IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2004-KA-00540-SCT
ROBERT L. YARBROUGH
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 3/11/2004
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. MARCUS D. GORDON
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: NESHOBA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: RODNEY A. RAY
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: DEIRDRE McCRORY
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: KEN TURNER
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 09/22/2005
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE COBB, P.J., CARLSON AND GRAVES, JJ.
GRAVES, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Robert L. Yarbrough was convicted of the sale of cocaine, in violation of Miss. Code
Ann. § 41-29-139(a)(1) (Rev. 2001). The trial judge sentenced Yarbrough to a term of
eighteen years’ imprisonment in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections.
Yarbrough timely appealed and charges the trial court with two errors. We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. On March 11, 2002, Jamie Bozeman, a confidential informant for the Tri-County
Narcotics Task Force, met with narcotics agents Don Bartlett and Patrick Evans to arrange an
undercover drug buy. After this meeting, Bozeman went to the residence of Robert L.
Yarbrough, located in the Linwood community of Neshoba County, and purchased cocaine
from him for $160, $40 for a rock of crack cocaine and $120 for powdered cocaine.
Yarbrough was later arrested and then indicted on November 8, 2002, by the grand jury of
Neshoba County for violating Miss. Code Ann. § 41-29-139(a)(1).1
¶3. Trial of this matter was scheduled to begin on March 8, 2004. At this time Yarbrough
presented a motion to dismiss the indictment, or in the alternative, to continue the case until
a jury consisting of a “reasonably sufficient number of members of the black race” could be
empaneled. The judge held a brief hearing on the motion but ultimately denied the motion. The
State opened its case the following day. Jamie Bozeman testified that he purchased the
cocaine from Yarbrough and made an in-court identification of him as the seller. Agent
Patrick Ervin also offered testimony as to the drug purchase made by Bozeman. Ervin, in
response to a question regarding a pre-buy meeting with Bozeman, stated that “we had talked
to Mr. Bozeman about possibly who he could buy illegal drugs from. He mentioned the name
of Robert Yarbrough, which he called him by Peanut, which we knew of him through all our
activity that we did here in the city.” Yarbrough’s counsel objected and moved for a mistrial
based on this statement. The judge sustained Yarbrough’s objection, instructed the jury to
disregard the previous statement, and allowed the trial to continue.
1
Miss. Code Ann. § 41-29-139(a)(1) states: “Except as authorized by this article, it
is unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally: (1) To sell, barter, transfer,
manufacture, distribute, dispense or possess with intent to sell, barter, transfer,
manufacture, distribute or dispense, a controlled substance.” Miss. Code Ann. § 41-29-115
classifies cocaine as a Schedule II controlled substance.
2
¶4. The trial concluded that day, and the jury unanimously found Yarbrough guilty. Two
days later, the judge sentenced him to eighteen years’ imprisonment with the Mississippi
Department of Corrections. Yarbrough’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict
(JNOV), or in the alternative, for a new trial, was denied. He then filed his timely notice of
appeal. On appeal, Yarbrough alleges that: (1) he was denied a fair trial based on the fact that
the jurors did not represent a fair cross-section of the population of Neshoba County,
Mississippi; and (2) the trial court erred in refused to grant a mistrial based on the testimony
of Patrick Ervin. Finding no error, we affirm.
DISCUSSION
I. Whether Yarbrough was denied a fair trial since the jurors did not
represent a fair cross-section of the population of Neshoba County.
¶5. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution2 entitles a defendant to a
presumption of innocence until he is found guilty by an “impartial jury.” Mississippi insures
this right through both statutory and case law. Miss. Code Ann. § 13-5-2 (Rev. 2002) states:
It is the policy of this state that all persons selected for jury service be selected
at random from a fair cross section of the population of the area served by the
court, and that all qualified citizens have the opportunity in accordance with this
2
The Sixth Amendment states:
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and
public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall
have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by
law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be
confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for
obtaining Witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his
defense.
U.S. Const. amend. VI.
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chapter to be considered for jury service in this state and an obligation to serve
as jurors when summoned for that purpose. A citizen shall not be excluded from
jury service in this state on account of race, color, religion, sex, national origin,
or economic status.
This statutory policy has been reinforced by this Court, through its position that “courts must
make every reasonable effort to comply with the statutory method of drawing, selecting and
serving jurors” to keep the jury system “untainted and beyond suspicion.” Avery v. State, 555
So. 2d 1039, 1044 (Miss. 1990), overruled on other grounds, Mayfield v. State, 612 So. 2d
1120, 1129 (Miss. 1992).
¶6. Yarbrough argues that, despite these mandates of law, he was denied an impartial jury
drawn from a representative cross-section of his community. The motion he presented at trial
alleged that less than 2% of the approximately seventy-two people on the six jury panels were
members of the black race. His counsel asserted that at least 40% of the residents of Neshoba
County were black and that Yarbrough could not “get a fair trial unless he has some black
people on the jury, at least in equal proportion to the county.”3 Robert Brooks, an attorney for
the State, responded by saying that nine of the forty-four jurors on the four panels before the
court were black and that this was a higher percentage of black jurors than Yarbrough alleged.4
3
Yarbrough later asserted in his appellate brief that the blacks constitute 19.3% of
the total population in Neshoba County, based upon data from the 2000 U.S. Census.
4
Based on Brooks’s statement, 20.5% of the venire from which Yarbrough’s jury
was chosen were black. Also, the March 2004 Petit Jury List consisted of seventy
individuals on six juries, thirteen of whom were black, meaning that roughly 18.6% of the
total jury pool was black.
4
Additionally, Brooks defended the venire by arguing that the proper question was not who is
on the panels but rather the methods used for drawing the jurors.
¶7. In Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357, 99 S. Ct. 664, 58 L.Ed.2d 579 (1979), the United
States Supreme Court set forth the test for determining whether there has been a prima facie
violation of the fair cross-section requirement. The Duren Court ruled a Missouri statute,
which exempted all women from jury duty during the process of jury selection if they
requested the exemption, unconstitutional because the exemption unnecessarily diluted women
from the jury pool, a violation the fair cross-section requirement of the Sixth Amendment. Id.
at 370. The test from Duren requires a defendant to show: (1) that the group alleged to be
excluded is a “distinctive” group in the community; (2) that the representation of this group in
venires from which juries are selected is not fair and reasonable in relation to the number of
such persons in the community; and (3) that this underrepresentation is due to systematic
exclusion of the group in the jury selection process. Id. at 364. The Duren test has also been
adopted by this Court. See Kolberg v. State, 829 So. 2d 29, 86 (Miss. 2002); Lanier v. State,
533 So. 2d 473, 477 (Miss. 1988).
¶8. Yarbrough contends that he has established all three elements necessary to prove a
prima facie violation of the fair cross-section requirement, as articulated in Duren. He claims
the first element is established because the black population of Neshoba County, the group
alleged to be excluded, constitutes a distinctive group within the county. As the State has
5
offered no argument on this point, we find that the State has conceded this element as being
established.
¶9. Yarbrough also argues that he has established the second element of the Duren test
because 19.3% of the population in Neshoba County is black yet not one member of the jury
in this case was black. The State rebuts this allegation with testimony from the motion hearing.
The State correctly notes that the proper test is not how many black people actually serve on
the jury but rather whether the method used to draw the venire leads to a fair representation of
the black population within Neshoba County. See Kolberg, 829 So. 2d at 86; Lanier, 533 So.
2d at 477. Counsel for the State also defended Yarbrough’s allegation that blacks composed
“less than two percent” of the venire with his assertion that nine of the forty-four panel
members (20.5%) before the court were black, a higher percentage than Yarbrough’s counsel
alleged. We find that Yarbrough has not introduced sufficient evidence to establish the second
element of the Duren test for a prima facie violation of the fair cross-section requirement.
¶10. The third element of the Duren test, which Yarbrough claims he can establish, requires
him to show that the under-representation of blacks is based on their systematic exclusion
from the jury selection process. See Duren, 439 U.S. at 364; Kolberg, 829 So. 2d at 86.
Yarbrough’s argument on this element consists primarily of his trial counsel’s motion, which
stated that “[t]he pattern concerning make up as to race of jurors is more and more becoming
a pattern in Neshoba County. Defendant can not obtain a fair and impartial jury and trial under
these circumstances . . .” unless a sufficient number of black jurors were seated. Yarbrough
6
also cites to Justice Diaz’s dissent in Gathings v. State, 822 So. 2d 266 (Miss. 2002), to
support his proposition that the impartiality of the jury in this case is questionable, and a new
trial necessary, because the number of blacks in the venire is out of proportion to their
percentage of the population in Neshoba County. Yarbrough’s argument is not consistent with
what Justice Diaz actually said in Gathings. In Gathings, Justice Diaz dissented from the
majority opinion because he felt that trial court’s decision to allow the jury pool to be drawn
from both districts of a two-district county “resulted in the systematic exclusion of African-
Americans for every case tried in the second judicial district of Chickasaw County,” which had
a much higher African-American population than the first judicial district of the same county.
Gathings, 822 So. 2d at 273 (Diaz, J., dissenting).
¶11. In Duren, the defendant introduced evidence that the female jurors were being
systematically excluded from jury pools because of a state law which allowed women to get
out of jury duty for any reason whatsoever. In Gathings, the defendant introduced evidence
which showed that the inclusion of potential jurors from another judicial district within the
county would diminish the pool of potential black jurors from his judicial district. Unlike
these two cases, Yarbrough has offered no evidence, either in his motion at trial or on appeal,
which alleges the type of systematic exclusion of a distinctive group found in either Duren or
Gathings. In fact, during the hearing on Yarbrough’s motion, the prosecution noted that
Yarbrough had offered no evidence which suggested racial discrimination in the drawing or
selection of jurors. We agree.
7
¶12. The fair cross-section requirement is not violated merely because the all-white jury in
Yarbrough’s case was not representative of the black community in Neshoba County, because
as we noted in Gathings, a defendant is “not entitled to a given percentage of jury members of
his own race.” Id. at 272. To prevail on his challenge of the venire, he must prove a prima
facie violation of the Sixth Amendment’s fair cross-section requirement.
¶13. We find that Yarbrough has not met his burden. He has failed to prove that the black
population of Neshoba County was not fairly or reasonably represented in the venire.
Furthermore, he has offered no evidence, only mere assertions, that black citizens of Neshoba
County are being systematically excluded from the jury selection process. Therefore, the trial
judge did not err in denying Yarbrough’s motion for a dismissal of the indictment or his
alternative motion for a continuance.
II. Whether the trial court erred in refusing to grant a mistrial based
on the testimony of Patrick Ervin.
¶14. Yarbrough also alleges that the trial court erred in refusing to grant his motion for a
mistrial which he made following a statement of narcotics agent Patrick Ervin. The
prosecution was questioning Ervin regarding a meeting he had with another narcotics officer
and a confidential informant when the following exchange took place:
Q: And what was the purpose of this meeting between the three of you?
A: We had talked to Mr. Bozeman about possibly who he could buy illegal
drugs from. He mentioned the name of Robert Yarbrough, which he called him
by Peanut, which we knew of him through all our activity that we did here in the
city.
By Mr. Weir: Now, I object to that, Judge, and move the Court to grant
a mistrial.
8
By the Court: I am going to sustain the objection. The last statement of
the witness, can all thirteen of you disregard that statement and not allow it to
enter into your consideration at all? Will you do that? let the record show that
all thirteen jurors state they will follow the Court’s instructions.
¶15. Yarbrough argues that this testimony is improper evidence of other crimes or bad acts
which violates Mississippi Rules of Evidence (M.R.E.) 4035 and 404(b).6 He acknowledges
that the taint of an improper question or comment can normally be cured with the court’s
admonition to the jury yet argues that his situation is an example of “where the comment is so
blatantly and clearly prejudicial, and where the instruction of the court would not ordinarily
remove it from the minds of the jury” that reversal is required. Criddle v. State, 633 So. 2d
1047, 1048 (Miss. 1994). Yarbrough additionally notes that this Court has held, under M.R.E.
404(b), that “admission of evidence of unrelated crimes or acts for the purpose of showing the
accused acted in conformity therewith to be reversible error.” Smith v. State, 724 So. 2d 280,
313-14 (Miss. 1998) (citations omitted).
5
M.R.E. 403 states:
Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger o f unfair prejudice, confusion of the
issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of
time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
6
M.R.E. 404(b) states:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not permissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It
may, however, be admissible for other purposes such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake
or accident.
9
¶16. Yarbrough likens his situation to that in Burrell v. State, 727 So. 2d 761 (Miss. Ct.
App. 1998), where the Mississippi Court of Appeals held that the trial court committed
reversible error in admitting a confidential informant’s testimony that he knew the defendant
because he had previously purchased drugs from him. In Burrell, the trial court actually held
a hearing on the admissibility of this evidence and admitted it over defense counsel’s
objections. Id. at 768. The Court of Appeals found that this testimony was not necessary to
prove identity of the defendant, the reason the trial court gave for admitting the evidence. Id.
The Burrell Court also noted the trial court’s failure to give a limiting instruction as to the
purpose for which the prior bad acts testimony could be considered and reiterated the trial
court’s responsibility to issue a limiting instruction sua sponte if one is not requested. Id. at
768-69.
¶17. Yarbrough’s situation is factually distinguishable from that in Burrell. Here, the
prosecutor did not specifically elicit the improper testimony; rather, the witness gave an
answer that was more expansive than the question asked of him, whereas the judge in Burrell
held a hearing on the proposed testimony before admitting it. In Burrell, the informant
explicitly stated that he had previously bought drugs from the defendant. In the instant case,
one must infer that Yarbrough committed other crimes based on the narcotics officer’s
statement that he knew Yarbrough “through all our activity that we did here in the city.” There
is also a difference between the corrective measures taken in Burrell and this case. The trial
judge in Burrell did not give a limiting instruction to the jury regarding the prior crimes
10
testimony which would have helped to limit any prejudicial effects of the testimony. In
Yarbrough’s case, the trial court quickly sustained defense counsel’s objection to the improper
testimony and admonished the jury to disregard Ervin’s statement.
¶18. The State contends that a mistrial is not warranted because the trial court’s actions, in
sustaining Yarbrough’s objection and admonishing the jury, were sufficient to cure any taint
on Ervin’s improper testimony. The State points out that “the granting of a mistrial is within
the sound discretion of the trial judge.” Horne v. State, 487 So. 2d 213, 214-15 (Miss. 1986).
In Wright v. State, 540 So. 2d 1, 4 (Miss. 1989), we stated that a judge’s admonition to the
jury to disregard improper testimony or comments after sustaining an objection to such
testimony would not be held in error, absent unusual circumstances. The State also advocates
that this Court adhere to our rule that jurors are presumed to follow a judge’s instructions
because without this presumption, our jury system would be rendered inoperable. Johnson v.
State, 475 So. 2d 1136, 1142 (Miss. 1985).
¶19. The parties’ argument on this issue boils down to the State’s contention that the trial
court took sufficient action to correct the admission of Ervin’s unsolicited improper
testimony and Yarbrough’s contention that the nature of Ervin’s testimony is so prejudicial to
him that nothing short of a mistrial can cure the admission of this “prior crimes” testimony.
We find that the trial judge did everything he could, short of granting a mistrial, to keep the
jury from considering the improper testimony of Patrick Ervin. He sustained defense
counsel’s objection and told the jury to disregard Ervin’s previous statement, which the jury
11
agreed to do. These actions were sufficient to cure any potential prejudice in Ervin’s
testimony. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant a mistrial.
CONCLUSION
¶20. We find that the trial court did not err in denying Yarbrough’s motion for a dismissal
of the indictment or his alternative motion for a continuance. We also find that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant Yarbrough’s motion for a mistrial.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Neshoba County Circuit Court.
¶21. CONVICTION OF SALE OF COCAINE AND SENTENCE OF EIGHTEEN (18)
YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
AFFIRMED.
SMITH, C.J., WALLER AND COBB, P.JJ., EASLEY, CARLSON, DICKINSON
AND RANDOLPH, JJ., CONCUR. DIAZ, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
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