiry would be an “abridgement of both
direct and post-conviction avenues of appeal–without ever reaching the merits
of the appell[ee’s] case–[and] would be patently unfair.” Crittenden v. State
978 S.W. 2d 929 (Tenn. 1998).
. . . . In conclusion, the 1995 Post-Conviction Procedure Act clearly requires
that post-conviction claims be filed in a timely manner. Although we agree
that Williams filed his petition beyond the statutory deadline, due process
considerations may have tolled the limitations period. Hence, the statute
cannot be strictly applied without further inquiry, to deny him a reasonable
opportunity to seek post-conviction relief.
Williams, 44 S.W.3d at 471. See also Steele v. Kehoe, 747 So. 2d 931 (Fla. 1999)
(affirming the district court of appeals and saying that due process entitles a defendant to
belatedly file a post-conviction claim if his efforts were frustrated by his counsel’s
misleading conduct).
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¶13. Equitable tolling of the statute of limitations in post-conviction proceedings is
likewise recognized in the federal system. Dunlap v. United States, 250 F.3d 1001, 1006
(6th Cir. 2001). The doctrine should only be applied in rare and exceptional circumstances.
Turner v. Johnson, 177 F.3d 390, 391-92 (5th Cir. 1999). The doctrine may be applied
when a movant files in untimely fashion due to extraordinary circumstances which are both
beyond his control and unavoidable even in the exercise of due diligence. Sandvik v.
United States, 177 F.3d 1269, 1271 (11th Cir. 1999). A showing of excusable neglect is
insufficient, and a petitioner must show that he was prevented from asserting his right to
relief. Jones v. Morton, 195 F.3d 153, 159 (3d Cir. 1999).
¶14. Puckett brings to this Court's attention the facts that indicate without doubt that he
has been prevented from filing his application through no fault or neglect on his part. On
February 9, 2001, the Office of Capital Post-Conviction Counsel contracted with Steve
Presson of Norman, Oklahoma, to represent Puckett. Then, by order dated October 31,
2001, the Circuit Court of Forrest County declared Puckett to be indigent and further found
that Steve Presson of Oklahoma should be appointed as Puckett's post-conviction counsel,
if funds were available to pay him, and that “in the event that such funds do not become
available, then an attorney from the Office of Capital Post-Conviction Counsel should be
appointed as post-conviction counsel for Mr. Puckett effective December 4, 2001.” Funds
were determined to be unavailable, and C. Jackson Williams, then director of the Office of
Capital Post-Conviction Counsel, was substituted as counsel for Puckett on December 7,
2001. Williams thereafter resigned as director of the Office of Capital Post-Conviction
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Counsel on January 2, 2002. The new director, Robert Ryan, and Terri L. Marroquin filed
appearance forms with the Clerk of this Court on February 22, 2002.
¶15. It appears that in the interim, Presson had obtained important files and documents
including trial counsel’s files, police reports and discovery materials and removed them to
his offices in Oklahoma. The Office of Capital Post-Conviction Counsel began to attempt
to recover these materials in order to proceed on Puckett’s behalf. Presson however ignored
requests to turn over the files, and Ryan was ultimately forced to file a complaint with the
Oklahoma Bar Association seeking their return. On June 13, 2002, this Court entered an
order directing Presson to return all of Puckett's files. Presson eventually delivered three
boxes of material to the Office of Capital Post-Conviction Counsel on July 8, 2002. The
record before us demonstrates that during the period from late December 2001 the Office
of Capital Post-Conviction Counsel conscientiously tried to retrieve those documents and
to obtain duplicates from other sources. Counsel for Puckett now seeks relief from this
Court requesting an extension of time in which to file the application for leave to seek post-
conviction relief.
¶16. In the present case, it cannot be said that Puckett has slept on his rights or that he
seeks relief because of mere excusable neglect. Due to circumstances completely beyond
his control, Puckett has been unable to timely file an application for leave to seek post-
conviction relief within the one-year time frame. His former attorney’s actions have
affirmatively frustrated his efforts through new counsel to pursue the post-conviction
process. Pursuant to this Court's decision in Jackson v. State, 732 So.2d 187 (Miss. 1999),
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Puckett was clearly entitled to appointed competent and conscientious counsel to assist him
with his pursuit of post-conviction relief. Although his direct appeal was affirmed on June
28, 2001, with the mandate issuing on July 19, 2001, the trial court did not hold a hearing
until October 23 of that year, to determine Puckett's indigence and desire to have counsel.
The trial court's order reflects that the Office of Capital Post-Conviction Counsel lacked the
funding to pay Presson to represent Puckett. Attachments to Puckett's motions for time
include copies of e-mail communication between that Office and Presson which indicate that
Presson had ceased to work on the matter, failed to return vital documents, and abandoned
communication with the Office. While Presson could not be expected to represent Puckett
without compensation, once he entered on the task he was bound by professional obligation
to do no harm. His failure to return the documents, for whatever reason, fell below
professional standards and frustrated Puckett’s efforts to seek relief. To punish Puckett for
these circumstances would deprive him of minimal due process and a fair opportunity to be
heard. The statute was tolled by these events, and the Court is bound to grant Puckett relief.
CONCLUSION
¶17. While it is impossible to determine at what point the circumstances here became so
serious as to toll the statute of limitations, equitable relief is due, and the Court will grant
Puckett an additional 180 days after the date of this decision in which to complete and file
his application for leave to seek post-conviction relief. It should be said that the equities are
based on the unique facts of this case. While other jurisdictions have applied the doctrine
of equitable tolling to non-capital cases, we do not do so today; the fact that Puckett is
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under a sentence of death and subject to a shortened one year statute of limitations weighs
heavily in this decision. Further, we emphasize that we do not base this action on mere
excusable neglect or ignorance by Puckett or his counsel, but upon our recognition that the
actions of former counsel were such as to rise to the deprivation of fundamental due process.
¶18. The Motion to Reconsider Extension of Time, the Motion to Apply Statute of
Limitations and the Motion to Stay Filing Deadline are granted. Puckett shall file his
application for leave to seek post-conviction relief within 180 days after the date of this
decision.
¶19. MOTIONS GRANTED.
WALLER, COBB, DIAZ, EASLEY, CARLSON AND GRAVES, JJ., CONCUR.
McRAE, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. PITTMAN,
C.J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
McRAE, PRESIDING JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶20. The analysis used by the majority to disregard this Court's holding in Booker v. State,
699 So.2d 132 (Miss. 1997), and its adoption of the doctrine of equitable tolling are fatally
flawed. For these reasons, I dissent.
¶21. The majority disregards this Court's holding in Booker by asserting that the decision
is only a plurality decision which does not create precedent or a binding result. In my view,
Booker is not a plurality decision, but a majority decision. A plurality vote is an opinion
with less than five votes. In Booker, Justice Banks wrote the majority which was joined by
Presiding Justice Prather, Presiding Justice Sullivan, and then Justice (now Chief Justice
Pittman). I concurred in result only. Four (4) Justices dissented, then Justice (now Presiding
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Justice) Smith, Chief Justice Dan Lee, Justice Roberts, and Justice Mills. A "concurrence
in result only" is a vote for the majority opinion, however signifies that there may be some
points and/or statements in the majority which the Justice disagrees. "Concurring in result
only" still means one is agreeing with the majority's holding and outcome. By concurring
in result only, I essentially acquiesced in Justice Banks's opinion. Since five Justices
concurred in the Booker opinion, it is indeed a majority opinion which did establish
precedent. Contrary to the majority's findings, Booker did create a binding result. The
majority's disregard for the Booker holding is fatally misguided. As found in Booker, the
statute of limitations for post-conviction relief does not begin to run "until the conclusion
of [the] direct appeal, which [does] not occur until the denial of rehearing of [a] petition for
certiorari in the United States Supreme Court from this Court's decision [on] direct appeal."
699 So.2d at 134. That is the law, and that is what this Court should have found here.
¶22. Furthermore, the majority's adoption of the doctrine of equitable tolling as it applies
to capital cases is fatally flawed. Equity should not be used to create a new defense and
appeal mechanism for defendants in criminal cases who claim the delay of their post-
conviction appeal was due to no fault of their own and under extenuating circumstances.
By adopting the doctrine of equitable tolling, the majority is opening a flood gate of appeals
and fact intensive review. The majority's holding creates a free-for-all standard when it
comes to criminal appeals. Is equity now going to be applicable to all criminal convictions
and proceedings?
¶23. For these reasons, I dissent.
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Larry Matthew Puckett v. State of Mississippi
Combined Opinion