IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2003-CA-00378-SCT
WALTER LEFFLER
v.
HARRY SHARP, INDIVIDUALLY, SHARP
ENTERPRISES, INC., AND KIM FREE,
INDIVIDUALLY, AND d/b/a QUARTER INN
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 2/10/2003
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. FRANK G. VOLLOR
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: WARREN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: WAYNE E. FERRELL, JR.
ANDRE FRANCIS DUCOTE
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: J. WADE SWEAT
CHARLES G. COPELAND
JOEL W. HOWELL, III
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 11/10/2004
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE COBB, P.J., DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, JJ.
COBB, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. On December 4, 2000, Walter Leffler filed suit in the Warren County Circuit Court
against Kim Free, individually and d/b/a Quarter Inn (collectively Free) and Harry Sharp,
individually, and Sharp Enterprises (collectively Sharp). Leffler sought damages for injuries
he received when he fell through the roof of the premises immediately adjacent to the Quarter
Inn in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Following discovery and the filing of motions for summary
judgment by Free and Sharp, the trial judge determined that Leffler’s status upon entering the
roof was that of a trespasser. The motions for summary judgment were granted, thereby
dismissing all claims against Free and Sharp. Leffler appeals arguing the following issue:
Whether the trial court erred in finding Leffler to be a trespasser and in granting
summary judgment to Free and Sharp on that basis, when there were unresolved
issues of fact regarding legal status and duty owed.
FACTS
¶2. Leffler visited the Quarter Inn, a restaurant and lounge in Vicksburg, Mississippi, while
he was in town conducting work on the old Mississippi River bridge. At approximately 10:00
p.m. one evening, Leffler and his co-workers arrived at a casino where they gambled and
consumed alcoholic beverages until 11:30 p.m. They left the casino, went to a local sports bar,
and continued to consume alcoholic beverages until approximately 2:00 a.m. on February 6,
2000. From the sports bar, they all went to the Quarter Inn. Leffler was a first-time visitor to
the Quarter Inn.
¶3. While at the Quarter Inn, Leffler noticed an open window leading to the rooftop. (The
small window is thirty-two and one-half inches from the floor and when fully opened provides
a maximum opening of twenty-four inches in length and thirty-two inches in width.). After
Leffler observed individuals on the rooftop, he presumed the area was open to Quarter Inn
patrons. Although a locked glass door with “NOT AN EXIT” stenciled on the glass was only
four feet away, Leffler entered the roof through the open window. As he was walking on the
rooftop, he fell through the roof approximately twenty feet to the ground.
¶4. At the time of the incident, Kim Free owned and managed the Quarter Inn which is
located on the second floor of a building owned by Sharp Enterprises, Inc. Harry Sharp is the
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president of Sharp Enterprises, Inc. Sharp, individually, has no ownership interest in the
property which is the subject of this appeal.
¶5. The premises occupied by the Quarter Inn originally included a rooftop terrace, access
to which was through a glass door inside the premises. In addition, there were at least two
windows which overlooked the rooftop terrace from a common area of the Quarter Inn.
Although previous businesses that occupied the present location of the Quarter Inn may have
utilized the roof area as a part of their business, Free and Sharp assert that the roof was never
part of the leased premises. The lease agreement offered as proof included the provision that
“[l]essees will not have access to the roof terrace at the rear of 1302 Washington Street.”
¶6. Prior to the date of the lease between Sharp and Free, Sharp considered leasing the
rooftop area. To determine the safety of the roof, Sharp “consulted with an architect and
structural engineer who advised him that the roof was not safe for his intended use.” Sharp
then informed Free of this defect, and the two individuals, along with Jo Jo Saucier (a lessee
of the premises with Free, but not a named party in the trial court or on appeal) discussed what
measures should be taken to secure the roof area. The parties then decided that Saucier’s
husband would weld bars over the window in order to keep people off of the roof. However,
neither the bars, nor any other protective measures, were ever placed over the window.
¶7. This appeal involves the dispute over whether Leffler should be classified as an invitee,
licensee, or trespasser at the time the injury occurred. It is undisputed that Leffler was an
invitee upon his entrance into the Quarter Inn. The status dispute arises, however, when Leffler
entered the roof and subsequently fell through it. Although Leffler insists that at the time of
his injury he remained an invitee, he does argue in the alternative that his status was at least that
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of an implied licensee. Leffler also argues for the sake of argument that if he is a trespasser,
the owner of the premises has a duty to refrain from willfully and wantonly injuring him.
¶8. Free and Sharp argue that upon Leffler’s entrance onto the roof, he became a trespasser.
As a result, they maintain that there is no showing that they acted willfully and wantonly,
resulting in Leffler’s injury.
ANALYSIS
¶9. This Court applies a de novo standard of review to a grant of summary judgment by the
trial court. The evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party against whom
the motion has been made. Russell v. Orr, 700 So.2d 619, 622 (Miss. 1997). A motion for
summary judgment lies only when there is no genuine issue of material fact, and the moving
party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. M.R.C.P. 56(c). This Court does not try
issues on a Rule 56 motion; it only determines whether there are issues to be tried. Townsend
v. Estate of Gilbert, 616 So.2d 333, 335 (Miss. 1993). The presence of fact issues in the
record does not per se entitle a party to avoid summary judgment. “The court must be
convinced that the factual issue is a material one, one that matters in an outcome determinative
sense .... the existence of a hundred contested issues of fact will not thwart summary judgment
where there is no genuine dispute regarding the material issues of fact.” Simmons v.
Thompson Mach. of Miss., Inc., 631 So.2d 798, 801 (Miss. 1994) (citing Shaw v. Burchfield,
481 So.2d 247, 252 (Miss. 1985)).
¶10. Mississippi applies a three-step process to determine premises liability. Massey v.
Tingle, 867 So.2d 235, 239 (Miss. 2004) ( iting Titus v. Williams, 844 So.2d 459, 467
c
(Miss. 2003)). The first step consists of classifying the status of the injured person as an
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invitee, licensee, or a trespasser. Id. Following this identification, the duty which was owed
to the injured party is determined. Id. The third step is to determine whether this duty was
breached by the landowner or business operator. Id. The determination of which status a
particular plaintiff holds can be a jury question, but where the facts are not in dispute the
classification becomes a question of law for the trial judge. Adams v. Fred’s Dollar Store of
Batesville, 497 So.2d 1097, 1100 (Miss. 1986) (citing Graves v. Massey, 227 Miss. 848,
853, 87 So.2d 270, 271 (1956)).
¶11. As to the first step, determination of the injured party’s status, this Court has held that
“[a]s to status, an invitee is a person who goes upon the premises of another in answer to the
express or implied invitation of the owner or occupant for their mutual advantage . . . A
licensee is one who enters upon the property of another for his own convenience, pleasure, or
benefit pursuant to the license or implied permission of the owner whereas a trespasser is one
who enters upon another's premises without license, invitation, or other right.” Corley v.
Evans, 835 So.2d 30, 37 (Miss. 2003) (emphasis added) (citing Hoffman v. Planters Gin Co.,
358 So.2d 1008, 1011 (Miss. 1978) (citing Langford v. Mercurio, 254 Miss. 788, 183 So.2d
150 (1966)); Wright v. Caffey, 239 Miss. 470, 123 So.2d 841 (1960)). The Court has added
that a trespasser enters another’s property “merely for his own purposes, pleasure, or
convenience, or out of curiosity, and without any enticement, allurement, inducement or
express or implied assurance of safety from the owner or person in charge.” Titus, 844 So.2d
at 459 (citing White v. Miss. Power & Light Co., 196 So.2d 343, 349 (Miss. 1967)).
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¶12. The second step is to identify the duty owed to the injured party. The owner of the
premises “is not an insurer of the invitee’s safety, but does owe to an invitee the duty to keep
the premises reasonably safe, and when not reasonably safe, to warn only where there is hidden
danger or peril that is not in plain and open view.” Massey, 867 So.2d at 239 (citing Corley
835 So.2d at 37). Although licensees and trespassers are different classifications,
“[l]andowners owe licensees and trespassers the same duty, specifically, to refrain from
willfully or wantonly injuring them.” Massey, 867 So.2d at 239 (citing Titus, 844 So.2d at
467).
¶13. Leffler maintains that his status upon his arrival and at the time of the accident was that
of an invitee of Free, the Quarter Inn, and Sharp, on the premises so that he could have a good
time with his co-workers by partaking in services provided by the Quarter Inn. In order to
receive classification as an invitee, this Court held that an invitee answers an invitation to enter
the owner’s premises “for their mutual advantage.” Holiday v. Pizza Inn, Inc., 659 So.2d 860,
865 (Miss. 1995). Leffler and the Quarter Inn mutually benefitted from the fact that Leffler
was allowed to continue the night’s fun at the Quarter Inn while the restaurant/lounge could
continue making a profit.
¶14. Leffler maintains that he remained an invitee at the time of his injury since Free and
Sharp “held [the roof] out as a part of the premises by allowing patrons to enter and use the
roof terrace.” In a deposition, Sharp testified that he and Free discussed what action would
best secure the window, thereby keeping patrons off the rooftop. Sharp instructed Free that
the roof was not part of the lease and was not to be used by anyone. In order to secure the
window, the parties agreed that bars would be welded to the window. Although this safety
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measure never occurred, the dimensions of the window, being 24 inches by 32 inches, and
almost 3 feet above the floor, belie any indication that patrons were invited to go onto the roof.
Leffler asserts that because Sharp anticipated that customers might eventually try to utilize the
rooftop, a question of fact exists as to whether Free and Sharp knew, or reasonably should have
known, that customers were gathering on the roof.
¶15. Although Leffler was an invitee at the time he entered the Quarter Inn, he was not an
invitee at the time of the injury. An invitee who “goes beyond the bounds of his invitation . .
. loses the status of invitee and the rights which accompany that state.” Payne v. Rain Forest
Nurseries, Inc., 540 So.2d 35, 38 (Miss. 1989) (citing Dry v. Ford, 238 Miss. 98, 117 So.2d
456 (1960)). Free and Sharp only extended their invitation to patrons to come inside the
establishment. Upon his entrance to the Quarter Inn, Leffler was an invitee, but once he exited
the establishment and entered onto the roof terrace, he went “beyond the bounds of his
invitation,” therefore losing his invitee status. Id.
¶16. An occupant is an invitee where the owner of the premises and the occupant receive
mutual benefits. Corley, 835 So.2d at 37. Neither Free nor Sharp benefitted from Leffler’s
walk on the roof. In addition to mutual benefits, a landowner does not have to insure the
invitee’s safety, but the landowner must “keep the premises reasonably safe, and when not
reasonably safe, to warn only where there is hidden danger . . . .” Massey, 867 So.2d. at 239.
Free and Sharp kept the Quarter Inn reasonably safe for patrons. Leffler’s accident did not
happen within the walls of the Quarter Inn, but on a rooftop adjacent to the establishment. Free
and Sharp’s acts of locking and marking the exit door were done to keep the Quarter Inn safe
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for patrons. Leffler was not an invitee at the location and time of the accident and, therefore,
was not owed the duty given to an invitee.
¶17. Leffler argues in the alternative that he was a licensee at the time of the accident. “A
licensee, in contrast [to a trespasser], enters the property of another ‘pursuant to the license
or implied permission of the owner’ but enters for the ‘convenience, pleasure or benefit’ of
the licensee.” Davis v. Ill. Cent. RR., 921 F.2d 616, 618 (5th Cir. 1991) (applying Mississippi
law) (emphasis added) (citing Hoffman v. Planters Gin Co., 358 So.2d 1008, 1011 (Miss.
1978)). Leffler entered the roof area for his convenience, pleasure and benefit because the
bar was hot, crowded, and loud while the roof terrace was cool, open, and quiet.
¶18. In an effort to further clarify the distinction between the status of an injured party, this
Court in Clark v. Moore Memorial United Methodist Church, 538 So.2d 760, 764 (Miss.
1989), distinguished between the “invitation” required of an invitee and “permission” required
for a licensee. The word invitation was defined as “conduct which justifies others in believing
that the possessor desires them to enter the land,” while permission was defined as “conduct
justifying others in believing that the possessor is willing that they shall enter, if they desire
to do so. . . .” Id. (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 332 (1965)). The two terms were
further clarified with “[m]ere permission, as distinguished from invitation, is sufficient to
make the visitor a licensee . . . but it does not make him an invitee . . . .” Id.
¶19. Free and Sharp never engaged in conduct signifying to patrons that the roof area was
open to patrons. No dispute exists that the window was open on the night in question.
However, based upon the definition of permission, these facts indicate that they did not intend
(or grant permission) for Leffler or other patrons to enter the roof area through the glass door,
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or through the open window. Although Leffler entered the roof terrace for his own benefit,
he lacked permission to enter the roof terrace from Free or Sharp. Leffler did not enjoy the
status of a licensee.
¶20. Free and Sharp argue that Leffler was a trespasser, citing this Court’s reasoning in
Kelley v. Sportsmen’s Speedway, 224 Miss. 632, 80 So.2d 785, 791 (1955): “A trespasser
is a person who enters the premises of another without license, invitation, or other right, and
intrudes for some definite purpose of his own, or at his convenience, or merely as an idler
with no apparent purpose, other than, perhaps, to satisfy his curiosity.” (emphasis added).
Leffler entered the roof area without invitation or permission from Free or Sharp. On his way
to the restroom, Leffler had seen two individuals standing outside the window. Returning from
the restroom, the two individuals had reentered the Quarter Inn. Wanting to escape the crowd,
loud music, heat, and smoke a cigarette, Leffler entered the roof terrace. There was no sign
or indication within the Quarter Inn inviting or granting permission to patrons to enter the roof
terrace. However, a sign on the glass door warned patrons not to use the door as an exit to the
roof terrace.
¶21. This Court recently reaffirmed that a trespasser enters another’s property “without any
enticement, allurement, inducement . . . .” Massey, 867 So.2d at 239 (citing White, 196 So.2d
at 349). Leffler was neither enticed nor allured onto the roof by Free or Sharp. Although the
window was open, Free and Sharp did not entice the patrons to step through a high, small,
narrow window onto the roof. In addition, neither party has provided evidence that Quarter Inn
employees were aware that some patrons had entered the roof area.
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¶22. The third step in determining premises liability is determination of whether the owner
breached a duty. Leffler argues that Free and Sharp knew of the roof’s danger and neglected
to secure the window whereby one could enter onto the roof, thus breaching the duty owed to
a trespasser. The duty owed to a trespasser is “to refrain from willfully or wantonly injuring
[the trespasser].” Saucier ex rel. Saucier v. Biloxi Reg'l Med. Ctr., 708 So.2d 1351, 1357
(Miss. 1998). To constitute willful or wanton injury, “something more is required to impose
liability than mere inadvertence or lack of attention; there must be a more or less extreme
departure from ordinary standards of care, and conduct must differ in quality, as well as in
degree, from ordinary negligence involving a conscious disregard of a known serious danger.”
Hoffman v. Planters Gin Co., 358 So.2d at 1012-13 (citing Coleman v. Associated Pipeline
Contractors, Inc., 444 F.2d 737 (5th Cir. 1971)). Free and Sharp never disregarded or took
lightly the condition of the roof terrace. In order to keep patrons off of it, Sharp kept in his
possession the only key to the glass door exiting onto the roof in order to ensure that the door
remained locked at all times. They not only kept the door locked; they also stenciled in red
letters “NOT AN EXIT” on the glass door.
¶23. An owner owes trespassers no duty to keep his premises in a safe condition for their
use, and as a general rule, he is not held responsible for an injury sustained by a trespasser upon
the premises from a defect therein. Kelley, 80 So.2d at 791. Although the roof terrace was
owned by Sharp Enterprises, the roof was not part of the lease between Free, Sharp, and Sharp
Enterprises. The roof was also not a part of the Quarter Inn. Additionally, “[a] landowner need
not make it impossible for persons to trespass before he may treat intruders as trespassers.”
Adams, 497 So.2d at 1100. Just as the injured party in Adams entered a parking lot without
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permission, Leffler entered the roof area of the Quarter Inn without invitation or permission.
Id. Free and Sharp took reasonable steps to make sure access to the roof was denied by
keeping the door locked and stenciling the letters “NOT AN EXIT” on the door. Although this
Court is mindful of the fact that Leffler received severe injuries, his status at the time of the
incident was that of a trespasser, and the trial court correctly granted summary judgment
dismissing his claims against Kim Free, individually, and Quarter Inn, Inc. as well as his claims
against Harry Sharp, individually, and Sharp Enterprises, Inc.
CONCLUSION
¶24. This Court in Little ex rel. Little v. Bell, 719 So.2d 757, 760-61 (Miss. 1998),
determined that since the parties agreed on the facts, the status of the injured party was a
question of law and to be determined by the trial judge. As in Little, the parties in the present
case have raised a question of law to be decided by the trial judge: whether Leffler was an
invitee, licensee, or trespasser when he exited onto the roof. The trial court correctly
determined that Leffler was a trespasser on the roof terrace. The trial court’s grants of
summary judgment in favor of Sharp, Sharp Enterprises, Free, and the Quarter Inn are hereby
affirmed.
¶25. AFFIRMED.
SMITH, C.J., WALLER, P.J., EASLEY, CARLSON, DICKINSON AND
RANDOLPH, JJ., CONCUR. DIAZ AND GRAVES, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.
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